Turkish Classical Instruments

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Turkish Classical Instruments The ud is the most widespread of Eastern instruments. Ud Doğu çalgılarının en TURKISH yaygını, en bi­ linenidir. CLASSICAL INSTRUMENTS Photographs: Turgut Salgar Splendidly crafted of polished woods, the in­ struments of Turkish classical music hold the secret of mournful eastern melodies. Gar­ eth Jenkins explains their characteristics. 62 SKYLIFE 2/91 Cilalı ahşaptan ince ince işlenmiş klasik Türk parçası haline geldi. Müziğin gelişmesine paralel ola­ müziği çalgıları, hüzünlü doğu melodilerinin rak, çalgılar da bir evrim geçirdi. anahtarıdır. Gareth Jenkins anlatıyor "19. yüzyılda Batı hayranlığının etki­ siyle Batı armonisinin Türk beste ve çalgılarıyla uyarlanmaya çalışıldığı bir kargaşa dönemi yaşanmıştı" di­ yor Dr. İçli. Oysa artık Türk müziği kendi özellikleri içinde dünya ça­ KLASİK TURK ÇALGILARI pında ilgi görmekte ve Türk çalgıla­ rı başta Ortadoğu olmak üzere bü­ Batı müziğine alışkın olanlar kla­ yüzyılda klasik formuna kavuşan yük bir alıcı kitlesine hitap etmekte. sik Türk müziğini ilk dinlediklerin­ Türk müziği zengin bir saray kültü­ Bugün konservatuar tanınmış us­ de genellikle yeknesak ve melanko­ rünün de oluşmasıyla birlikte padi­ talardan klasik çalgıları öğrenmeye lik bulur. Oysa 12 notalık Batı Ga- şahların bile gönlünü fethederek gelen küçük öğrencilerle dolup taşı­ mı'nın tam iki katı olan 24 müzik din dışı sosyal hayatın en önemli bir yor. Son sınıfların öğrencileriyse aralığıyla, son derece zen­ gin bir ses dizisidir Türk müziği. Bu kendine özgü ses dizisini yaratanlarsa tambur, ııd, kanun, kemen- çe ve neydir. Bestenin girişini oluştu­ ran peşrev ve son bölümü olan saz semaisi dışında, bu çalgılar genellikle insan se­ sine eşlik etmekte kullanı­ lır. Ancak son yıllarda tü­ müyle enstrümantal çağdaş klasik besteler de yapılmak­ ta. Klasik Türk müziğinin bu ikinci baharı büyük ölçü­ de Devlet Türk Müziği Kon- servatuarı'nın eseri. Profe­ sör Selahaddin İçli on beş yıl önce kurulmuş olan kon­ servatuarı şöyle anlatıyor: "Ulusal müzik okulu olarak üç temel gayemiz var: Öğ­ rencilerimize klasik ve çağ­ daş Türk müziği eğitimini vermek, Batı müziğini gele­ neğine uygun olarak öğren­ Students at the Turkish Music State Conservatory learn how to make instruments melerini sağlamak ve müzi­ as well as how to play them. ğin dünyada kaydettiği ge­ Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi'ne bağlı Türk Müziği Konservatuan'nda son lişmeleri izleyebilmelerini sınıf öğrencileri çalgı yapımını da öğreniyorlar. sağlamak." Dr. İçli 24 tonuyla, ben­ zersiz ritm ve makamlarıyla tama­ men kendine özgü bir yapı göste­ ren Türk müziğinin dünyaya tanıtıl­ ması gerektiğine inanıyor. Tıpkı klasik Batı müziği gibi ek­ —•L t heht ud, the ancestor of the siksiz Türk müziğinin de kökenin­ T de halk müziği var. Orta Asya'dan European lute, entered Europe from Moorish Anadolu'ya taşınan halk ritmleri ilk Spain and took it name fron the Arabic al'ud. önce dini tarikatların dikkatini çek­ ti. Özellikle de bilgi ve kültürü bir Adını Arapça al'ud sözcüğünden alan ve İspanya yoluyla yaşam biçimi olarak benimseyen Batı'ya geçen ud, lut'un atasıdır. Mevleviler müziğin saygınlık kazan­ masında büyük rol oynadılar. 