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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-46027-9 - Christianity and revolutionary Europe, 1750–1830 Nigel Aston Index More information

Index

Aaron 50 Altenburg abbey 45 Abad y la Sierra, Bishop Agust´ın207 America, central 13 Aberdeen America, south 13, 128, 307, 309 bishop of, see Skinner America, British north 13, 30, 49, 67, Enlightenment 149 69, 70, 76, 140, 142, 177, 232; universities see also Canada King’s College 64, 107 American War of Independence 150, 151, Marischal College 107 177, 178, 206 Abrams, M. H., 277 Amiens 266 Adelaide, Madame 73 Peace of 226 Admiralty, see Royal Navy Amsterdam 34, 64, 95 Admont abbey 45 Anabaptists 134, 233 adultery 148, 251 Ancona 223 Africa, north 9, 13, 311 Andalusia 287, 290, 328 Agar family 33 Andrewes, Lancelot 30 Agar, Archbishop Charles 138 Anglesey Abbey 45 agricultural societies 43 Anglicanism34, 50, 64, 72, 79, 84, 87, Aguesseau family 71 132–3, 134, 142, 155, 156, 184, 198, Aguillon family 71 199, 219, 250, 308, 311, 327, 330, Agutter, Revd William205–6 332 see also England, Church of Aire, bishop of 186 Anjou 60, 220 Aisne, département of the 242 Annales de la Religion 237, 238 Alatri 230 annates 157 Albani, Cardinal Alessandro 29 Anne, Queen 150 Albani, Cardinal Giovanni Francesco 307 Antichrist, see millenarianism Albert, Archduke 178 anticlericalism26, 35, 38–9, 54, 72, 77, Albi, archbishop of, see Bernis 82, 110, 113, 119, 122–7, 132, 171, Albiach, Mat´ınez97 180, 186, 189, 194, 200, 214, 215, Alembert, d’ 34, 58, 98 217, 218, 223, 241, 252, 260, 268, Alès195 283, 290, 317, 318, 320, 322, 329, Alexander I, emperor 270–1, 294, 308 330, 333 mystic tendencies 292, 301, 315 Anti-Jacobin 249 Algeria 311 Antwerp 181, 203 Alien Act (1792) 204 anti-Semitism 12, 196–7, 230–1; Allatae sunt 18 see also Judaism Allier brothers 209 apocalypse, see millenarianism almoner, lord high 152, 160 Apostles’ Creed 51 Alps 124, 162, 222, 235, 267, 268 apostolic succession 30 Alsace 12, 80, 147, 201 Apostolicum pascendi 28 anti-Semitism in 196–7 Apt 31–2 Lutheranismin 86 bishop of, see Cély Marian congregations in 86 Arabs 9

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350 Index

Aranda, Pedro Pablo, conde de 93 Catholic Church in 24, 29, 263, 294, Aranjuez, Tumult of 287 309–10 Arbuckle, James 245 Catholic Enlightenment in 111–12 archdeacons 82, 327 confraternities in 319 archpriests 237 imperial expansion 13 Ardèche, département of the 266 Jansenist influences after 1806 282 Ardennes, département of the 242 military power 323 Arezzo 230 new parishes 147 Arfvidsson, Ulrica 156 religious Orders in 40, 147, 269, 328 Argenson, marquis d’ 72 religious practice in 259 Arianism98, 105, 132, 198 schools 57, 59 Ariès,Philippe 3 universities 130 Aristotelianism107, 111 Austrian Netherlands 24, 137, 215; Arklow 222 see also Habsburgs; Holy Roman Arles, Archbishop 200 Empire Armagh 31, 271 bishops in 32 Arminianism 17, 64, 120 Catholic Enlightenment in 111–12 Arnauld, Antoine 66 censorship in 97 Ars, curé d’ 244 confraternities in 75 Arsemnis, Archbishop 10 émigrés in 201 Artois, comte d’, see Charles X Jansenism40, 75 arts, and religion 44–7, 50, 300 masonry in 106 Arundell of Wardour, 8th Baron 83, 202 nobles of 71 Ascension Day 88 piety in 75 Ashkenazim12, 195–7, see also Jews opposition to Joseph II 142–3, 178–9 Asia 101 opposition to the French Revolution 230 Ascendancy, Protestant 144, religious Orders 137, 179 see also Ireland resistance to Napoleon 293 Assizes 146 tithe in 26 Assumption, Feast of the 90 Autun, bishop of, see Talleyrand Astorga, bishop of, see Jiménez Auxerre 67 Astruc, Jean 122 Avertissement 147 Asturias 287 Aveyron, département of the 266 Athanasian Creed 51, 64, 105, 111 Avignonat 158, 252, 267, 306 atheism9, 94, 98, 121, 135, 214, 243, Avrillé220 298, 319 Ay´ıa Lavra, monastery of 301 Athos, Holy Mountain of 42, 108 Attila the Hun 240, 288 Babel 122 Auckland Castle 202 Bach, Johann Christoph Friedrich 47 Auckland, 1st Lord, see Eden, William Bacon, Sir Francis 93 Auctorem fidei 208, 241, 289 Badajoz 287 Audrein, Bishop Y. M., 237 Baden 57–8, 316 Aufklärung, see Germany, Enlightenment in Baden, near Vienna 154 Augsburg 46 Bagot, Bishop Lewis, of Norwich, then see of 136, 264 St Asaph 48 treaty of 19, 141, 145, 263 Bahrdt, Karl 115 Augustinianism66 Balguy, Revd Thomas 94–5 Augustinians, see religious Orders Balkans 9, 17, 33, 109 Austen, Jane 43 Balle, Bishop Nicolaj 205 Austerlitz, battle of 264, 267 Baltic 16, 111 Austria 11, 45, 93, 128, 129, 161, Balzac 63 165, 189, 308, 320, 332; Bamberg 264 see also Habsburgs; Holy Roman Bangor 78–9 Empire Bank of England 219 bishoprics of 136–7 Banks, Joseph 93

Index 351

Bantry Bay 221n. Benedict XIV 18, 61, 86, 110, 158, 159, baptism51, 84, 237, 258 167 Baptists 16, 64, 76, 85, 250, 271, 273, 304 Benedictines, see religious Orders Barat, Fr Louis 266 benevolence, religious 64–6 Barat, Sophie 284, 301 Bentham, Edward 43, 115, 330 Barbastro, bishop of, see Abad y la Sierra Beresford family 33 Barbary corsairs 13 Berg 264 Barcelona 87, 165, 333 Bergier, abbéNicolas-Sylvain 123–4 Barère,Bertrand de 207 Bergisel, battle of 290 Bari Berkeley, George, the younger 17 shrine of St Nicholas 81 Berlin 106, 159, 258, 294, 302, 316 Barnave, Antone-Pierre 194 Bernier, abbé209, 220 Baroque style 45, 46, 128, 142 Bernis, Cardinal de 138, 160 Barra, Fran¸cois-Joseph 213 Berr, Berr Isaac 197 Barrington, Bishop Shute 202, 251 Berry, duc de 311 Barrow, Fr John 51 Berthier, General 252 Barruel, abbéAugustin de 132, 208 Bertrán,Bishop Felip 166 Basel 34, 252 Besan¸con,Collègede 123 Basilians, see religious Orders Bible 43, 54, 60, 61, 70, 77, 78, 82, 100, Basle, Treaty of 264 103, 115–16, 117–18, 229, 231, 272, Basque country 216, 321 273, 276, 288, 303, 333 bastardy 148 biblical scholarship 119–22, 278–80 Bastille 188 bible societies 332 Batavian Republic, see United Provinces Catholic familiarity with 61, 87, 244 Bath abbey 45, 88 and obedience to established powers Bath and Wells, diocese of 250 149, 175 Batthyány, Archbishop József11, 142 in Russia 292 Bavaria 15, 24, 46, 77, 165, 179, 254, 309 Bible Institute 71 abbeys 45 Biergans, Brother 214 Church land ownership in 24, 269 Bill of Rights (England) 155 Jews tolerated 302 billet de confession 84, 167 kingdomof 263, 294; Bingen 318 see also Max-Joseph Birmingham 20 popular religion in 80, 86 bishops 21–2, 23, 30–4, 49, 127, 146, 158, religious practice in 259 181–2, 256, 269, 270 ‘War of the Witches’ 78 and dissolution of the Jesuits 130–1 Bayeux, bishopric of 42 and politics 137–9, 286, 323, 325–7 Bayle, Pierre 18, 94, 107, 120 visitations 81–2, 102, 237–8 Bayonne 216 Blagdon tracts 90, 249 see also More, Constitution of 287 Hannah béates 58 Blair, Hugh 55–6 Beattie, James 107 Blake, William63, 233 Beauharnais, Eugènede 269 Blarney 80 Beaumont, Archbishop Christophe de 84, blasphemy 111, 322 167 Blayney, Benjamin 121 Beauvais, abbéde32 Blesle 244 Beauvais, bishop of 200 Bloom, Harold 277 Bebenhausen, bishop of, see Stockmayer, Blumauer, Aloys 124 Christoph Friedrich Bô, Jean-Baptiste 243 Beckett, Archbishop Thomas à134 Bodney 203 Begona 321 Boerenkrijg 242 Belfast 234 Boerhaave, Hermann 65 Belgium179, 242, 244, 283, 310, 322; Bohemia 40, 48, 59, 142, 154, 301 see also Austrian Netherlands Boisgelin, Archbishop 184, 186 Belgrade 13 Bolingbroke, 1st viscount 113

352 Index

Bol´ıvar, Simon 309 divine right theories 150 Bologna 157, 239, 252, 284 émigrésin201–3 Bologna, Concordat of 27, 158 Hanoverian royal family 29, 35, 124, Bolton, 3rd duke of 43 138, 198 Bonaparte, Jerome 267 kings of, see George III; George IV; Bonaparte, Joseph 270, 287, 289 WilliamIV Bonaparte, Lucien 255, 267 loyalismin 198–9, 274 Bonnet, Charles 116 religious renewal in 15 Book of Common Prayer, see liturgy ReformAct 1832 323 books, religious 71, 73, 74 Revolution settlement 1688 150, 170, Boolavogue 222 184 Borbón,Archbishop Luis de 290 Roman Catholic integration in 307 Bordeaux 195, 197, 266 British Museum121 archbishop of, see Champion de Cicé Brittany 22, 31, 71, 74, 138, 147, 181, Jews resident in, see Sephardim 182n., 201, 265 Bordelais 12, 196; see also Bordeaux Brixen 139 Boridge 68 Broers, Michael 283 Born, Ignaz von 124 Broglie, Bishop Maurice de 310 Bossuet, Bishop 169, 246 Brosses, présidentdes 101 Boswell, James 146–7, 149 Brudenell, Lord 20 Boucher, Revd Jonathan 177, 198n. Bruges Bougainville 127 Holy Blood 244 Boughton 45 brumaire, coup of (November 1799) 253, Boulanger, Nicolas-Antoine 101 265 Bourbons, see France; Naples; Spain Brunswick 58, 170 Bourg-des-Comptes 192 Brunswick Clubs 314 Bourges 103 Brussels 71, 75, 178, 179, 181 Bourignon, Antoinette 62 Buckingham, 1st marquess of 224 Bourne, Hugh 273 Budapest 110 Bovara, Giovanni 282 Budweis 136 Bowdler, John 112 Bulgaria 17 Boyce, William47 Bulow, Heinrich von 303 Boyle Lectures 114, 115, 116 Bunting, Revd Jabez 272, 304–5, 313 Boyle, Robert 115 Burgess, Bishop George 326–7 Brabant, see Austrain Netherlands Burgos 288 Bradley, James 115 Burke, Edmund 105, 150, 193, 194, 198, Brady, see Tate and Brady 202, 204, 209, 221, 223, 225, 227, Braga, archbishop of 32 228, 245 Branda 219 Bury St Edmunds 88 Braschi, Giovanni Angelo, see Pius VI Busca, Cardinal 227, 252 Breidbach zu Bürresheim, Archbishop Butler, Archbishop John 178 Emmerich Joseph von 39, 163–4 Butler, Bishop John 121 Brentford, Old 59 Butler, Bishop Joseph 22, 113, 119 Brescia 162 Byzantium17 Brienne family 33 Brienne, Archbishop Loménie de 22, 39, Caballero, JoséAntonio 241 40, 138, 144, 160, 169, 184, 185 Cacault 223n. Brissotins, see Jacobins Cadiz 287 Bristol 53, 76, 82 Cortes of 289–90, 312 bishops of, see Courtenay: Newton, Caen 192 Bishop Thomas cahiers 124, 186–7 4th earl of, see Hervey Calas affair 110 diocese 31, 327 Calatayud, Pedro de 60 Britain, Great 4, 14, 49, 64, 218, 297; calendar, Revolutionary 216, 253 see also England; Scotland Calonne, Alexandre de 147, 185

