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Perfumes – Apiacea Or Carrot/Parsley Family

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Perfumes – Apiacea Or Carrot/Parsley Family Contact with new cultures changed the drinking, eating, recreational habits of Europeans From Asia came tea, from Africa (Arabia) coffee and from America (Holland) cacao While beer is the unrefined drink of primitive, happy people, distillation was learned from the Moors ( Al Cohol). With it came alcoholism, addiction; then smoking, tobacco, gold and syphilis from America. Crusading is a bad idea, isolationism is good. The 3 temptations of foreign lands: alcohol + coffee (moor), tea + opium (asian) + smoking (american) Medically active substances in Plants Although medical action of plants like Aloe was known already to Cleopatra. However, the reduction of the effect to one or a few substances adds to our understanding of larger connection Anthraquinones: contract gut muscle Rheum, Cassia senna, also important red pigments Aloe, Rhamnus Mucilage: protect sensitive mucous Ulmus, Linum usit., membranes in throat, stomach & guts Verbascum, Tussilago Anthocyanins: important pigments, Rubus, Vaccinium, UV protectants & antioxidants Vitus vinifera Flavonoids: antioxidants, UV protect, Fagopyrum (rutin), antioxidants anti-inflamm, capillaries Vacc. leaves, lemon p Tannins: antibacterial, antifeedants, Quercus, Vitus vin., bind with proteins & alkaloids Rhus, Acacia catechu Coumarins: Blood thinner (anticoag.), Apium grav., Gallium relaxant, furanoco are photosensitizers Mellilotus off., Ammi Glucosinolates: skin inflammants, Rhaphanus (reddish), increase cap. Blood flow, red. Thymus Sinapis a, Brassica ni Medically active substances in Plants Plants are the biochemically most versatile & advanced kingdom of life, followed by fungi …. Vitamines: Compound (also ess AA Nasturtium off (Vit E) & FA) that cannot be prod. by humans Rosa can hips (Vit C) Essential oils/ Terpenes/Resins:olfact Melaleuca tee tree, perception coupled with emot memory Draceana, Thymus Cardiac Glycosides: off toxin Digitalis Maianthenu Cyanogenic Glycosides: in low doses Prunus serotina relaxant (cough), higher cyanide Sambucus, Linum usi Alkaloids: multiple inc narcotic action Solanaceae, Asterace Bitters: Di- & triterpenes, alkaloids Artemisia, Achillea, stimulate digestion Gentium, Humulus Fiber: polymeric substances that Avena, Platanum, accelerate passage through GI tract Malus, Saponins: Triterpene sapogenines + Glycyrrhiza,Solanum steroid s., hormonal, hemolytic action tubers, Saponaria … we might fairly gauge the future of biological sciences, centuries ahead by estimating the time it will take to reach a complete comprehensive understanding of odor Lewis Thomas The chemical concept: enzymes + receptors are protein bodies made to recognize a certain molecule 1% of human genes is for immune system –proteins that recognize old enemies & also adopt to new ones (virus identification + destruction takes days) 1% of human genes are dedicated to the olfactory system – but there is no adaptation but instant recognition of a smell. Ref: Chandler Burr (2002) The Emperor of Scent, Random house , N.Y. Sensing of primary odors after Moore et al. 1964 The stereochemical theory of odor, American scientist Primary odor Chemicals Examples Camphoraceous camphor moth repellent Musky pentadecanolactone Angelica root Floral phenylmethylethyl carbinol roses flowery Trans-alpha-ionone Viola sp. Peppermint menthone, menthol mint candy Ethereal ethylene dichloride dry-cleaning fluid Pungent formic/ acetic acids vinegar Putrid butyl mercaptan foul eggs An electronic Nose ? When a polymer film is exposed to a gaseous vapor, some of the vapor gets into the film and causes the film to swell. The vapor-induced film swelling produces an increase in the electrical resistance of the film because the swelling decreases the number of connected pathways of the conducting component of the composite material. The detector films are made from an insulating organic polymer that swells plus an inorganic conductor such as carbon black, Au, Ag, etc .. The electrical resistance of the film is then read using simple, low power electronics. Arrays of chemically sensitive conducting polymer films. that individually respond with resistance changes to vapors can produce a distinguishable response patterns like mammalian olfactory senses flavors and fragrances Plant names referring to scent & taste Agathosmus = aromaticus = fragrans = odoratus = fragrant blandus = mild, pleasing citriodorus = lemon-scented deliciosus = delicious dulcis = sweet foetidus = evil-smelling glycyrrhizus = like licorice graveolens = heavy scented inodorus = scentless meliodorus = honey-scented oxycarpus = with sour fruit phu = rotten saccharatus = sugary sweet salsillus = salty suaveolens = sweet smell fragrant horticulture plants: Daphne odora (spring air), Galium odoratum (woodruff), Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea), Myrrhis odorata (sweet cicely), Nymphea odorata (sweet lotus), Reseda odorata (mignonette), Viola odorata (sweet violet) Plant names explained. Botanical terms & their meaning. Bastyr Library QK. P63. 