Lettere Sulle Grottesche (1580–1581) Aracne - - - - - ISBN 978-88-255-0725-6 (1580–1581) Amiano Acciarino È Nato a Roma Nel 1986

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Lettere Sulle Grottesche (1580–1581) Aracne - - - - - ISBN 978-88-255-0725-6 (1580–1581) Amiano Acciarino È Nato a Roma Nel 1986 SAMD / 2 SAMD COLLANA DI STORIA DELL’ARTE MODERNA / 2 Collana diretta da Stefano Valeri Lettere sulle grottesche (1580–1581) Acciarino ul finire del Cinquecento le grottesche registrarono una tangibile riforma S dello stile. Questo genere decorativo era infatti stato per decenni oggetto Lettere sulle grottesche di discussione da parte di umanisti e artisti, al fine di sondarne l’ammissibilità e collocarlo nei più ampi schemi della pittura moderna. Il libro accresce l’ap- parato di fonti a riguardo, pubblicando un nucleo epistolografico inedito pro- veniente dal circolo di Gabriele Paleotti e conservato a Bologna presso l’Ar- chivio Isolani e la Biblioteca Universitaria: tra le voci più significative, Ulisse Aldrovandi, Pirro Ligorio ed Egnazio Danti. Di qui si schiudono ulteriori di- namiche sviluppatesi nel tardo Rinascimento circa queste pitture. (1580–1581) amiano Acciarino è nato a Roma nel 1986. Ha completato la sua formazione D tra l’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano e l’Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia, dove adesso detiene una Marie Curie Global Fellowship congiuntamen- te con la University of Toronto. Si occupa di antiquaria rinascimentale. | COLLANA DI STORIA DELL’ARTE MODERNA / 2 Damiano Acciarino LETTERE SULLE GROTTESCHE (1580–1581) In copertina ISBN 978-88-255-0725-6 A C. Baglione, Fontana, 1588 ca., Soragna, Rocca Meli– Lupi, Sala delle fontane. R A CNE 18,00 euro COLLANA DI STORIA DELL’ARTE MODERNA 2 Direttore Stefano Valeri Sapienza Università di Roma Comitato scientifico Maurizio Calvesi Sapienza Università di Roma Maria Concetta Di Natale Università degli Studi di Palermo Cristina Galassi Università degli Studi di Perugia Alessandro Rovetta Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Gianni Carlo Sciolla Università di Torino Victor I. Stoichita Université de Fribourg Caterina Volpi Sapienza Università di Roma Alessandro Zuccari Sapienza Università di Roma COLLANA DI STORIA DELL’ARTE MODERNA La collana si costituisce di una serie di volumi di studi sull’arte moderna, suddivisi secondo quattro grandi tematiche cronologiche: Quattrocento; Cinquecento; Seicento; Settecento. I volumi sono frutto di studi condotti dai migliori specialisti del settore, italiani e internazionali, e comprendono monografie su artisti; su argomenti specifici della storia dell’arte tra XV e XVIII secolo legata all’ambiente storico, politico, religioso, laico, geografico ecc.; su edizioni critiche di letteratura artistica. Vai al contenuto multimediale In collaborazione con: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska–Curie grant agreement No 745704. Damiano Acciarino Lettere sulle grottesche (1580–1581) Prefazione di Dorothea Scholl Aracne editrice www.aracneeditrice.it [email protected] Copyright © MMXVIII Gioacchino Onorati editore S.r.l. – unipersonale www.gioacchinoonoratieditore.it [email protected] via Vittorio Veneto, 20 00020 Canterano (RM) (06) 45551463 isbn 978-88-255-0725-6 I diritti di traduzione, di memorizzazione elettronica, di riproduzione e di adattamento anche parziale, con qualsiasi mezzo, sono riservati per tutti i Paesi. Non sono assolutamente consentite le fotocopie senza il permesso scritto dell’Editore. I edizione: giugno 2018 a Laura, per esserci Indice 11 Prefazione Dorothea Scholl 15 Abbreviazioni 17 Elenco manoscritti citati 19 Introduzione Le lettere sulle grottesche nell’autunno del Rinascimento Le grottesche nel Discorso di Gabriele Paleotti, 25 – Le Lettere sulla pittura di Ulisse Aldrovandi, 34 – Le Lettere sopra la pittura grottesca di Pirro Ligorio, 45 – Le Lettere sulle grottesche di Giambattista Bombelli, 53 – Altre Lettere sulle grottesche e il “Metodo–Paleotti”, 61 – Postilla etimologica, 69 – Nota all’edizione dei testi, 76. 83 Testi Lettere sulle grottesche Ulisse Aldrovandi. Lettere sulla pittura, 83 – Pirro Ligorio. Lettere sopra la pittura grottesca, 108 – Giambattista Bombelli. Lettere sulle grottesche, 129 – Altri. Opinioni intorno alle grottesche, 135 – Gabriele Paleotti. Capitoli sulle grottesche, 140. 