Index 353

Calvados, département of the, see Fauchet (Anglican) archbishop of, see Agar, Calvinist Churches 34–5, 64, 67, 98, 134, Archbishop Charles 142, 198, 304; see also Fullerists; (Roman Catholic) archdiocese of 86 Reformed Churches Cassan 39 rights of magistrates 149 Castile 61, 74 Cambacérès266 Council of 139 Cambrai 31, 84 Castlereagh, Lord 231, 308, 313 Cambridge 31, 63, 147, 249 casuel 188 colleges Catalonia 75, 81, 90, 209, 312 Clare College 224 catechism, see instruction, religious Jesus College 248 cathedrals 35–7, 48, 83, 91, 218, 263, 281, Magdalene College 247 312, 327–8 Peterhouse 121, 137 Catherine II 41, 53, 271 Queens’ College 248 controlling power over the Church Holy Trinity church 247 134–5 University 94, 105, 107, 111, 119, 247, need for clerical goodwill 146 330 and education 59, 109 vice-chancellor 247 and religious Orders 38, 131 Cambridgeshire 67 and Uniates 18 Camden, 2nd Earl 220, 225 Catholic Association 303, 314, 323–4 Camolin 224 Catholic Enlightenment, see Enlightenment Campomanes 139, 165–6 Caulfield, Bishop James 206 Canada 13, 136, 144, 184 Celsius, Bishop Olaf 139 Canning, George 301, 314 Cély, Bishop Eon de 32 canon law 68, 135, 161, 166 censorship 130 Canossa 134 ceremonial 151–6 Canova 45 Cévennes 83 Canstein 71 Chadwick, Owen 60–1 Cantemir, Prince Dimitri 109 Chalcedon, Council of 277 Canterbury 9, 24, 271 Chalier, Joseph 213 archbishops of, see Beckett; Cornwallis, Chalmers, Revd Thomas 273 Archbishop Frederick; Cranmer; Champion de Cicé,Archbishop Herring; Laud; Manners-Sutton; Jérome-Marie 137, 182, 184, 186 Moore; Secker; Tillotson; Wake Channel Islands 201 dean of, see Horne chaplains 3, 140, 146, 218–19, 220 Capecelatro, Archbishop Giuseppe 239 chapters 21, 35–7, 185–6, 189, 256; ‘Captain Swing’ riots 330 see also cathedrals Capuchins, see religious Orders charity 65–6, 286, 328; see also poor relief Caraccioli, Louis-Antoine de 149 charity schools 58 carbonari 323 Charlemagne 264 Carfaintain 209 Charles I of England 150 Carlile, Richard 322 state service 30 January 151 Carlisle, bishop of, see Law, Bishop Charles III, de jure king of England 150, Edmund 199 St Cuthbert’s church 146 Charles III of Spain 41, 87, 107, 110, 137, Carlow 326 139, 156, 158, 165–7, 286 Carlstad, bishop of, see Herweghr Charles IV of Spain 219, 286 Carron, abbé201 Charles X of France 203, 307, 310, 311, Cartagena 287 313, 320, 329 Cartesianism93; see also Descartes Chartres 22 Carthusians, see religious Orders Chateaubriand 281, 282 Carvajal y Lancaster, Bishop Isidro de Chaudon, Fr Louis-Mayeul 127 139 Chavagnes-en-Pailliers 190 Caselli, Cardinal 254 Chebyshev, P. B., 135 Cashel Chemillé220

354 Index

Cheshire 273 popularity 42 Chester 249 rights and privileges 23, 180–3 diocese 318 proletarian 42 Chiaramonti, Bishop, see Pius VII and regular Orders 127 Choiseul, duc de 39, 138, 143, 168 social background 21–2, 23, 181 Cholet 220 sport 43–4 chouans 209, 220; status 23, 329–30 see also counter-revolution training 41–2, 329–30 see also seminaries Christendom10, 47–8, 134, 205, 277, vocations 23 278, 298 Clement XI 159 Christian doctrine 49, 51, 55, 56, 276–81; Clement XIII 28, 29, 91, 110, 123, 156, see also religious Orders 161 Christianity Society 252 Clement XIV 27, 28–9, 59, 123, 129, 153, Churchill 53 157, 159, 160, 161 Churchill, Charles 61 and English tourists 29 Church Building Act 1818 (England) 313, Clermont-de-Lodève 82 317 Clermont-Tonnerre, Bishop A.-J.-C. 326 Church of England, see England, Church Clermont-Tonnerre, comte de 196–7 of Climent, Bishop José166 Church of Scotland, see Scotland, Church Clinch, Fr Thomas 222 of Clogher, bishops of, see Clayton; Jocelyn Church, primitive 41, 182 Clovis 311 Church–state relations 2, 33–4, 54, 84, Cloyne, bishop of, see Woodward 127, chap. 4, 175–80, 183–4, 203–8; Coalition, First, see French Revolutionary 217, 218, 243, 255–7, 269–72, 292, wars 297, 308–16 Cobbett, William330 churchwardens 75, 285 Coblenz 86, 164 Cicero 72 Code Napoleon 283 Cisalpine republic 223, 239, 261 cofradiás, see confraternities Cispadane republic 252 Coke, Thomas 248 Cistercians, see religious Orders Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 233, 277–8 Ciudad Rodrigo 288 Collins, Anthony 100 civic virtue 72, 104 Collot d’Herbois 213 Civil Constitution of the Clergy, see French Colmar 196 Revolution Colmar, Bishop 310 Civil War, English 151, 177 Colne 58 Clark, Jonathan 145 Cologne 15, 21, 27, 33, 86, 215, 262, 318 Claughton 51 Comacchio, bishop of 239 Clayton, Bishop Robert 98 Comenius, Jan Amos 11 clergy, higher, see bishops Comminges 48 clergy, lower Commission des réguliers 39, 40, 127 and agricultural improvements 25, 43 Committee for Emigration Relief 202 competence 48, 333 Commonwealth (England) 271 education 43, 57–60, 111–12, 329–30 compagnies de charité 75, 156 finances 23, 123, 125, 175, 269, 317, Comtadin Jews 196 331 conciliarism4, 27, 128, 168–9, 217 and government policies 146–8, 170, concordats 4, 158, 231, 261, 282, 289, 176–80, 251, 270, 283, 296; 306, 323, 328 see also patriotism Concordat of 1801 (France) 254–6, 260, and higher clergy 40–1, 231 262, 265, 281, 283, 307, 310–11, marriage 43, 213 327; see also Organic Articles and masonry 106 Concordat of Fontainbleau (France) in non-episcopal Churches 34–5 260, 268, 311 numbers 21, 296, 324, 333 Concordat of 1805 (Italy) 261, 267, 296 parish clergy 40–4, 231 Concordat of 1817 (Bavaria) 309

Index 355

Concordat of 1817 (France) 311, 326, Convocation, see England, Church of 327 Conway, Henry Seymour 12 Concordat of 1818 (Naples) 309 Conzié,Bishop Louis de 184 Concordat of 1818 (Russia) 306 Cooke, Edward 226 Concordat of 1822 (Prussia) 306 Coote, Charles 258n. Concordat of 1824 (Hanover) 307 Copenhagen 205 Concordat of 1827 (United Copernicus 110, 114 Netherlands) 307, 310 Corbigny concursus 331 Coria, bishop of 288 Condé,prince de 213 Cork 221 Condillac, abbéde95 Cornelius 300 Condorcet 129 Cornwall 203, 272 Conen Saint-Luc, bishop de 31 Cornwallis, 1st marquess 225, 231 Confederation of the Rhine 264 Cornwallis, Archbishop Frederick 74 Conference, see Methodists coronations 23, 55, 136, 152–6, 311 confession 51, 84, 85, 320, 322 ‘Coronation’ Mass, see Mozart ‘confessionalisation’ 10 Corpus Christi festival 87, 192, 319 confessional state, see Church–state Corresponding Society (London) 248 relations Corsica 203 confirmation 84, 237, 258, 285, 326 Cossacks 18, 146 confraternities 72, 85–6, 106, 285, 319, Cottanello 219 331; see also Austria; Austrian Coulanges-la-Vineuse 243 Netherlands; Portugal; Spain Counter-Enlightenment 132 Christian Devotion 51, 131 Counter-Reformation 15, 41, 48, 71, 72, congréganistes, see religious Orders, for 92, 111, 128, 134, 164 females counter-revolution 3, 195, 202, 204–10, Congregationalists 64, 76, 250, 304 222, 231, 283, 308, 311 Congregations, see Holy Redeemer, French clergy and 175, 190 Congregation of millennial associations of 231–6 Congress system306 see also VendéeRevolt Connacht 234 Courtenay, Bishop Henry 202 Consalvi, Cardinal Ercole 255, 267, 306, courts, Church 148–9, 162 309 Coventry 249 conscription 230, 321 Cowper, William63, 73 consistory, see Geneva Crigan, Bishop Claudius 91 conspiracy theories 208–9 crusades 104 Constance 201 Cuenca, bishop of, see Carvajal y Lancaster bishop of, see Dalberg Cults, Law on 1802 (France) 257 Constantine, emperor 102, 105, 134 Cumberland, duke of 314 Constantinople 9, 10, 17, 56, 87 Curates’ Act 1796 181 patriarch of, see Gregorios curés, see France Constitutional Church 191–3 Custine 196 juring clergy 1791–5, 192, 200, 205, 211, 242 Dalberg, Bishop Karl von 106, 262 after 1795 217, 237–8, 255–6 Dalrymple, Alexander 245–6 in Napoleonic Church 266 Dames de la Foi 284 after 1815 320 Dance, George 45 Consulate 1799–1804 253, 258; Danton, Georges-Jacques 214 see also Napoleon I Danube 47 religion 253–4, 260 Dartmouth, 2nd earl of 73 contractarian theories 149 Dashkova, Princess 109 Conventicle Act (England) 274 Daubeny, Revd Charles 11, 235, 249 Conventicle Act (Sweden) 111 Daughters of Charity, see religious Orders Convention, National 172–5 (France) 193, Dauphiné22, 41, 181, 182, 186, 253 213, 243 Daventry 58

356 Index

David, King 154 Dordogne, département of the David, Jacques-Louis 46, 188 bishop of the, see Pontard Dax, bishop of 186 Dorset 83 décadi 238 Douglas, Bishop John 202 Decazes, Elie, duc 311 Douglas, Sylvester 199 dechristianisation 3, 60, 86, 176, 192, Dow, Alexander 101 193, 205, 211–18, 220, 243, 246, Downshire, 2nd marquess of 245 247, 280 Doyle, Bishop James 324 décimes 181 Doyle, William159 Defenders, the 206, 221, 234, 244 Dresden 299 Deforis, DomPierre 127 Dromore, bishop of, see Percy Degola, Fr Eustachio 162, 239 Drummond, Archbishop Robert Hay 154 deism9, 58, 95, 97, 99–100, 101, 112–14, Drummond, Bishop Abernethy 198 129, 131, 156, 259, 298, 322 Drummond family 33 Delgado y Venegas, Archbishop 65 Dublin 138, 142 Denmark 9, 16, 180, 193 Castle 144, 199, 206, 220, 231, 271–2 bishops 137 (Roman Catholic) archbishop of, clergy of 44, 146 see Troy, Archbishop John Thomas and French Revolution 205 Dubrovnik religious revival in 275 St Stephen’s hand 85 Derry Ducket, Tinkler 94 bishop of, see Hervey Dundas, Henry 144, 180, 199, 206, 220 see of 31 Dundee 91 ‘desacralisation’, see Enlightenment Duport, Adrien 196 Descartes, René93 Düren 214 Deschamps, Dom 127 Durham31 Desmoulins, Camille 214 bishops of, see Barrington; Butler, Deventer 67 Bishop Joseph; Van Mildert Devonshire, Georgiana, duchess of 73 chapter 37 dévots 159, 168 diocese 320 Diamond Necklace Affair, see Rohan university 327 diary keeping 89 Durkheim258 Diderot, Denis 94, 95, 117, 123, 129 Dutens, Revd Louis 235 Diego de Cádiz,Fray 60, 207 Duvoisin, Bishop 265 Diez, Fray Antonio 207 Digby, Kenelm299 ecclesiastical courts 91 Diplomatic Revolution 1756 19–20 Eclectic Society 235 Directory (1795–9) 145, 214, 222–3, 227, ecumenical councils, see general councils of 229, 230, 251, 262 the Church overthrown 253 ecumenicism 295 and religion 216–17, 238, 246, 252–3, Eden, Garden of 115 260 Eden, William93, 251 dissenting academies (England) 58 Edinburgh 133 divine right theories 175–6, 246 bishop of, see Drummond, Bishop divorce 267, 283 Abernethy Dmochowski, Fr Franciszek 221 St Giles’ cathedral 35, 55 Dodd, Revd William26n., 61 Holyrood House 203 Doddridge, Philip 47 University of 34, 55, 102, 107 dogma, see Christian doctrine Egalité,Philippe-, see Orléans,duc d’ Dol, bishop of, see Hercé Eichorn, Johann Gottfried 120 Dolben, John English 79 elites and religion 71–4, see also nobility Dominus ac redemptor noster 27, 29, 159, Elland Society 247 168 Ellingham88 don gratuit 24, 140, 185 Ellwangen 270 Donoughmore, 1st Baron 77 Ely, 1st marquess of 225