13. SKYLİFE 2/91 63 TO AN EAR ACCUSTOMED music. Contemporary classical com­ tradition and to inform them of to Western music, the first sounds of positions, however, are now being what is happening in music around Turkish classical music seem plain­ written for the instrumental ensem­ the world. " tive and melancholy. Based on 24 bles. Dr. Içli is very enthusiastic about musical intervals, double the West­ The Turkish Music State Conser­ making the world aware of the pecu­ ern 12 note scale, Turkish music vatory, founded 15 years ago, is re­ liarities o f Turkish music. The 24 simply has more sounds. Five in­ sponsible in part for the renaissance tones, rhythms not found elsewhere, struments, the tambur, ud, kanun, and development o f Turkish classi­ and the makam, or musical keys, kemençe and ney are used to produce cal music. "We have three main which use sounds in a unique way this unique music. goals as the national music school, " are the defining characteristics of These instruments generally ac­ explained Professor Selahaddin Içli, Turkish music. company the human voice although "To educate our students in classi­ In many respects the development the prelude to a composition, pesreu, cal and contemporary Turkish mu­ o f Turkish music parallels that of and the closing, saz semai, are two sic, to provide them with a complete the West: the style originally derived classical vehicles for instrumental education in the western musical from folk music, in this case from central Asia. It then became important to some religious sects, the Meulevi in particu­ lar, who encouraged musi­ cianship as part of their role as patrons of learning and culture. The 13th century brought the consolidation of Turkish music into a classi­ cal form, and with the estab­ lishment o f a sophisticated palace culture, music be­ came part o f secular life and was patronized by the sul­ tans. The instruments have evolved over the centuries as the music has changed. "When the West was ad­ mired and emulated in the 19th century, composers tried to fit western harmon­ ics to Turkish compositions and instruments, which gave a confused, result, " ex­ plained Dr. Içli. Now Turk­ ish music is gaining expo­ sure around the world, and within the Middle East, Turkish instruments are in great demand. Today, at the Conservatory, small children come for their lessons from renowned masters in all the classical instruments, and older most important instrument in Turkish classical students can be seen carefully craft­ music is the tambur, afonti of long necked lute ing musical masterpieces from well seasoned pieces o f wood. with a body shaped like half a gourd. THE UD Tambur klasik Türk müziğinin temel çalgılarından An instrument whose origins can biridir. Batı müziğindeki piyano gibi, tonal aralıklarla be traced to antiquity, the ud is the most widespread o f Eastern instru- yol gösterir. 64 SKYLIFE 2/91 atölyelerinde binbir işlemden geç­ kanunun kökeni tartışmalıdır. Kimi KEMENÇE miş ahşaptan el emeği şaheserler uzmanlar Farabi tarafından icad Farsça "küçük keman" anlamına yaratıyorlar. edildiğini, kimileriyse eski Mısır ve gelen kemençe, Türk halk müziğin­ UD Sümerlilerden günümüze kaldığını de kullanılan kemanların yakın bir Antik çağlarda doğmuş olan ud ileri sürerler. akrabasıdır. Doğu çalgılarının en yaygınıdır. İs­ Çağdaş kanun sığ bir kasa üzerin­ Dört telli bir çalgı olan kemençe mini ağaç anlamına gelen Arapça de 72 veya 75 naylon telden oluşur. dikey olarak sol bacağın üzerine al'ud sözcüğünden alan bu çalgı İspanya üzerin­ den Avrupa'ya geçerek lut'un da atası olmuştur. Armut biçimli derin göv­ desi, kısa