159 Bibliografia 9 Prefazione di Dorothea Scholl∗ A partire dalla pubblicazione del corpus di testi concernenti le grottesche a opera di Paola Barocchi, il dibattito rinascimentale su questa forma de- corativa è diventato universalmente noto in tutte le sue più eterogenee sfumature. Tali pitture, in apparenza ludiche, fantastiche e mostruose erano state oggetto di controversie che non riguardavano solo l’ambito della storia dell’arte e dell’estetica, ma coinvolgevano anche i domini della retorica, della poesia, della teologia, della filosofia, delle scienze naturali, dell’oc- cultismo esoterico. Questi scritti sul fenomeno aVrontavano il dilemma di un’arte apparentemente scaturita da un contesto pagano ma profondamente integrata nell’universo religioso cristiano del tempo. All’interno delle rovine della Roma sotterranea, allora denominate “grot- te”, gli artisti del Rinascimento come Pinturicchio, Signorelli o RaVaello copiavano a lume di torcia quelle misteriose immagini, di lì denominate “grottesche”. In alcuni casi, richiamavano alla memoria geroglifici egizi o simboli alchemici; in altri, invece, sembravano evocare elementi dei culti dionisiaci, raYgurazioni mitologiche dalle Metamorfosi d’Ovidio, quando non addirittura mostruosità goticheggianti. Nel riprodurle, i pittori le con- taminavano con il proprio stile individuale trasformandole in un prodotto nuovo e autonomo. Inoltre, su indicazione dei committenti, spesso eruditi e cultori delle arti, le grottesche venivano riprodotte in conformità con l’iconografia dell’epoca, stimolando soluzioni inventive e combinazioni originali. Con l’avvento della Riforma prima e della Controriforma poi, questa attitudine eclettica cominciò a scemare. Le decorazioni a grottesca divenne- ro sempre più l’emblema di una cultura da relegare nell’oblio. In linea con lo spirito dei decreti sulle immagini del Concilio di Trento, le grottesche cominciarono ad apparire come un’arte pericolosa, oscena e irriverente, in aperto contrasto con la purezza della dottrina cristiana. Ciò nondimeno, per decenni permase una forte resistenza, in quanto si dimostrò diYcile, se non proprio impossibile, sradicare un linguaggio penetrato tanto in profondità nelle coscienze, e cancellare dalla memoria un’arte misterica, di cui il senso continuava ad apparire indecifrabile e per questo aVascinante. ∗ Christian–Albrechts Universität zu Kiel. 11 12 Prefazione Grazie all’intermediazione dei viaggiatori e alla circolazione delle stampe antiquarie, che ne riprendevano i motivi originali svincolandole dall’osser- vazione diretta nei siti archeologici, queste decorazioni fantastiche conti- nuarono la loro espansione in tutta Europa moltiplicandosi nelle forme più complesse. Le grottesche divennero una vera e propria moda e allo stesso tempo quasi un modo di vivere. Montaigne addirittura vi riconosceva una forma di pensiero, identificando nella natura spontanea e digressiva dei suoi Essais il loro medesimo spirito: «Que sont-ce icy aussi, à la verité, que cro- tesques et corps monstrueux, rappiecez de divers membres, sans certaine figure, n’ayants ordre, suite ny proportion que fortuite?» (I, XXVIII). L’edizione della presente raccolta epistolografica, condotta da Damiano Acciarino, apporta numerosi e significativi elementi di novità. Trattando- si per la maggior parte di fonti documentarie inedite, databili al biennio 1580-1581, i testi pubblicati mettono in luce aspetti cruciali del dibattito post- conciliare intorno a tali pitture. E rivelano soprattutto il percorso attraverso cui Gabriele Paleotti sia giunto alla sua personale critica sulle grottesche nel Discorso intorno alle imagini sacre e profane (1582), cercando di concretizzare la riforma iconografica prefigurata dai decreti tridentini sulle immagini. Di qui emergono due posizioni diametralmente opposte. L’una censoria, riconducibile a Vitruvio e al suo rifiuto di tali ornamenti, che imponeva un’imitazione fedele della natura declinata secondo criteri convenzionali e manifesti nella conoscenza della realtà storica e della verità scritturale. L’altra apologetica, che cercava di recuperare l’ammissibilità delle grottesche nel canone, reclamandone la dimensione criptica come fattore poetico in cui prendeva forma un’espressività simbolico-metaforica accessibile agli iniziati. Entrambe le posizioni rivendicavano una funzione cognitiva dell’arte. Tuttavia, servendosi di questo materiale, Paleotti orientava ogni sfumatura polisemica verso una dimensione monosemica, per degradare queste pit- ture fino alla definitiva eliminazione. Le grottesche venivano addirittura sospettate d’eresia, in quanto avrebbero provocato nello spettatore uno sta- to di cecità allucinatoria e di confusione spirituale risultante dall’abuso di composizioni assurde. Proprio in ragione di ciò, Paleotti poteva formulare il seguente sillogismo: se lo scopo dell’arte era istruire ed educare attra- verso l’imitazione della natura, le grottesche, non oVrendo alcun tipo di insegnamento e distorcendo il proprio modello primario, non potevano essere considerate arte. In questo modo, finivano quasi per essere iscritte in un’ideale “indice delle immagini proibite”. Nel sostanzioso saggio introduttivo, Acciarino discute in maniera ec- cellente il problema delle grottesche in rapporto all’epoca in cui le lettere vennero composte. Alla stregua di un vero e proprio commento critico, questo saggio contiene una profonda analisi su provenienza, stato fisico e morfologico, datazione,
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