Index 357

Emerson, Roger L. 104 education of clergy 43 émigrés 194, 199, 200–3, 206, 207, Evangelicals 63, 67, 73, 82, 90, 176, 209–10, 281; see also refractory clergy 247–8, 249–52, 272–4, 296, 317 organisation 201 and French Revolution 194 vicar-generals 201 high churchmen 11, 17, 69, 85, 113, Empire, Holy Roman 15, 19, 20, 21, 29, 124, 131, 135, 150, 177, 194, 246, 171; see also Austria; Habsburgs 249, 313 abolished 265, 294 and the judiciary 146 Aulic Council 141–2 as magistrates 125, 148, 330 bishoprics of 136–7, 262–3, 294 and Methodism63, 68, 69, 79, 248, 249 censorship in 97 and mortmain 24 Church reforms in 161, 183, 193, 237 music 47 episcopal electors 164, see also Cologne, parishes in 48, 78, 79 Mainz, Trier public attitudes towards 44, 68, 330 Enlightenment in 80, chap. 3 reformof 105, 111, 176–7, 271, 274, Jansenists in 130, 161 314–15, 317–18, 325, 327 makes peace with Napoleon 255 relations with Gallican Church 11, 202–3 masonry in 77 relations with the state 135, 140, 326–7 and papal states 158 residence as an issue 181, 224, 325 prelates in 32, 39 scripture in 61 Protestants tolerated 142 and science 115–16 religious Orders 39–40, 269 Test and Corporation Act 98, 107, 145, secularisation of Church lands 262–3, 148, 314–15, 330 279–80 Enlightenment 18, 64, chap. 3, 231, 299, viability of 261 310; see also Counter-Enlightenment; Ems, Punctuation of 11, 27, 164–5 France; Germany enclosure 88, 125 and Catholicism4, 79–80, chap. 3, 156, Encyclopédie 34, 85, 95, 103, 114, 119, 183, 208, 241, 279–80 123, 126 and Jews 12 England 47, 49, 50, 65, 73, 78, 82, 243, and masonry 77 259; see also England, Church of and Protestantism15, 67, chap. 3 passim Catholics in 51, 83, 199, 202–3, 313, and religious Orders 38–9, 284–5 314 anti-Christian character 54, 94 dissenters’ presence in 83, 98, 141, 145, persistence of 295 184, 224, 313, 332 ‘enthusiasm’ 49, 60, 68, 157, 178, 295 dissenting politics 76, 132–3, 170, Epinay, Madame d’ 124 177–8, 313–14, 332 episcopacy, see bishops ‘rational dissenters’ 105, 132–3, 150, Erasmus 38, 120, 121, 258 194, 247; see also Priestley Erastianism44, chap. 4, 188, 194, 208, kings of, see Henry II; James II; 236, 264, 269, 294 WilliamIII Erskine, Revd John 140, 206 Protestant calendar 150–1 Erskine, Thomas 226–7 England, Church of 10, 23, 24, 65, 100, Erskin of Linlathen, Thomas 275–6 137, 146–7, 313–14 Erthal, Archbishop Friedrich Karl von 39, apostolic succession 30 165 attendance 91 Espen, Zega-Bernard Van 164, 166 biblical scholarship 121–2 Esquilache, Mutiny of 129, 139 bishops 31, 33, 105, 135–6, 138, 150, Estates-General 1789; see also cahiers 181, 325, 326–7 clerical representation in 185–6 Calvinist revival 64, 274 electoral rules for 185 Caroline inheritance 17 elections to 186 character of 16 events leading to declaration of National Convocations 24 Assembly 187–8 curates in 181, 325, 330 Protestants in 194 ecclesiastical courts 91 Ettal 46

358 Index

Eucharist 46, 50, 51, 65, 84–5, 86, 87, 91, Florence 41, 108, 162, 253 191, 20, 204, 243, 257, 285, 293 captured by royalists 1799 240 ‘Evangelicals’, see England, Church of; Holy Office abolished 162 Scotland, Church of San Miniato 41 Evanson, Revd Edward 148 Floridablanca, condéde 29, 135, 204, 241 Everton, Cambs. 67 Folkes, Martin, P. R. S. 116 excommunication 79, 91 Fons 243 excusado 166 Fontainbleau, see Concordat exorcism79, 273 Fontenay-le-Comte 220 extreme unction 84 Fontenelle 109 Ewald, Johann Ludwig 276 Fordyce, Rev James 55 Eyton, Revd John 296n. Forest of Dean 79 Forestier 215 Fajer, Francisco 47 Fouché,Joseph 243, 256, 286 Fauchet, Bishop Claude 103, 105 Fountaine, John 37, 177 Feathers’ Tavern petition 147 Fox, Charles James 178, 314 Febronianism30, 142, 162–6, 305 Fox, William250 Febronius, see Hontheim Foxite Whigs 199, 226 Fécamp 106 France 9, 13, 14, 47, 82, 86, 93, 101, 177, Federalism213 306, 320; see also Estates-General; Feijóo, Fr Benito Jerónimo126, 166 Gallican Church; Napoleon; Felbiger, Johann Ignaz 59 Restoration monarchy 1814–30 Fénelon 156 censorship in 95, 97 Ferdinand III, grand duke of Tuscany 163 deists in 113 Ferdinand IV of Naples 158 Enlightenment in chap. 3 Ferdinand VI of Spain 126 Jansenists 61, 66–7, 75, 84, 103, Ferdinand VII of Spain 287, 290, 312–13, 128–31, 159–60, 161, 162, 331 167–9,182n., 191, 257 Ferns, diocese of 79 Jesuits in 103, 128–32, 159, 167, 169, (Roman Catholic) bishop of, 311 see Caulfield kings of, 87, see also Charles X; Henri Ferney 72 IV, Louis XIV, Louis XV, Louis Ferrara 252 XVI; Louis XVIII; Louis-Philippe archbishop of 79 masonry in 76–7, 106 Ferrier, Susan 280 nobility 71–2, 74, 75 Fesch, Cardinal Joseph 265, 266 parlements 67, 128–9, 138, 167, 169, 185 Festivals, Revolutionary, see Protestants in 19, 20, 34–5, 61, 76, 83, dechristianisation 110, 141, 143, 144, 168, 187, 188, Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 120–1, 278, 305 213, 255, 256, 259, 301, 310; Finedon 79 see also Concordat; National Finistère,bishop of the, see Audrein Assembly Firmian, archbishop 19 queens of, see Marie-Antoinette First Estate, see France; Gallican Church Francis II, emperor (Francis I of Austria First Republic (1792–1804) 176, 192, from1804) 207 195, 200, 204, 209, chap. 6, 240, 243 and religious change 236–7 Fisher, Bishop John 326–7 and the Revolutionary war 227 Fitzwilliam, 2nd earl 220 as protector of the Holy see 254 Five Mile Act 274 and election of Pius VII 254 flagellation, rites of 86–7 and German secularisation 262–3 Flanders 201 end of the Holy Roman Empire 264–5 Flaxman 45 becomes emperor of Austria 265 Fleming, Robert 235 religious policies after 1815 309 Fletcher, John 69 Francis I, king of Naples 307 Fleury, Cardinal 67, 138, 167 Franciscans, see religious Orders Flood, Noachian 100, 101 Frankfurt-am-Main 19

Index 359

Franklin, Benjamin 105, 113 diminished status from 1789 188, Frederick II, see Prussia 204, 210 Freemasons 61, 63, 76–7, 106, 108, 209, disbanded from1790 127, 188, 269 292, 299, 305, 306, 320 revival 266, 300 Freising 264 after the Revolution 188, 204, 210 French Revolution 3, 11, 72, 82, 86, 87, and 1801 Concordat 255, 256, 268 91, 105, 121, 145, 177, 194, 195, condition 1815–30 298, 310–12, 326, 199, chap. 5, 231, 251, 252, 278, 327–8, 331 282, 293, 305, 306, 317; relations with the papacy 27, 29, see also dechristianisation; First 159–60, 161, 190, 255–6, 267–8, Republic (1792–1804) 311, see also ultramontanism and the Church 1789–90 184–9 services 87 Civil Constitution of the Clergy 4, 163, and taxation 177, 187 169, 189–93, 194, 234, 237,241, vicaires 181, 184 261, 307 General Assembly of the Clergy 24, 97, oath to 1791 190, 191, 200; 102–3, 123–4, 140–1, 143, 169, see also juring clergy; refractory 184, 185 clergy Gallicanism, 30, 159, 188, 190, 211, 255, constitutional monarchy (1789–92) 146, 265, 268; see also France; Ireland 175, 193 Gallitzin, Prince Amalie 252 millennial associations of 231–6 Gallo, Fr Nicolás56 Romantic authors and 233 Galway Bay 47 French Revolution of 1830 307–8, 312, Ganganelli, Lorenzo, see Clement XIV 332–3 Gard, département of the 195 French Revolutionary wars 112, 130, Gascony 60 131, 151, 183, 191, 198, 226–31, Gash, Norman 326 262 Gay, Peter 3 Frend, William248 Gay-Vernon, Bishop 100 Friedrich, Caspar David 299–300 Geldern 136 fructidor, coup of (September 1797) 217, General Assembly of the Clergy, 243, 252, 265 see Gallican Church Fullerists 304 general councils of the Church 27, 164, funerals 71 168, 190, 235; see also conciliarism Fürstenbund 1785 19, 165, 262 Genesis, see Bible Geneva 9, 16, 34, 64, 181 Galata 87 clergy in 44, 98 Galiani, Ferdinando 115 relaxed morality of 148–9 Galicia 142, 202 religious revival in 275–5 Galileo 110 revolt of 1782 149, 179 Gallican Articles 1682 160, 162, 167, 208 sacramental services 85 Gallican Church 10, 11, 21, 24, 137, Genga, Annibale Semattei della, 167–9, 191, 193, 194, 281, 298 see Leo XII bishops 21, 31, 32, 184, 185, 186, 187, Genoa 162, 239, 268 189, 190, 200, 255, 256, 326 Geoffrin, Mme 124 commitment of women to 90 George III 29, 46, 111, 125, 132, 150, Counter-Enlightenment writings 102–3 151, 203, 232, 244, 271 Easter communion figures 84 baptism84 lands nationalised 188 character 74 parish clergy 26, 103, 169, 181–3, 184, charitable 152 186, 189, 191–2, 266, 311, 329 coronation 154 preaching 56 coronation oath 155, 226 recruitment 42, 329 piety 156 and reformpolitics 168–9, 184–5 royal proclamation 1787, 1792 74, 205 regular Orders 39–40, 58, 186, 187, George IV 43, 314, 330 200, 284, 298, 328 Gerard, Alexander 64–5, 149