2005 Horticulture Publications, Boston MA USA 2005 No doctrine but signatures Î “Plants have glands” Clear giveaways = signatures = anatomical clues that plants have sequestered lots of active compounds Î glandular trichomes, lacticifers, idioblasts, resin canals, floral & extrafloral nectaries Spices and perfumes – Apiacea or carrot/parsley family Umbelliferae: umbel as inflorescense; flat-topped clusters of flowers Parsley (Petrosselinum crispum) leaf; dill (Anethum graveolens) leaf; cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) leaf and fruit (coriander spice) Spices and perfumes – Labiatea or mint family Mints have asymmetric, bilabiate (two-lipped) flowers, often in in axial nodes, square stems and opposite, fragrant leaves Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) antiseptic; Oregano (Origanum vulgare), Majoram (Origanum sp); Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Chatreuse; Sage (Salvia officinalis) stuffing, Peppermint (Mentha piperita); spearmint (Mentha spicata) Picture of leaf glands Citrus family Pressurized vacuoles with essential oils protect citrus fruits. Interior of these fruits is isolated by thick cuticle and pectin layer. The Smell of Spring is here: Daphne odora: earliest strong smelling flowers on Bastyr and UW Campus Daphne x Burkwoodii: showy & fragrant spring flowers Allspice Calycanthus californica both flowers a& rubbed leaves have wonderful smell Syringa : lilac flowers strong aromatic smell in spring Choisya ternata Mexican orange scented spring flowers Buddleia davidii: distinct fragrance in summer flowers Hamamelis mollis: Witchhazel spicy-scented winter flowers Jasminum nudiflorum: gentle smell of winter flowers Gardenia jasminoides smell of Hawaii spring/summer flower Winter jasmin Lonicera Honeysuckle : familiar sweet smell in flowers Scented Flowers are fine, Scented Leaves are divine Aloysia triphylla Lemon Verbena: lemon- scented foliage Allspice or Sweetshrub Calycanthus floridus rubbed leaves have smell Labrador tea Ledum groenlandicum : leaves used for tea Lindera benzoin Spicebush crushed leaves with citrus scent Rosmarinus officinalis: desinfecting stron smell of this herb Sage Salvia officinalis: Sage S fructicosa used in cooking Sassafras officinalis: root, bark & leaves strongly scented Thymus vulgaris scented herb is actually a shrub Ruta graveolens Rue : strong scent in foliage Scent of foliage vs scent of flowers (Kerner’s rule) ÎKerner von Marilaun (1904) Kerner’s rule: Scent of foliage is mostly insect repellent while Scent of flowers is mostly insect attractant Alliums (e.g. garlic) honey-smelling flowers, smelling foliage Conium maculatum (hemlock) honey-smelling flower, but repulsive smell of mice for the rest •Exceptions to the rule Î same odor in flower and vegetation Primula auricula, Viola odorata, Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen), woodruff (Galium odoratum), Lavendula vera etc. Scents as a Defense? Polemonium viscosum has blue to purple flowers. Some of them have a sweet scent (esters or terpenes) others have a skunky smell (amines). The pollinator of the Polemonium is the bumblebee Bombus kirbyellus, which prefers sweet smelling flowers without consideration for color. Îa lot of questions like “ was there another pollinator before ? or “do the skunky flowers deter pollen robbers like ants?” If so it is an example for smell as defense What about Kerner’s rule: Scent of foliage is mostly insect repellent while Scent of flowers is mostly insect attractant William Agosta “ Thieves, deceivers and killers. Tales of chemistry in nature”, Princeton University Press 2001 5 groups of flower odors according to Kerner von Marilaun (1904) Kerner’s rule: Scent of foliage is mostly insect repellent while Scent of flowers is mostly insect attractant Alliums (e.g. garlic) honey-smelling flowers, negi smelling foliage Conium maculatum (hemlock) honey-smelling flower, repulsive smell of mice for the rest • Exceptions to the rule (same odor in flower and vegetation): Primula auricula, Viola odorata, Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen), woodruff (Galium odoratum), Lavendula vera etc. 1. Indols: indol and skatol with the smell of corpses and excrements (repulsive to Pongo sapiens, decay products of proteins) • in red to brown flowers and reddish veins of • Aristolochia (dutchmen’s pipe, shape and smell of decaying tobacco in a. gigas), Asarum caudatum (wild ginger), Rafflesia species 2 Aminoids: trimethylamine (TMA) smells like herring brine, occur in in flowers of : • Spiraea, hawthorn (Cretaegus), pear, Mountain ash (Sorbus), dogwood (Cornus) • Elder berry (Sambucus racemosa), Barberry
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