kalın sapı ve çar­ pık başıyla Türk udu Or­ tadoğu ülkelerinde kulla­ nılan kardeşlerine büyük bir benzerlik gösterir. Onuncu yüzyılda yaşa­ nan Türk müzik kuramcı­ sı Farabi ortaçağda udun perdeleri olduğunu ve beşinci bir tel kazandığını anlatıyor. Bugünse per­ deler ortadan kalkmış, tel sayısı onbir ya da onikiye çıkmıştır. Çifter çifter sı­ ralanan bu tellerin üstte­ ki altısı naylondan, altta­ kiler ise metalden yapılır. Gövdesinde karmaşık arabesk motiflerle bezen­ miş üç oyuk vardır. TAMBUR Klasik Türk müziğinin en önemli çalgısı olan tambur gövdesi yarım el­ ma biçiminde, uzun saplı bir sazdır. Tıpkı Batı mü­ ziğindeki piyano gibi, tambur da Türk müziğin­ deki tonal aralıklara reh­ berlik eder. Tamburun atasının M.Ö. 2000 yıllarına ait Mezopotamya lahitlerin- de örneklerine rastlanan Iııferi or materials or poor craftsmanship can ruin the kemençe's excellent iki telli Sümer panturu ol­ duğu tahmin edilmekte. acoustic properties. Çağdaş versiyon yedi veya Küçücük gövdesinden ahenkli ses elde edebilmek için, kemençe yapımında usta sekiz tellidir ve yay kulla­ işçiliğin ötesinde iyi malzeme kullanmak da gerekir. nan tektük sanatçılar bir yana, genellikle mızrapla çalınır. Üçerli gruplar halinde sıralanan bu oturtulup çello gibi yayla çalınır. Isı ve nem değişikliklerine karşı teller 24 ya da 25 nota üretir. Teller üzerine bastırılarak değil, duyarlı ince uzun tambur sapının Türk skalasının ara notalarıysa çok hafif tırnak dokundurularak ic­ yapımında iyice bekletilmiş ahşap telleri uzatıp kısaltarak tonu farklı­ ra edildiğinden kemençe en zor çal­ kullanılır. Çalgının deliksiz göğsü laştıran mandallarla sağlanır. 19. gılardan biri olarak kabul edilir. yekpare çamdan, sırtıysa ceviz, aka­ yüzyılda geliştirilmiş olan mandal Köprünün hemen altında iki kü­ ju veya balsam çamı şeritlerinden sistemi sanatçıyı telleri başparma­ çük oyuğu bulunan keıııençenin imal edilir. ğıyla idare etmek zorunluluğundan mükemmel akustik özellikleri her KANUN kurtararak ses kalitesini yükseltmiş­ şeyden önce iyi bir malzeme ve işçi­ Sitara benzer telli bir çalgı olan tir. lik gerektirir. Ustalar tarafından ter- SKYllfE 2/91 65 merits and the ancestor o f the Euro­ With a status equivalent to that of point to references to a similar in­ pean lute which entered Europe from the piano in the West, its fingerboard strument in ancient Egypt and Su- Moorish Spain and took its name is the reference guide to tonal inters meria. from the Arabic al'ud. vals in Turkish music. Today the kanun has 72 or 75 ny­ With its deep, pear-shaped body The two-stringed Sumerian pan- lon strings which stretch across a and thick, short neck and angled tur, examples o f which have been shallow soundbox. Tuned in head, the Turkish ud is very like found in Mesopotamian tombs dat­ groups o f three, the strings give 24 or those found in other Middle Eastern ing back to 2000 BC, was probably 25 notes. The various intermediate countries. an early antecedent. The modem in­ notes o f the Turkish scale are pro­ According to the description of the strument is strung with seven or duced by the mandai board - small tenth century Turkish musical theo­ eight strings which are usually pieces of metal placed under the rist Farabi, the medieval ud had plucked although a bow can also be strings which when raised change a frets and a recently added fifth used to play it. string's length and produce a differ­ string.
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