360 Index

Gerle, Dom188 Goya y Lucientes, Francisco Joséde288 Germanos, Bishop 301 Grafton, 3rd duke of 105, 137 Germany 45, 47, 48, 70, 78, 100, 111, grammar schools 58 133, 170, 180, 258–9, 324; see also Grande Chartreuse 328 Holy Roman Empire; Pietists; War of Grandison, Sir Charles 73 Liberation Grand Tour 20, 29 biblical scholarship in 120–1 Great Awakening 70 Catholic Church in 163–5, 263 Great Britain, see Britain, Great anti-papal 163–5 ‘Great Fear’ 196 chapters in 37 Greece 9, 10, 17, 18, 27, 108; Church land ownership in 24 see also Orthodoxy Church relations in 11 attitudes to modern learning 109 Churches and citizenship 124 parish clergy in 42 Confederation 295 science in 114 ecclesiastical states in 15, 39, 262–4 revolt of 1820s 301–2 Enlightenment in 47, 56, chap. 3, Greek architectural revival 45 163–4, 280 Greenfield, Steddy 29n. and French Revolution 209 Greenland 47 Jews in 196, 302 Grégoire,Henri 191, 206, 213, 217, 239, masons in 77, 106 255, 309, 324 national Church idea 164–5 rebuilds Constitutional Church after religious Orders in 164, 269–70 1795 237–8 religious renewal in 15, 16, 67, 296, and the Concordat 256 302–3 and Spanish Church 241 sermons in 55 after 1815 320 universities in 107, 108–9 prosemitic 196 Gerona 289 Gregorios, patriarch 301–2 Ghent, bishop of, see Broglie Gregory XVI 306, 332 Gibbon, Edward 72, 102, 121 Grenville, 1st Baron 203, 227 Gibraltar 47 Grey, 2nd earl 315 Giral, Jean-Antoine 39 Grimm, Friedrich-Melchior 110 Girondins 103, 213 Gross, Hanns 81 Glasgow 34, 91 Grotius, Hugo 120, 134 cathedral 35 Grou, Fr 62 Catholics in 198 Gügler, Joseph Heinrich Alois 280 Glasse, Samuel 17 Guiana 200 Gleig, Bishop George 274 guilds 75, 76, 88 Glengary Fencibles 219 Guittard de Floriban 216 Glenorchy, Viscountess 73 Gunpowder Plot day (5 November) 150–1 Gloucester Günter, Martin 46 diocese of 327 Gustavus III 29, 111 HRH duchess of 251 1772 coup 155 Gniezno, archbishop-primate of, 1786 Riksdag 139, 156 see Podoski Church reformer 136, 180 Gobel, Bishop Joseph 190, 191 interest in Swedenborgianism63, 156 Godechot, Jacques 209 Guyon, Mme 61 Godoy, Manuel 219, 241, 288, 290 Guyot de Folleville, abbé220 Goethe 93, 277, 279, 318 Györ,diocese of 51 Golitsyn, Prince Alexei 315, 329 Gordon, Lord George232 Habsburgs, emperors; see Francis II[I]; Gordon Riots 143 Joseph II; Maria Theresa; Peter Gormanstown, viscount 206 Leopold Gospel, see Bible Hackney Phalanx 313, 326 Gothic style 45, 299, 311, 333 Haggitt, Revd John 224 Göttingen, University of 108 Hague, The 181

Index 361

Hainault, Estates of 143, see also Austrian Hiärne, Christina 89 Netherlands Hibernian Bible Society 303n. Haldane, Robert 276 hidalgos 74; see also nobility Hales, Stephen 115 higher education, see universties Halévy, Elie 248 Highlands, see Scotland Hall, James 68 Hildesheim262 Halldin, Johan Gustaf 156 Hill, Dr George 206 Halle, University of 70, 108 Hill, Sir Richard 176–7 Hamann, Johann Georg 99 Hill, Revd Rowland 73 Hamilton, Sir William 81 Hinduism101 Hammond, Henry 17 history writing 101–2, 130, 280, 299 Hampshire 88, 330 hobereaux 74; see also nobility Hanbury, Revd William35 Hoche, General 219, 222 Hanover 29, 58, 289, 307; see also Britain Hofbauer, Fr Clement Maria 309–10 Hanway, Jonas 65 Hoffman, Philip 81 Hardenberg, Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hogarth, William46, 54 276n., 277, 278, 280, 281, 296 Hohenzollerns, see Prussia Hardenberg, Karl von 294 Holbach, d’, Baron 9–10, 95, 119, 123, Harms, Claus 316 124 Harris, James 29n. Holland 67, 70, 95; see also United Haspinger, Fr Joachim290 Provinces Hastings, Adrian 2 kingdomof 264, 307, 310 Hauge, Hans Nielsen 275 ‘Holly Thursday’ 88 Haugwitz 24 Holy Alliance 301, 308, 309, 312, 332, Haute-Loire, département of the 244 333 Haute-Vienne, bishop of, see Gay-Vernon Holy Office, see Spain; Inquisition Hautes-Pyrenées, département of the 216 Holy Redeemer, Congregation of 56 Haydn, Franz (Joseph) 47 Holy See, see papacy healing ministry, see medicine Holy Synod, see Russia Hébert, Jacques-René214 Holy Week 29, 87, 283 Hebestein, Bishop Charles d’ 142 Hontheim, Johann Nikolas von 22, 162–4, Hebrew studies 122 165–6, 262 Hegel 127, 278, 333 Hooke, Fr Luke Joseph 108 Hellenisation 10 Hopkins, see Sternhold and Hopkins Helmstad 121 Horgan, Fr Matthew 80 Helvetic Republic, see Switzerland Horne, Bishop George 17, 102, 145, 198 Helvétius95, 110, 123 Horsley, Bishop Samuel 199, 202, 228, Hempton, David 304 249, 251 Henke, Philipp Konrad 120 hospitals 65 Henry II, king of England 134 Houdon 45 Henri IV, king of France 134 Huddersfield 69 Henry IV, emperor 134 Hufton, Olwen 79, 86, 159, 238 Heptonstall 58 Huguenots, see France Hercé,Bishop Urbain de 31, 209 Hull Herder, Johann Gottfried 56, 133, St Mary’s church 82 280 Humbert, General 222 Herring, Archbishop Thomas 12, 22 Hume, David 34, 100–1, 102, 113, 116, Herrnhut 70 118–19, 122 Herschwiesen 230 Hungary 9, 43, 85, 110; see also Joseph II Hervásy Panduro 241 Church relations in 11 Hervey, Frederick 22 Diet 57 Herweghr, Bishop Daniel 139 dioceses 49, 51 Hesychasm108 monasteries reopened 236–7 Hey, John 111, 330 prelates 21–2, 32, 137 Heylyn, Peter 17 primate of, see Batthyány

362 Index

Hungary (cont.) penal laws 84 Protestants of 11, 14, 35, 57, 142, 178 Presbyterians in 26, 34–5, 76, 87, 125, schools 57 208, 220, 221, 224, 245, 303–4 sermons in 54 1798 Rebellion 77, 221, 222, 224–5, Hunslet 44 244–5, 304 Huntingdon, Selina, countess of 64, 73 ‘Second Reformation’ 303–4 Huntingford, George Isaac 33 Test and Corporation Act in 76, 226, Hurter-Amman, Friedrich Emanuel von 303, 314–15 310 Tridentine initiatives 14, 51, 326 Hussey, Bishop Thomas 221 Union with Great Britain 125, 155, Hutchinson, John 114–15 225–6, 271–2, 304, 314 Hutchinsonians 122, 194 Volunteer movement 178 Hutt, Maurice 209 wakes 80 Hutton, James 100 irmandades, see confraternities irreligion 10, 97–8, 102–3, 111; Iberia 20, 21, 132; see also Spain; Portugal see also atheism icons 46, 330 Isernia 81 Id´eologues 101, 114, 259 Islam9, 12–13, 17, 302 Illuminati 77, 232 Isle of Man 91 Imitatio Christi 41 Israel 140 Immaculate Conception, see Virgin Mary Italy 4, 14, 20, 45, 81, 85, 129, 159, 183, Imola, bishop of, see Pius VII 193, 244, 282, 320, 324, 326 imperial knights 21 Austrian power and 254 impropriation 26, 42; see also tithe anticlericalismin 223, 240 Independents, see Congregationalists bishops in 22, 261 Index 110, 163, 307 chapters in 328 India 101 clerical reformers in 1790s 239–40 indifferentism299, 332 confraternities in 285 infanticide 148 dechristianisation in 214 Inglis, Bishop Charles 136 counter-revolution in 219, 223 Ingolstadt, University of 77, 116 Enlightenment in chap. 3 Innocent XI 158 French Army of 222–3, 235, 239, 240 Innsbruck 46 Jacobinismin 239–40 Inquisition, see Florence; Spain Jansenism40, 66, 161–2, 236, 239, 240, instruction, religious 49–53, 56, 87, 103, 322 162, 205, 244, 305, 322 Jesuits in 129 Intieri, Bartolomeo 115 kingdomof 282, 283 Ireland 83, 194 masonry 106 Anglicans in 17, 22, 23, 31, 33, 37, 76, Newtonianismin 115 87, 125, 144, 178, 199, 221, 225, parishes 48 226, 271, 303–4, 323–4 parish clergy 41, 240 Catholics in 11, 26–7, 51, 76, 77, 80, Protestantism145 84, 125, 139, 142,144, 155, 178, religion and national feeling post-1815 199, 206, 208, 220–1, 222, 224, 322–3 225, 226, 244–5, 271–2, 303–4, religious Orders in 40, 284–5 307, 314–15, 322, 323 revolutionary republics in 223, 261 and the French Revolution 206, 208, scripture in 61 219, 221, 222, 225 seminaries in 261 Gallicanismin 11 tithe in 26 Irish language 78 itinerancy 48, 82, 224, 271, 305 legislative independence 1782 178 Ivory, John 83 masons in 77 Methodists in 272 Jacobins 3, 204, chap. 6, 221, 223, 227, middle class in 206 228, 236, 243, 245, 247, 253, 290, Parliament of 138, 142, 220 299, 303, 309, 316, 319

Index 363

Jacobitism11, 16, 66, 142 1775 75, 309 Jagault, Fr Pierre 220 1825 307 James II of England 150, 152 Judaism9, 94, 119–20 James III, de jure king of England 150 July Revolution, see French Revolution of Jansenism4, 28, 40, 60, 80, 86, 112, 115, 1830 131, 156, 165, 170, 237, 282, 286; juring clergy, see Constitutional Church see also Austrian Netherlands; Italy; Jutland 252 France; Spain appeal 66–7, 167–8 Kalisch 293 and the French Revolution 168–9, 208 Kant, Immanuel 70, 101, 115, 116, 126, political application 66 279 Jarcke, Carl Ernst 310 influence 116–17, 120, 275 Jaucourt, Louis de 95, 126 Kaplice 59 Jebb, John 121, 148 Karl Eugen, duke of Württemberg 141–2 Jebb, John, bishop of Limerick 304 Kaunitz, Prince Wenzel Anton von 29, 39, Jefferson, Thomas 113 93, 161, 162 Jena Kaye, Bishop John 326 battle of 267, 293, 294 Kempis, Thomas à156 university of 120–1, 278 Kenmare, earl of 206 Jerusalem, patriarch of 13 Kennicott, Benjamin 122 Jesuits, see religious Orders Kiel 316 Jew Bill (England) 1753 12 Kildare and Leighlin, bishop of, see Doyle Jews 231; see also anti-Semitism; Kilham, Alexander 248, 273 Ashkenazim; Judaism; Sephardim Kilmany 273 conversion of 236 Kindermann, Fr Ferdinand 59 in England 12 King’s College, see Aberdeen in France 12, 255, 259, 310; Kirk, see Scotland, Church of see also National Assembly Klopstock, Friedrich 99 in Germany 108, 302 Knight, Richard Payne 81 Jiménez, Bishop Mart´ınez288 Knoller, Martin 46 Jocelyn, Bishop Percy 326 Knöss,Anders 63 John V of Portugal 32 Konarski, Stanislaw 59 Johnson, Samuel 55, 85 Konstanz 136 Jones, William(of Nayland) 17, 102, 194, Kósciuszko’s rising (1795) 221–2 246 Kottwitz, Baron Hans Ernst von 302 Jones, Sir William101 Kozlovsky, Prince A. S., 135 José I 129 Krudener, Baroness 275 Joseph II, emperor 11, 19, 124, 141–2, Kyrillos V 18 149, 165, 166, 193, 207, 260, 262, 309 Laborde, Fr 186 death of 154 Labrousse, Suzette 234 and education 57, 130 La Fare, Bishop 196 dissolution of the Jesuits 130–1 Lafayette, marquis de 143 and monastic reform 39–40, 137 La Harpe 38 and Pius VI 29, 156, 158 Laibach, bishop of, see Hebestein personal religious interests 156 laity, see also women and sermons 54 changing religious practice 258 religious reforms 80, 136–7, 147, 158, firmattachmentto Christianity 228, 161, 162, 163, 178, 189 260–1, 273–4, 281–6, 295 Toleration Patent 1781 139, 142–3, piety 60–3, 65, 68, 70, 91–2 197 popular religious beliefs 50, 62, 67–8, Jourdan law, see conscription 77–82, 92, 272, 273, 295, 321, Journal de Trévoux 129 324 Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchior 241 and powers of patronage 140 Jubilee preaching 68, 92

364 Index

laity (cont.) Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, Jean-Michel relations with the clergy 48, 62, 75, 112, 213 169, 312, 320, 324 Lescure, marquis 220 co-operation in religious reforms 163 Le Senne, abbé182 role in the 1790s 242–7 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim104, 108, 120, urban ministry to 82 170 Lake District 78 Levellers 233 La Luzerne family 33 Leven and Melville, earl of 73 La Luzerne, Bishop 143–4 Levshin, see Platon Levshin La Marche, Bishop Jean-Fran¸coisDe 147, liberalism306, 307, 308, 313, 322, 325, 201, 203, 204 332 Lambert, Fr Bernard 235–6 libertinism10 Lambeth Palace 219 Licensing Act (England) 111 Lamennais, F. R. de, 305–6 Liège262 Lami, Giovanni 108 Liguria 268 Lamourette, Adrien 105, 191 Lillie, Metta 89 Lamourous, Marie-Thérèsede 244 Limerick, bishop of, see Jebb Lancashire 58, 317 Limousin 243 Catholics in 51 Lincoln, bishop of, see Pretyman Methodists in 248 diocese of 259 Landes, sénéchaussée of the 186 Lindsey, Theophilus 105 Landeshi, Giovan Battista 41 Linnaeus, Carl 115 lands, Church 24, 311, 324 Lisbon earthquake 117–18, 129 Langford, Paul 251 Lithuania, see Poland Langhorn Manor 203 liturgy 63–4, 68, 78, 83, 111, 199, 282, Langres 129 299 bishop of, see La Luzerne, Bishop Book of Common Prayer 47, 91, 219 Languedoc 31, 39, 83, 138, 213 in French 238 Lansdowne, 2nd marquess of 314 Missal 47 Laplanche 213 and nationality 64 La Rochefoucauld, Cardinal 97, 186 Prussian of 1821 316 Latimer, Bishop 235 scholarship 108 Latin 15, 33, 42, 47 Swedish Prayer Book 275 Laud, Archbishop William11 Liverpool, 2nd earl of 313, 314, 326, 327 Laudianism17, see also England, Church of Llandaff, bishop of, see Watson Lausanne 275 Llorente, Juan Antonio 289 La Valette, priory of 32 Locke, John 18, 94, 95, 100, 149 Law, Bishop Edmund 137 Loire, river 209, 220 Law, William61 Lombardy, see Milan Lazarists, see religious Orders Lombardy-Venetia, kingdom of 323 Le Breton, Louis-Fran¸cois95 Lombez, bishop of 256 Le Coz, Bishop 192, 237 Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasil’evich 114, Leeds 44, 82, 250 115–16 Legge, Bishop Edward 327 London 31, 55, 56, 64, 140, 232, 316; Legion of Honour 300 see also Westminster Legislative Assembly 1791–2 (France) 192 bishops of, see Lowth; Porteus; Robinson Leibniz 115, 116 City of 23 Leicestershire 35 diocese of 31 Leinster 125, 221 Essex Street chapel 105 Leipzig 104, 121, 302 Mansion House 23 Lent 86 St Paul’s cathedral 32, 46, 146 Leo XII 299, 302, 306–7, 309, 311, 329 London Missionary Society 250, 274, 304 Leoben, see of 136 London Wall, All Hallows church 45 Leopold II, emperor, see Peter Leopold Lord’s Supper, the, see Eucharist Le Paige, Louis-Adrien 168 Lorenzana, Cardinal 30

Index 365

Loreto 223 Federalism213 Lorraine 12, 160, 201 Jansenism67 anti-Semitism in 196–7 millenarians in 234 duke of 45 Lyonnais 256 Louis XIII 152 Lyte, Henry 20 Louis XIV 19, 61, 62, 128, 145, 158, 213 Louis XV 45, 67, 72, 102, 128, 141, 143, Madeley 69 147, 152, 154, 167, 184 Madingley 224 Louis XVI 72, 167, 168, 298 Madrid 28, 82, 139, 159, 204, 207, 287, character 74 312, 316, 322, 325, 333 and the Church 169, 194 Mainz 15, 21, 27, 33, 86, 106, 262 and the Civil Constitution 190, 191 archbishop electors, see Breidbach; healing touch 152 Erthal piety 156 bishop of, see Colmar, Bishop coronation 154 university 39 visits Paris 1789 188 Maistre, Joseph de 297–8, 305, 332 execution 151, 175, 193, 207 Málaga 65, 207 Louis XVIII 231, 306 Malagrida, Fr 129 and refractory clergy 254 males, and Christianity 3 policies after 1814 298, 311, 320 Malesherbes 143 and his relations 300 Malmesbury, 1st earl of 227, 234–5 Louis, the dauphin (d. 1789) 234 Malta 13 Louis Ferdinand, the dauphin (d. 1765) Malta, Order of 13 159, 168 Manchester 68, 304 Louis-Philippe, king of the French 307, Manners-Sutton, Archbishop Charles 325 312, 332 Mansfield, Lord Chief Justice 23 Louvain, University of 143, 164 Mant, Revd Richard 271 love feasts 68 Marat, Jean-Paul 213 Lowth, Bishop Robert 122, 280 Marengo 254 loyalists, see American War of Maria I of Portugal 21 Independence; counter-revolution Maria Theresa, empress 11, 14, 39, 142, Lozère, département of the 266 161, 282 Lucerne 280 and censorship 97 Lucina 240 and education 57, 59 Luddites 317 and Jesuits 130 Lulworth 83 and Protestants 19, 141 Lund and Uniates 18 bishop of, see Celsius Marianism56, 60–1; see also Virgin Mary university of 275 Marie-Antoinette 123 Lunéville,Treaty of 226, 255, 261, 262 Marine Society 65 luoghi pii laicali 286 Marischal College, see Aberdeen Luther, Martin 104, 121, 279, 280, 289, Markham, Theodore 246 303, 316 Markham, Archbishop William 125, 150, Lutheranism16, 19, 20, 23, 34, 43, 44, 251 49, 50, 58, 78, 83, 131, 134, 142 Marne, département of the 242 condemns Swedenborgianism 63 marriage, clerical 22 and liturgy 64 Marseillaise 229 and music 47 Marseille 46 and Pietism70, 104 church of the Grands Augustins 88 in Prussia 136, 316 St Eloi’s feast 88 revival 252, 278 Marsh, Bishop Herbert 121 Lwów, archbishop of 155 Martin, Archbishop Antonio 61 Lyon 81, 82, 266 Mass, see Eucharist archbishop of, see Fesch materialism 132 chapter of 35 Maulbertsch 46

366 Index

Maultrot, Gabriel-Nicolas 182 Mettrie, Julien de la 95, 117 Maundy Thursday 152 Metz 31, 138 Maurice, Revd Thomas 101 bishop of, see Montmorency-Laval Maurists, see religious Orders Mexico 291 Maury, Abbé196 Michaelis, Johann-David 121 Max-Joseph, king of Bavaria 264 Middle Ages 123, 134, 280, 299, 329 May bugs 302–3 middle classes Mayer, J. G. 43 and religion 74–7, 123, 318–19, 320–1, Maynooth, Royal College 221 324 Mayo, County 222 Middle East 9 Mazarin, Cardinal 33 Middlesex 59 McDonnell, Fr Alexander 219 Middleton, Conyers 119 McNally, Leonard 245 Midlands 248, 273, 317, 330 Meaux, bishop of, see Bossuet Migazzi, Count Christoph 129 Medici family 162 Migazzi, Prince-Archbishop 142 medicine 65 Milan 21, 239, 254, 261, 282, 285 royal healing touch 152 archbishop of, see Martin medievalism, see Middle Ages concordat 158 Mediterranean 9, 13 duchy 72 Melbourne, 2nd viscount 107 militia 147 Melissino, I. I. 135 Millar, John 107 Melzi d’Eril, count 261 millenarianism 29, 64, 105, 231–6, 322 Mende 209 Milner, Isaac 248 bishop of 186 Minchini, Fr Luigi 323 Mendelssohn, Moses 280 Minims, see religious Orders mendicancy 166; see also poor relief Minto, 1st earl of 225 Menéndez,Bishop 288, 290 Miollis, General 267 Mengs, Anton Raphael 46 Mirabeau, comte de 45, 234 Mennonites 198 miracles 67, 81, 117–19 Mercier, Louis-Sébastien82 Mirari vos 306 Merino, Fr 288 Missal, see liturgy Meslier, Fr Jean 9 missions 3, 13, 14, 18, 50, 59–60, 75, 82, Mesmer, Franz Anton 63 86, 131, 266, 270, 299, 311, 319, 329 Methodists 3, 16, 57, 63, 64, 274 Mitchell, W. G. 209 chapels 83 ‘Moderates’, see Scotland, Church of 34 Conference 248, 250, 272, 273, 305, Mohilow, bishop of 18 314 Moldavia 108 divisions among 248 prince of, see Cantemir New Connexion 248 Molise 81 Primitives 273, 305 Monaghan 234 Wesleyans 273, 305 Mondonville 47 education 58 Monestier 216 and the French Revolution 208, 248 Mons, dean of 97 in House of Commons 176 Montauban 76, 195 hymn singing 47 Montenegro 33 institutions 69 see of 33 numbers 69–70, 248 Montesquieu 58, 103, 123, 149, 169 and popular culture 78, 250, 272, 273 Montijo, condesa de 206 preaching 68 Montmorency family 138 relations with the government 248, 271, Montmorency-Laval, Cardinal 313–14 Louis-Joseph de 160, 186 revival 67–70, 304–5 Montpellier 39, 76 social range 68 Montagu, dukes of 45 Metternich, Prince Clemens von 301, 323 Montagu, Elizabeth 73 religious policies after 1815 309–10 Montefiascone, cardinal-bishop of 306

Index 367

Montgelas, Maximilian von 264 Napoleon I (Bonaparte) 3, 4, 180, 209, Montreuil-Bellay, priory of 127 262, 268, 277, 281, 294, 301, 332, Mont Valérian 300 333 Montyon family 71 as Antichrist 235, 292 Moore, Archbishop John 136, 198, 218, attitudes to the clergy and religion 223, 219 257, 260, 292 moral reforms 177, 187, 250–2 and concordats 231, 252, 254–7, Moravia 48, 142 259–61, 265–6, 307–8 Moravian Brethren 70, 89, 198, 252, 275, his empire in Europe 215, 264–5, 282, 279, 293; see also Pietists 296 Morbihan, dépatement of the 195 and German secularisation 262–4 More, Hannah 90, 245, 250 in Italy 222–3, 239, 240, 252 mortmain 23, 24, 328 and ‘Spanish ulcer’ 286–91 Moscow 17, 42, 291, 293 overthrown 291–4, 296, 297, 313 metropolitan of, see patriarch Nares, Edward 265n., 281n. patriarch of 17; see also Platon Levshin National Assembly (France 1789–91) university of 109 established 187 Moser, Friedrich Karl von 15 moves to Paris 188 Moses 50, 114–15, 122 sovereign institution 189, 190, 191, Mosheim, J. L. von 258 193–4 Mount Sinai 115, 149 toleration for Jews 194–7 Mozart 12, 47, 154 Protestant toleration 194–5 Mozzi, Fr Luigi 285 national councils 189, 190, 237, 238, 256, Muhammad, Prophet 12–13, 280 282 Müller, Adam310 National Guard (France) 195, 200 Mulotins, see religious Orders natural sciences 108, 114–17, 130 Munich 86, 280, 300 Nazarenes 300 Munster 125, 225 Nazareth, holy house of, see Loreto Münster (Westphalia) 252, 262, 318 Necker, Jacques 137, 184, 185, 188, 207, Murat, Joachim, king of Naples 270 275 Muratori, Lodovico Antonio 80, 161 Necker, Mme 124 Murphy, Fr John 222 Nelson, 1st viscount 230 Murphy, Fr Michael 222 nepotism32–3, 157; see also patron–client Murray, Bishop George 326 relations Musgrave, Sir Richard 225 Netherlands, see Austrian Netherlands; music, church 47, 83, 91, 293 Holland; United Provinces Muslims, see Islam Neufchâtel95 mysticism 61–2, 63, 276 Nevers 211, 213 Newcastle, duke of 37, 124–5 Nancy 45 New Forest 79 bishops of, see La Fare; Osmond New Jerusalem162, 277; Nantes 220 see also millenarianism bishop of, see Duvoisin New Testament, see Bible Edict of 61, 145 Newton, Sir Isaac 93, 114–15, 232 Naples, kingdomof 21, 101, 165, Newtonian science 99, 114–15, 12–7 215, 283, 297, 307, 322; Newton, John 63 see also Parthenopean Republic Newton, Bishop Thomas 32 Church in 24, 270, 325–6, 331 Niccolini 115 concordats 158, 309 Nicene Creed 51 festivals 81 Nietzsche 278 hostility to French Revolution in 230 Nièvre, département of the 243 kings of, see Ferdinand IV; Francis I; Nˆımes 20 Murat bagarre of 1790 195 religious Orders in 39 bishop of 332 revolutions in 323 Protestants in 76, 195, 319

368 Index

nobility Oros, patriarchal decree 17 antinoble feelings 185 Orthodoxy 10, 11, 19, 50, 51, 84, 131, in the Church 21–3, 32, 33, 37, 38–9 152, 308 and moral reformation 250–1, 274 divisions within 301–2 their religion 71–4, 91, 282, 293–4, and education 109 316 episcopacy in 30 nonjurors, see Scotland, Anglicans in and French Revolution 204, 246 nonjurors (France), see refractory clergy and the laity 78 Noot, Hendrick Van der 179 liturgy 64 Norfolk 85, 199, 203, 249 music 47 Normandy 42, 192, 201, 242 and Ottoman Turks 13, 301 North family 33 religious Orders in 38, 126 North, Bishop Brownlow 33, 143 rivalry with Catholicism292, 301 North, Frederick, Lord 33, 73, 143, 144, in Russia 17–18, 270–1, 292 177–8 spirituality 38, 46, 85, 108, 301 Northamptonshire 45, 79 Orvieto 223 Norway 252, 275 Osmin 13 Norwich 76 Osmond, Bishop Antoine Eustache d’ 326 bishop of, see Bagot Osnabruck 15 Octagon chapel 83 Ossages 186 Notables, first Assembly of 143–4, 147, Ottoman Empire 3, 9, 10, 13, 17, 33, 45, 185 85, 87, 109, 204, 301–2 Nottingham76 Outram, Dorinda 132 Nouvelles Ecclésiastiques 115, 257 Oveido, University of 126 Novalis, see Hardenberg, Georg Friedrich Overbeck 300 Philipp von Overijessel 67 Nova Scotia, bishop of, see Inglis Owen, Revd Roger 224 Nowell, Thomas 150 Oxford 125, 265 noyades 220 bishops of, see Butler, Bishop John; nunciature 160–1, 162, 164 Legge Nuremburg 252 cathedral 35 diocese 31 Oak Apple Day 79 Hutchinsonians in 115 Occasional Conformity 76 Tories 114–15 occultism133 university 35, 43, 106, 107,111, 330 Ochrid, archbishop of, see Arsemnis colleges O’Connell, Daniel 303, 314, 323–4, 332 Brasenose 43 ‘October Days’ 1789 188 Christ Church 122 Olavide, Pablo 281–2 St Edmund Hall 247 Old Believers, see Russia vice-chancellor 106 Oldham317–18 Old Dilton 52 Pacific 101, 127 Old Patras, bishop of, see Germanos Paderborn 318 O’Leary, Fr Arthur 11 Paine, Thomas 113–14, 117, 194, 232–3, Oléron253 245, 249 Olesa de Montserrat 90 Palatinate 316 Olney circle 63 Palazzo Braschi 157 opera 47 Pale of Settlement 302 Orange, house of, see United Provinces Paley, William111, 116, 117, 119 Orange Order 221, 224, 303–4 Pallavicini, Cardinal 28 Oratorians, see religious Orders Palmerston, 3rd Viscount 107 Orense, bishop of 202 pamphlets, see religious tracts Organic Articles 256, 265 Pamplona, diocese of 259 Orihuela 325 pantheism62, 100, 278, 279, 299 Orléans,duc d’ 71; see also Louis-Phillipe Panthéon, see Paris

Index 369

papacy 4, 27–30, 61, 86, 124, 171, 203, Paul I, emperor of Russia 11, 18, 271 246, 260, 266; see also papal states; Pavels, Claus 205 Rome Pays de Vaud 275–6 as Antichrist 235 Péc 10 influence in European affairs 159–61, peculiars, ecclesiastical 39 308 Peel, Sir Robert 314 and French Revolution 223, 227 Pelham, Henry 12 relations with Orthodoxy 18 Peloponnese 301 Protestants and 30, 171, 207, 235 penance 104 and religious revival 252 Peninsula War 288 and royal power 27–8 Pentateuch, see Bible spiritual authority 157–8 Penthièvre,duc de 71 disowns the Stuarts 1766 150 Perceval, Spencer 274 powers after the 1801 Concordat Percy, Bishop Thomas 194 255–6, 267 Pères de la Foi 266 after 1815 298, 305–8 Périgord 234 papal states 59, 156–9, 204, 252, 267–8, Pernetty, DomJoseph 127 306, 307, 322 Perth 273 Paraguay 129 Perugia, bishop of 240 Paris 9, 38, 56, 71, 75, 82, 86, 147, 187, Peter III, emperor of Russia 17 214, 281, 313, 316 Peterborough archbishop of, see Beaumont bishop of, see Marsh Capuchins, church of the 45 diocese 327 Carmelite convent 200 Peter Leopold, grand duke of Tuscany 61, Chapelle de l’Expiation 300 80, 131, 207, 236, 282 Hôtel Biron 301 interest in religion 156 Jews in 196 religious reforms in Tuscany 162–3 Notre Dame cathedral 257, 267 succeeds as emperor 154 Panthéon45 cancels Joseph II’s reforms after 1790 parlement 129, 167, 168 179 Port-Royal 66 and French Revolution 197 Saint-Cloud, palace of 191, 194 Peterloo Massacre 304, 313 Saint-Denis, basilica of 300 Petite Eglise 256, 265–6 Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois 192 Petre, Lord 202, 203 Saint-Médardcemetery 67 Petty, Lord Henry 107 Saint-Nicolas-des-Champs 53 Pforr 300 Tuileries 194, 256, 311 Phanariot family 17 Pâris, deacon 67 Philip II of Spain 134 Paris, Peace of (1763) 147 Philippines 13 parish, importance of the 146–8, 175, 183, Phillips, Georg 310 317–18 philosophes 9, 20, 58, 62, 77, 81, 85, 94, parish clergy, see clergy 103, 107, 112, 124, 126, 129, 132, Parma 161 167, 171, 186, 189, 209, 241, 260, archbishop of, see Turchi 298 Ferdinand, duke of 156 Photius, Archimandrite 315 Parthenopean Republic 215, 230, 240 Piarists, see religious Orders Pascal, Blaise 128, 275 Piau 244 Passau, see of 131, 136, 262, 264 Picot de Clorivière,Fr 62 Passionists, see Religious orders Piedmont 21, 239, 261, 323 Pastoralis sollicitudo (1796) 239 Pietists 3, 15, 16, 57, 62, 65, 67, 70–1, patriotism176–80, 181, 192, 208, 287, 104, 133, 218, 275, 276, 279, 303 291, 294, 323 and masonry 106 patronage 72, 137–9, 140 Radical Pietists 70 patron–client relations 32 religious values 70–1, 74–5 Pau, parlement of 129 and revival 252, 293, 296

370 Index

Pietists (cont.) king of, see Stanislas and romantic culture 277–8 Orthodoxy in 18 in Russia 292 partitions of 18, 135, 160–1, 227 piety, see laity Protestants in 12, 16, 98, 221 Pigalle 45 religious Orders in 21, 38, 328 pilgrimages 79, 94, 220, 230, 263, 283, seminaries in 41 300, 307, 318–19 state control of the Church 135 Pinet 216 tithe in 26 Pisa 80 1830 Revolution 307–8 Pistoia and Prato, Polignac, duc de 312 bishop of, see Ricci, Bishop Scipione de poll tax 12 Pistoia, Synod of 162, 164, 181, 208, 241, Pombal, archbishop 33 282 Pombal, marquêsde 129 Pitt, Thomas 74 Pomerania 303 Pitt the Elder, William74, 137 Pontard, Bishop Pierre 105, 191, 234 Pitt the Younger, William58, 139, 144, Pontine marshes 156 155, 170, 178, 199, 204, 206, 220–1, poor relief 83–4, 92, 215, 332 223, 225, 226, 227, 234, 314 ‘Pope Joan’, see Huntingdon, Selina, Pius VI 29, 75, 131, 156, 160, 161, 164, countess of 165, 227 popes, see Benedict XIV; Clement XIII; as Antichrist 235 Clement XIV; Gregory XVI; Leo XII; exile and death 235, 253–4 Pius VI; Pius VII; Pius VIII government of papal states 157 Pope, Alexander 109, 117 and the Civil Constitution 190, 191, Popular party, see Scotland, Church of; 193 Scotland, ‘Evangelicals’ in and the French Republic 238–9, popular religious beliefs, see laity 252–3 pornography 95, 99, 123, 126 and Francis II 227 Porson, Richard 121 and Joseph II 29, 139, 156, 158 Portalis, Jean-Etienne-Marie 265 Pius VII 4, 256, 263, 305, 312; Porte 10 see also Concordats Porteus, Bishop Beilby 58, 102, 228, 274 as bishop of Imola 223 portion congrue 26, 181, 182, 187 elected pope 254 Portland, 3rd duke of 106, 147 political attitudes 254 Port-Royal, see Paris viewed as Antichrist 292 Portugal 14, 28, 29, 118, 128, 161, 183, and Francis II 254, 262 193, 287 and Napoleon 261, 266–7, 270, 307–8 bishops in 21, 32, 33 exiled and imprisoned 268, 272, 292, 295 censorship in 97 policies after 1815 306, 308–9 confraternities in 75 Pius VIII 307–8, 332 dioceses 48 Plato 62, 278 émigrés in 204 Platon Levshin, metropolitan 38, 41–2, 53 Jesuits expelled from129, 130 Podolia 18 Jews 196 Podoski, Archbishop Gabriel 135, 155 monarchs, see John V; JoséI; Maria I Poitiers 37, 127, 266 parish clergy 41 Poitou 143, 220, 256 religious Orders in 21 Poland 4, 15, 292 tithe in 26 archbishop-primate of, see Podoski Posen 302 Catholics in 11, 18, 33 Potenza, bishop of, see Serrao devotion to the Virgin 80 Potsdam, Declaration of (1788) 197–8 Diets in 138 Powlett, Charles 43 education in 59, 130 Prato 162 Enlightenment in 100 preaching ministry 34, 53–7, 60, 62, 68, and French Revolution 221 83, 91, 102, 118, 146, 148, 207, 209, Jesuit missions 59, 130 228, 276, 292, 317

Index 371

prebends, see cathedrals Quesnay, Fran¸cois93 prefects 265, 292 Quesnel, Fr Pasquier 66 prelatura 157 Quiberon Bay 31, 210, 222, 229 Presbyterians 53, 66, 304 Quimper ecclesiology 139–40 bishop of, see Conen Saint-Luc Pretender, Old, see James III value of see 31 Pretender, Young, see Charles III, de jure king of England Rabaut, Paul 35 Pretyman, Bishop George 223 Rabaut Saint-Etienne 35, 194 Price, Richard 105, 150, 233 Radnor, 2nd earl of 151 ‘priestcraft’ 10, 125; see also anticlericalism Raimondi, Livia 156 Priestley, Joseph 96, 98, 105, 121, 199, 233 Rajey, Archbishop 31 Priestley Riots 20 Rámon de Arce 241 primitivism 105–6, 163, 182, 183, 189, Randolph, Thomas 43 191, 202; see also Church, primitive Rasputin 315 processions, religious 87 Rastatt, Treaty of 262 ‘proctors’ 26 ‘rational dissenters’, see England Propaganda, Sacred College of 299 rational piety, see ‘reasonable’ religion prophecy 231–6 Ratisbon, see of 131 ‘Prophecy Men’ 234 Ravenna 252 Protestant calendar 87–8 Ray, John 115 providentialism72, 101–2, 117–19, 234 Raynal, AbbéGuillaume Thomas 101 Prussia 11, 14, 16, 26, 72, 98, 161, 179, Ré, island of 253 183, 218, 305, 308, 309, 310, 332 ‘Reason’, cult of 213–14, 216, 259 Catholic Church in post-1815 324 ‘reasonable’ religion 2, 99–101, 113 Church–state relations 136, 155, 193, Redemptorists, see religious Orders 293–4, 315–16, 322 Redruth 304 kings of reformand the Churches 236–42 Frederick II (the Great) 12, 19–20, ‘ReformCatholicism’, see Enlightenment 59, 136, 141, 142, 149, 155, 159, Reformation 4, 10, 14, 16, 18, 27, 37, 38, 262 48, 51, 53, 71, 72, 78, 80, 83, 87, 92, Frederick WilliamII 170, 197–8 94, 105, 123, 125, 131, 134, 145, Frederick WilliamIII 262, 263, 163, 170, 176, 179, 183, 184, 236, 293–4, 306, 316 271, 275, 279, 294 Frederick WilliamIV 303 concept of a ‘long Reformation’ 79 and French Revolution 227, 236, 264, hopes of a new Reformation 233, 303 277 Reformed Churches 34–5, 44, 49, 120, Jesuits flee to 131, 141 136, 252 Jews in 198, 302 refractory clergy 191–2, 200, 205, 211, religious reformation in 236, 293, 302–3 217, 220, 237, 238, 239, 242, 244, religious observance in 258 254, 255, 266, see also émigrés resistance to Napoleon 293 régale 158 Silesia conquered 159 regium donum 35, 145, 208 Unionsurkunde 316 ‘regalism’, see Spain public opinion 3, 41, 55, 183, 301 Regensburg pulpits 53–4 bishops of, see Dalberg; Sailer Pyrenees 60, 312 Diet of 262 regular clergy, see religious Orders Quakers 53, 76, 83, 274, 304, 315 Reich, German, see Holy Roman Empire Quam memorandum 268 Reichskirche, see Germany Quebec 203–4 Reid, Thomas 107 bishop of 136, 204 Reimarus, H. S. 120 Quebec Act 1774 144, 203–4 Reims 154, 311 Quéniart, Jean 71 archbishop of, see Talleyrand-Périgord Quercy 243 Reinhard, Fr Volkmar 293

372 Index

relics 244 Reubell, Jean-Fran¸cois196 religiosity, see laity Reuss, Fr Maternus 126 religious Orders 38–40, 49, 75, 76, 90, R´eveil, see Geneva; Switzerland; religious 124, 125–7, 162 revival in and the Enlightenment 40, 126–7 Revolution societies 150 for females 40, 90, 284, 328, 329 Revolutions of 1830 307–8, 312, 331–3 and the modernising state 137, 223, Reymond, Fr Henri 41, 181–2 328–9 Reynolds, Sir Joshua 46 in Napoleonic Europe 284–5, 294 Rhineland 58, 86, 164, 200, 201, 230, numbers 21, 59, 328–9 252, 262, 264, 305, 310, 316, 318; reformof 39–40, 126 see also Confederation of the Rhine sexual irregularities 126 Concordat in 261 Augustinians 39, 253 dechristianisation in 214–15 Basilians 38 Ricci, Bishop Scipione de 80, 162–3, 239, Benedictines 40, 126, 127 240, 324 Capuchins 142, 207, 219 Ricci, General 130 Carmelites 203 Ricciardi, Francesco 283 Carthusians 39, 137 Richardson, Samuel 73 Christian Doctrine Richelieu, Cardinal 33 Fathers of 60 Richelieu, duc de 311 Sisters of 90 Richer, Edmond 181–2 Cistercians 209 Richerism22, 40–1, 169, 181–3, 187, 208, Daughters of Charity 220, 284 238, 255 Franciscans 11, 21, 28, 59, 156, 166 Ridley, Bishop 235 Jesuits 4, 59, 61, 108, 112, 158, 161; Riegger, Paul Joseph Ritter von 161 see also France Rieti 219 dissolution of 27–9, 39, 66, 86, Rights of Man, Declaration of the 194, 242 128–33, 153, 156, 157, 176, 214, Riksdag, see Sweden 215 Robertson, William34, 102, 107 in education 57 Robespierre, Maximilien 207, 217, 250 and Jansenists 66, 128–32 pro-Semitic 196 missions 59, 60, 101 overthrown 214, 216, 242 Protestant attitudes towards 131, 299 Robinson, Bishop John 138 after 1814 131, 299, 307, 311, 312, Roche, Daniel 71 328, 329 Roche, Fr Philip 222 Lazarists 60, 86 Rochefort 220 Maurists 127 Rochester 31, 32 Minims 328 bishop of, see Horsley Mulotins 60 Rockingham, 2nd marquess of 177–8 Oratorians 40, 58, 112, 120 Rodez, bishop of, see Seignelay de Colbert Passionists 3, 40 de Castlehill Piarists 57, 59, 130, 221 Rogationtide 76, 88 Protestants and 29 Rohan, Cardinal 123, 160, 201 Redemptorists 40, 56–7, 59–60, 309 romanticism and Christianity 276–81 Sulpicians 326 Rome 1, 9, 11, 14, 17, 29, 39, 42, 79, 108, Ursulines 284 110, 116, 134, 152, 162, 164, 206, Visitandines 284 267, 268, 292; see also papacy religious tracts 245–6 Jansenists in 162 Remaud, Abb´ePierre 190 Jacobins in 223, 230 Remonstrants 218 Jews in 302 Rennes, bishop of, see Le Coz monasteries in 253 representatives on mission 213, 214, 215 parishes reduced 331 resistance theories and religion 149 pilgrimages to 307 Restoration monarchy 1814–30 180, places chap. 8 Braschi Palace 306

Index 373

Casa Massimo 300 sacraments 49, 84, see baptism; confession; Castel San Angelo 253 confirmation; Eucharist; extreme College of Propaganda 240 unction; penance Museo-Cementino 29 sacre, see coronations Sapienza, university of the 240 Sacred Heart St Paul’s church 235 confraternity of the 90 St Peter’s 46, 292 cult of the 60, 86, 92, 131, 228–9, 230, Republic (1798) 240, 253 285, 300–1, 321 occupied by French troops 1808 267 Saddleworth 317 Rome, New 17, 301 Sailer, Johann Michael 108 Rosary, confraternity of the 90 St Alphonsus Liguori 40, 56, 57, 60–1 Rosicrucianism63 St Andrew 88 Rota 159 St Andrew’s University Roubilliac 45 St Mary’s College 206 Rouen 322 St Anne, Sisters of 90 archbishop of, see La Rochefoucauld St Asaph, bishop of, see Bagot Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 38, 45, 66, 68, St Basil the Great 116 102, 110, 118, 123, 127, 214, 241, St Blaze 88 276, 320 St Catherine, confraternity of the 90 and cult of sensibility 62, 71, 74, 92, 99, St Charles Borromeo 30 117, 280 St Cosmas 81 and education 130 St Crispin 88 Royal Academy (Britain) 46 St Damian 81 Royal Society (England) 116 St David’s, bishop of, see Burgess Royal Navy (Britain) 218–19 Saint-Florentin, comte de 141 Royal and Catholic Army, see Vendée St Giles’ cathedral, see Edinburgh Revolt St Helena 313 Ruffo, Cardinal 230, 240 St Ignatius Loyola 108 Rumania 147 St Januarius 81 rural deans 49, 326, 327 St John, Epistles of 29 Russell, Lord John 107 St John the Baptist 80 Russia 11, 12, 18, 59, 83, 109, 142, 161, Saint-Laud d’Angers 209 297, 332 St Luke, brotherhood of, see Nazarenes bishops in 22 Saint-Médard, see Paris clerical revenues 25 St Nicholas, see Bari enlightenment influences 109 St Mark 152 and French Revolution 22 St Nikodimos 108 Holy Synod 134–5, 315 St Odile 80 Jesuits in 131 St Paisy Velichkovsky 108 Jews in 302 St Paul’s cathedral, see London Newtonianismin 114 Saint-Pé216 Old Believers 17, 109 St Peter 14, 27, 159, 227, 253, 297 Orthodoxy in 17–18, 20, 134–5, 292, St Petersburg 109, 114, 315 315 Kazan cathedral 292 parish clergy 42 metropoiltan of 292 regular Orders 22, 109 Saint-Pol-de-Léo, bishop of, see La Marche resistance to Napoleon 292–3 St Pölten, see of 136 seminaries 41–2 St Roch 152 tsar and tsarinas of, see Alexander I; St Rochus 318 Catherine II (the Great); Paul I; Saint-Victurnien 243 Peter III Ste-Genèvieve, church of, see Paris, Ryder, Bishop Henry 326 Panthéon Sainte-Pez, Fr 209 Sabatier de Castres, Antoine 103 Saintes 187 Sabbath observance 187, 251, 258 bishop of 200

374 Index

saints, cults of 75, 79, 80–1, 85, 88, 214, dissent in 91 244, 283 émigrés in 203 Sakharov, Fr 293 universities in 107 Salamanca 35, 41, 289 Scotland, Church of, 24, 34–5, 55, 73, bishop of, see Tavira 102, 180, 272 university 107, 181, 241, 289 Confession of Faith 104 Salford 58 ecclesiastical discipline 91 Salieri 154 ‘Evangelicals’ in 34, 73, 107, 133, 140, Salisbury 249 206, 280 archdeacon of 11 and French Revolution 206, 245–6 bishops of, see Fisher; Sherlock General Assembly of 140, 223–4 salons 9, 38, 95 ‘Moderates’ in 34, 55–6, 104, 107, 133, Salzburg 19, 154, 262 224 archbishop of, 27, 136–7, missions 66 see also Firmian patronage disputes 125 see of 136 Free Kirk 273 Sanfedisti 230, 231, 240 Scott, Sarah 90 San Ildefonso, Treaty of 227 Scott, Sir Walter 296, 299 San Miniato, see Florence sculpture 45 Sanskrit 101 Seabury, Bishop Samuel 30 Santander Secker, Archbishop Thomas 12, 22, 43, bishop of, see Menéndez 79, 102 Santiago de Compostela Second Coalition (1799) 227, 254 archbishop of, see Rajey Second Estate, see France, nobility see of 41, 290 secret societies 310, 332 Voto de Santiago 290, 331 secular clergy, see clergy Santissimo 285 secularisation 108, 135, 309, 324 Saragossa 47, 166 Seditious Meetings Act 249 archbishop of 219 Sées 48 Savona 268 Seignelay de Colbert de Castlehill, Bishop Savonarola, Girolamo 162 186 Savoy 201 Seine-Inférieure, département of the 243 Savoyard vicaire 62 Sélestat 147 Saxe, Maréchalde 45 Selim, Pasha 13 Saxe-Weimar 93, 104 seminaries 41–2, 53, 130, 156, 161, 279, Saxony, elector of 293 296, 329–30; see also Spain Sayn-Wittgenstein 70 Semler, Johann S. 120 Scandanavia 16, 43, 70, 252, 275 Sens 31 Schartau, Henric 275 sensationalism95 Schaumann, Commissary 289 sensibility, cult of 62, 68, 92, 280 Schaumburg-Lippe 47 Sephardim12, 188, 195–7 Schelling, F. J. W. von 278, 280 September Massacres 1792 200 Schlegel, August Wilhelm310 Serbia 10 Schlegel, Karl WilhelmFriedrich von 280, Orthodoxy in 17–18, 301 310, 333 sermons, see preaching ministry Schleiermacher, Friedrich 279, 294, 302 Serrao, Bishop Giovanni Andrea 240 Schlosser, Johann 57–8 services, see worship schools 57–60, 65, 90, 132, 146, 166, 276, Seven Years’ War (1756–63) 3, 12, 13, 321 19–20, 139, 143, 151, 159 Schröderheim,Elis 139 Seville 41 Scotland 9, 15, 16, 66, 72, 93, 147, 223 archbishop of, see Delgado y Venegas Anglicans in 17, 30, 55, 115, 125, 136, cathedral 152 198 confraternities 75 anti-Catholic riots 20, 34, 143 university 181, 241 Catholics in 125, 198 Shakespeare, William73

Index 375

Sharp, Samuel 81 Church–state relations 135, 139, 165–7, Shelburne, 2nd Earl of 107 207 Shelley, P. B. 322 concordats 158, 165 Sherlock, Bishop Thomas 37, 118 confraternities in 75 Shropshire 89 counter-revolution in 230, 240–1 Sicily 9, 83 émigrés in 201, 202, 204, 207 Sidmouth, 1st Viscount 271, 274 Enlightenment in 95, 100, 241–2 Siena 230–1, 253 impact of French Revolution on 206–7, Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph 22, 187 215, 227, 241–2 Silesia 20, 136, 142, 159, 302, Inquisition 61, 109–10, 165, 204, 207, 316 241, 281, 289, 290, 312 Simeon, Revd Charles 63 Jansenists in 66, 165–7, 207, 236, 241, Simon, Richard 120 287, 309 Sjaelland, bishop of, see Balle Jesuits expelled from129, 130, 165 Skara, dean of, see Knöss ‘Juntas of Faith’ 325 Skinner, Bishop John 30, 55 kings of, see Charles III; Charles IV; slave trade 274 Ferdinand VI; Ferdinand VII; Smith, Adam 102, 107 Philip II Smith, Mark 317 missions in 60 Smollett, Tobias 46 papal power in 160, 166 Snowdonia 78 parish clergy 41, 181, 241–2, 287–8, Soane, John 83 290, 331 SociétéEvangélique 276 parishes in 48 Society for Promoting the Building and preaching 56 Enlargement of Churches and Protestants in 145, 207 Chapels 313 ‘regalism’ 111, 135, 158, 165–7, 176, Society for the Propagation of Christian 193, 241 Knowledge 66 religious Orders in 21, 38, 97, 126, 137, Society for the Propagation of the Gospel 207, 241, 286–91, 312, 328, 333 58, 150 religious practice in 259 Society for the Reformation of Priciples seminaries 41, 166 246 services 87 Society of Christian Morality 301 tithe in 26 Socinianism, see Unitarians universities in 165–6, 181 Sodor and Man, bishop of, see Crigan resistance to Napoleon 1808–14 Solé,Jacques 75 286–91, 293 Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum 299 1812 Constitution, see Cadiz, Cortes of Soltyk, Bishop 135 French invasion 1823 311, 312 Somerset 249 Spalding, Johann Joachim104 Somerville, Revd Thomas 34 Spaur, Count Joseph von 139 Sophie, Madame 73 Specker, Fr Alois 209 Sorkin, David 111 Spence, Thomas 233 sortes Biblicae 78 Spenceans 322 Soufflot, Jacques Germain 45 Spencer, 1st Countess 73 Southcott, Joanna 234 Spina, Cardinal 254 Southampton 201, 271 Spinoza 100, 120 Southey, Robert 272 stadhouder, see United Provinces Spain 4, 14, 24, 29, 65, 85, 86, 93, 128, Stäel,Germaine de 275 177, 183, 298, 306, 320 Staffordshire 273 Bible in 61 Stang, Fr Conrad 126 bishops 21, 30, 32, 165, 166, 201, 287, Stanislaw Poniatowski, king of Poland 135, 288, 289, 290, 325 152, 155, 156 censorship in 110 Stanley, John 47 canonries 37 Stations of the Cross 86, 285 Church in 29, 165–7 Stattler, Benedikt 116

376 Index

Stendhal 319 Tackett, Timothy 182n. Sterne, Laurence 44, 121 Talleyrand 22, 32, 190, 326 Sternhold and Hopkins 47 Talleyrand-Périgord, Archbishop 32 Sterzinger, Ferdinand 78 Tamar river 304 Steve, Revd James 272n. Tanucci 39 Stevens, George 135 Taranto, archbishop of, see Capecelatro Stevens, William246 Tarbes 216 Stockholm89 Tarragona 325 Stockmayer, Bishop Christoph Friedrich Tate and Brady 47 138 Tavira, Bishop 86 Stockmayer, Johann Friedrich 138 taxation and the clergy 24 Strabane 234 Taylor, Jeremy 17 Strasbourg 31, 45 Ten Commandments 149 bishop of, see Rohan Tennis Court Oath 188 cathedral 212 Theophilanthrophy 217, 246, 259 masonry in 106 theosophy, see Swedenborg Sturm und Drang 99 Terror, reign of 236, 300 Stuttgart 252 Terror, second reign of (1798–9) 216, 254 Sulpicians, see religious Orders Tessedik, Samuel 43 Sunday School 58–9, 224, 249–50, 276, Test and Corporation Act, see England; 305, 321–2 Ireland Sunday School Society 250 Teutonic Order 263 Supreme Being, cult of the 214, 216, 259 Tewkesbury 148 Surrey 330 Third Estate (France) 185, 186, 188 Suresnes 300 Thirty-Nine Articles 98, 105, 107, 198 Sussex 75 Thirty Years’ War 16, 19, 45, 141, 211, Sweden 9, 16, 21, 83, 111, 297 226 bishops in 138, 139 Thornhill, Sir James 46 catechismin 51, 275 Three Bishoprics 160 Catholics in 110–11 Thugut, Baron 227 Church–state relations 139, 193 Thuringia 277 clergy in 44, 48, 138, 180 Thurlow, Thomas 148 compulsory church attendance 83 Tiber, department of, see papal states Estates in 138, 180 Tiepolo 46 female piety in 89 Tiers, see Third Estate kings of, see Gustavus III Tikhon of Zadonsk 38 Lutheran monopoly 145 Tillotson, Archbishop John 55 ‘New Readers’ 275 Tindal, Matthew 113 Riksdag 139, 140 tithe 25–6, 44, 92, 123, 125, 126, 127, universities in 107, 115 145, 175, 176, 178, 180, 187, 188, Swedenborg, Emmanual 63 270, 330 Swedenborgians 232 Tittmann, Johan August 302 Swieten, Gerhard van 57 Toledo Switzerland 16, 95, 280, 310 archbishops of, see Borbón;Lorenzana émigrésin201 archdiocese of 32, 41, 313 opposition to the French Revolution 230 parishes of 42 Pietists in 70 Tolentino, Treaty of 252 Reformed Churches in 34, 35, 49, 78, toleration 18–20, 48, 93, 112, 132, 141–4, 98, 179–80, 184, 275 183, 208, 242–3, 253–4, 255, 263–4 religious revival in 275–6 Toleration, Act of (England, 1689) 141 contacts with Scotland 275–6 Toleration, Act of (Scotland, 1712) 17 synagogues 213 Toleration, Edict of (France, 1787) 143, Synge family 33 182, 187 Szarvas 43 Tone, Wolfe 4, 220, 221, 222 Széchényi, Ferenc 310 Tooke, Horne 65

Index 377

Toplady, Revd Augustus 64 Ukraine 18, 38, 42, 108 Torrigiano, Luigi 161 Ulm, battle of 264 Toulon 20 Ulster 221, 224 Toulouse, 37, 238 ultramontanism 28, 128, 159–60, 165, archbishops of, see Brienne; 204, 241, 283, 295, 309, 310, 311; Clermont-Tonnerre see also papacy archdiocese 32 Uniates 11, 18, 19, 38 church of the Daraude 87 Unigenitus, bull 11, 66, 128, 156, 167 masonry in 106 Union, Act of, 1801 (Britain and Ireland), Protestants at 187, 195 see Ireland Tours 235 Unitarians 34, 98, 105, 119, 121, 132, Tract Society 252 175, 198, 199, 232, 236, 248, 273, Traditi humiliati nostrae 332 274, 278, 322, 325; see also ‘rational Trafalgar, battle of 296 dissenters’ Transylvania 16, 19, 147 ‘United Bishops’, see Constitutional Trasimène, department of, see papal Church states United Irishmen 4, 199, 220, 221, 222, Trautson, Cardinal 56 224, 225, 231, 234, 244–5 Travis, Archdeacon 121 United Provinces 16, 20 Treasonable Practices Act 1795 249 Batavian Republic 264 Trench, Archbishop Power le Poer 303 impact of the French Revolution Trent, Council of 57, 130, 217–18, 221 see also Tridentine decrees Jansenists in 162 Trevecca 73 Jews in 264 Treviso, diocese of 285, 329 masonry in 106 Trewman 246 Orange, house of 141, 179, 264 Tridentine decrees 41, 51, 79, 82, 85, 164, Reformed Church in 34, 35, 98, 179, 184 183, 187, 245, 250, 259, 270 toleration in 141, 179, 264 Trier 15, 21, 27, 33 universities in 107 diocese of 318 United States of America 177 elector of 156, 262 bishops in 184 suffragan bishopric 22 deismin 113 Trieste 142 universities 41, 43, 48, 106–9, 279 Trimmer, Sarah 59, 245, 250 Uppsala University 107, 111 Trojan War 42 urbanisation after 1815 316–19 Troy 42 urban ministry, see laity Troy, Archbishop John Thomas 178, 206, Urquijo 241 221 Ursulines, see religious Orders, for females Tuam, archbishop of, see Trench Utrecht Tübingen, University of 70, 278 Church of 165 Tudors 79 Treaty of 10 Tullow 222 Uzès195 Turchi, Archbishop Adeodato 112 Turgot, Anne-Robert Jacques 93, 147, Valence 235, 253, 268 170 Valencia 166, 287, 325 Turkey, see Ottoman Empire Valladolid 166 Turner, Thomas 75 Van Kley, Dale 159, 168 Tuscany 59, 80, 323 Van Mildert, Bishop William327 ecclesiastical reforms in 162–3 Vannes 265 grand dukes of, see Ferdinand III; Peter Varennes, flight to 194 Leopold Vatican, see papacy; Rome Two Sicilies, see Naples Vega, Our Lady of 289 Tyrol 46, 86 Venaissin 252, 306 opposition to the French Revolution 230 VendéeRevolt 209, 213, 219–20, 222, religious practice in 259 228–9, 230, 231, 242, 286

378 Index

vendémiaire, attempted coup of (1795) 217 Anglicans in 17 Veneto 323 language 78–9 Venice 21, 22, 24, 152 Methodists 67 papal election at (1800) 254 Prince of, see George IV preaching in 53 religious revival 273 St Mark’s 254, 269 Wallis, John 115 St Peter’s 269 Walmsley, Bishop Charles Venn, Henry 69 Walpole, Horace 73 Verdun Walpole, Sir Robert 113, 125, 150 clergy of 103 Warburton, William135, 137, 156 falls 1792 200 Ward, W. R. 4, 271 Vernet, Jacob 34 Wardour Castle 83 Verona, Congress of 312, 332 Warner, Revd Ferdinando 12, 97 Versailles Warrington 58 diocese of 238 War of Liberation (Germany) 260, 279, palace of 152, 186, 188, 194 293 Peace of (1783) 147 Warsaw, Grand Duchy of 293 viaticum82 Wars of Religion (France) 45, 195, 211 Vico, Giambattista 101 Washington, George 177 Vienna 29, 124, 139, 154, 158, 159, 306, Waterloo, battle of 268, 297, 302, 313, 309, 310 327 Congress of (1814–15) 296, 297, 305, Watson, Bishop Richard 31, 111, 233n., 310, 323 236, 245, 324 prince-archbishop of, see Migazzi, Watts, Isaac 47 Prince-Archbishop; Trautson Weishaupt, Adam77 university 161 Weld family 83 Villanueva, Fr Joaqu´ınLorenzo 246 Wellington, duke of 289, 290, 314–15, 326 Villèle,duc de 311 Wenzinger, Christian 46 Villoviado 288 Werkmeister, Benedikt 282 Vinegar Hill, battleof (1798) 222 Werner, Zacharias 310 Vinet, Alexander 275 Wesley, Charles 16, 47, 69 vingtième 24 Wesley, John 16, 17, 48, 57, 61, 67–70, 73, Virgin Mary, Blessed 56, 75, 80, 85, 152, 82, 83, 85, 92, 248, 272 156, 214, 223, 229, 230, 275, 292 West, Benjamin 46 Virginia 177 Westminster Visitandines, see religious Orders, for Abbey 45, 151, 154 females Confession of Faith, see Scotland visitations, see bishops deanery 32 Viva Maria 230–1 St Margaret’s church 151 Vivarais 209 Westmorland, earl of 199 Volhynia 18 Westphalia 252, 264, 305 Volney, comte de 101, 259–60, 322 Westphalia, Treaty of 15, 19, 262, 263 Voltaire 9, 10, 34, 45, 72, 73, 93, 94–5, 98, Wexford 222, 225–6 103, 110, 112–13, 117, 119–20, 122, bishop of 224–5 123, 129, 130, 131, 135, 231–2, 241, Wheeler, Benjamin 43 281 Wheeler, Daniel 315 voluntarism145 Whelan, Kevin 225 Volunteer movement, see Ireland ‘Whiteboys’ 26, 125, 178 Voulgaris, Eugenios 109, 114 Whitefield, George 73 Vovelle, Michel 3, 89 Whole Duty of Man, The 61 Wies, Zimmermann 45 Wade, John 325 Wilberforce, William58, 63, 176–7, 247, Wake, Archbishop William11 248, 251, 274 Wakefield, Gilbert 233 Wilkes, John 61 Wales 31, 49, 78, 82, 147, 315 WilliamI, king of the Netherlands 307

Index 379

WilliamIII (of Orange), king of England Wood, Basil 235 151 Woodward, Bishop Richard 144, 178 WilliamIV, king of Britain 315 Wordsworth, William236 WilliamV of Orange 179 worship 295 Williams, Ambrose 320 arrangement of 76 Wilmot, John 202 services 82 Wilten 46 varieties of 63–4, 83–9 Wiltshire 52, 330 Württemberg 43, 138, 141–2 Winchester 31 duke of, see Karl Eugen archdeacon of, see Balguy kingdomof 263, 270 bishop of, see North, Bishop Brownlow religious reforms in 282 College 33 Würzburg 46, 108–9, 126 émigrésin202 Wyvill, Revd Christopher 177 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 46 Windham, William 227 Yiddish 197 Windsor 327 Yonne, département of the 242, 244 St George’s Chapel 46 York 24 witchcraft 78 archbishop of, see Drummond, Wittelsbach family 21 Archbishop Robert Hay; Markham, Woburn Abbey 45 Archbishop William Woide, Revd Alexander 121 archdiocese 44 Wolfenbuttel 121 dean of, see Fountaine Wolff, Christian 108, 115 Edward Augustus, duke of 29 women Frederick, duke of 314 and Christianity 3, 73, 89 Henry, cardinal-duke of 150, 222 church attendance 89, 92, 295, 320–1 Yorkshire 82, 121, 177, 247, 248, 315, clergy wives 43, 89 317 in confraternities 90 Yorkshire Association 177–8 dubious about ecclesiastical changes 163 Yorkshire Dales 78 and family religious instruction 244, 321 Young Pretender 29 hostile to the French Revolution 176, 192, 216, 243–4, 295 Zaccaria, Francesco Antonio 108 and market for sermons 55 Zaluski, Bishop 135 Methodism, appeal of 68, 272, 273, 321 Zaragoza 289 prophetesses, as 234 Zeiller, Johann Jakob 46 religious Orders, appeal of 21, 38 Zinzendorf 67, 70 and Sunday Schools 250, 321 Zoroastrianism101