Lettice Knollys (/ˈnoʊlz/ NOHLZ, sometimes called Master of the Horse to Prince Edward.[4] Her mother, Laetitia, also known as Lettice Devereux or Lettice , was a daughter of , sister Dudley), Countess of Essex and Countess of Leices- to . Thus Catherine Knollys was Elizabeth ter (8 November 1543[1] – 25 December 1634), was an I's first cousin, and Lettice Knollys her first cousin once English noblewoman and mother to the courtiers Robert removed.[5] Lettice was the third of her parents’ 16 Devereux, 2nd and Lady Penelope Rich, al- children.[6] 's , Robert though via her marriage to Sir Francis and his wife were Protestants.[6] In 1556 they Dudley, , she incurred the Queen’s un- [2][3] went to Frankfurt in Germany to escape religious perse- relenting displeasure. cution under Queen Mary I, taking five of their children A grandniece of Anne Boleyn and close to Princess Eliz- with them.[6] It is unknown whether Lettice was among abeth since childhood, Lettice Knollys was introduced them, and she may have passed the next few years in early into court life. At 17 she married Walter Devereux, the household of Princess Elizabeth with whom the fam- Viscount Hereford, who in 1572 became Earl of Essex. ily had a close relationship since the mid-.[1] They After her husband went to Ireland in 1573 she possibly returned to in January 1559, two months after became involved with , Earl of Leicester. Elizabeth I’s succession.[1] Francis Knollys was appointed There was plenty of scandalous talk, not least when Essex Vice-Chamberlain of the Royal Household; Lady Knollys died in Ireland of dysentery in 1576. Two years later Let- became a senior , and her daugh- tice Knollys married Robert Dudley in private. When the ter Lettice a Maid of the Privy Chamber.[6] Queen was told of the marriage she banished the Countess forever from court, effectively curtailing her social life. The couple’s child, Robert, Lord Denbigh, died at the age 2 First marriage and love affair of three, to the great grief of his parents and ending all prospects for the continuance of the House of Dudley. Lettice Knollys’ union with Leicester was nevertheless a happy one, as was her third marriage to the much younger Sir , whom she unexpectedly married in 1589 only six months after the Earl’s death. She con- tinued to style herself Lady Leicester. The Countess was richly left under Leicester’s will; yet the discharge of his overwhelming debts diminished her wealth. In 1604–1605 she successfully defended her widow’s rights in court when her possessions and her good name were threatened by the Earl’s illegitimate son, Robert Dudley, who claimed that he was his father’s legitimate heir, thus implicitly declaring her marriage bigamous. Lettice Knollys was always close to her large family circle. Helpless at the political eclipse of her el- dest son, the second Earl of Essex, she lost both him and her third husband to the executioner in 1601. From the 1590s she lived chiefly in the Staffordshire countryside, where, in reasonably good health until the end, she died at age 91 on Christmas Day 1634.

1 Family and upbringing

Lettice Knollys was born on 8 November 1543 at Rotherfield Greys, Oxfordshire.[1] Her father, Sir Fran- Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex, Lettice Knollys’ first husband cis Knollys, was a Member of Parliament and acted as in 1572, aged 32

1 2 3 MARRIAGE TO LEICESTER AND BANISHMENT FROM COURT

In late 1560 Lettice Knollys married Walter Devereux, words.[16] Rumours of poison, administered by Leicester, Viscount Hereford. The couple lived at the family seat of immediately sprung up and continued notwithstanding Chartley in Staffordshire.[1] Here the two eldest of their an official investigation which concluded that Essex had five children, the daughters Penelope and Dorothy, were died of natural causes.[17][18] His body was carried over born in 1563 and 1564, respectively.[7] Lettice Devereux to Carmarthen, where his widow attended the funeral.[1] returned to court on at least one occasion, in the summer The Countess’ jointure, the lands left to her under her hus- of 1565, when the Spanish ambassador Diego Guzmán de band’s will, was too little to live by and did not comprise Silva described her as “one of the best-looking ladies of Chartley, so that she and her children had to seek accom- the court” and as a favourite with the Queen.[8] Pregnant modation elsewhere.[1][19] She partly lived in her father’s with her first son, she flirted with Robert Dudley, Earl of house at Rotherfield Greys, but also with friends; Leices- Leicester, the Queen’s favourite.[1] The Queen found out [9] ter’s Commonwealth claimed that Leicester had her move at once and succumbed to a fit of jealousy. The Vis- “up and down the country from house to house by privy countess went back to Staffordshire where, in November ways”.[1] She pleaded for an augmentation of her join- 1565, she gave birth to Robert, later 2nd Earl of Essex. ture with the authorities and, to reach a compromise with Two more sons followed: Walter, who was born in 1569, the late Earl’s executors, threatened “by some froward and Francis, who died soon after birth at an unknown [1] [10] advice” to claim her rights. These would have date. amounted to one third of the Devereux estate.[20] After Walter Devereux was raised to the earldom of Essex in seven months of wrangling a more satisfactory settlement 1572.[1] In 1573 he successfully suggested to the Queen was reached, the Countess declaring to be “content to re- a project to plant Englishmen in .[1] In the autumn spect my children more than myself”.[20] She equally— he went to Ireland, not to return for two years. During though unsuccessfully—tried to move the Queen to for- this time Lettice Devereux possibly engaged in a love- give Essex' debts to the Crown, which very much bur- affair with the Earl of Leicester; her whereabouts in the dened the inheritance of her son, the young Earl of following years are largely unknown, though.[1] In 1573 Essex.[21] Leicester sent her a present of venison to Chartley from his seat Castle in Warwickshire, and she made hunting visits to Kenilworth in 1574 and 1576.[1] She was 3 Marriage to Leicester and ban- also present in July 1575 when Dudley entertained the Queen with a magnificent 19-days festival at the castle.[11] ishment from court Elizabeth and the court (including the Earl of Leicester) then progressed to Chartley, where they were welcomed by the Countess of Essex.[12] When Walter Devereux returned to England in December 1575, the Spanish agent in London, Antonio de Guaras, reported:

As the thing is publicly talked of in the streets, there can be no harm in my writing openly about the great enmity between the Earl of Leicester and the Earl of Essex, in conse- quence, it is said, of the fact that while Es- sex was in Ireland his wife had two children by Leicester. ... Great discord is expected in consequence.[13]

These rumours were elaborated on years later in Leicester’s Commonwealth, a Catholic underground li- bel against the Protestant Earl of Leicester satirically detailing his alleged enormities.[14] Here the Countess of Essex, after having a daughter by Leicester, kills a second child “cruelly and unnaturally” by abortion to prevent her homecoming husband from discovering her affair.[15] There is no evidence that any such children ever existed.[13] The Earl of Essex returned to Ireland in July 1576. At Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 1575, aged about 43 , he died of dysentery on 22 September during an epidemic, bemoaning the “frailness of women” in his last Lettice Knollys married Robert Dudley, Earl of Leices- 3

ter on 21 September 1578 at around seven o'clock in the morning. Only six other people were present at the Earl’s country house at Wanstead, Essex; among these were the bride’s father and brother, Francis and Richard Knollys, the bridegroom’s brother, Ambrose, , and his two friends, the Earl of Pembroke and Lord North.[22] The officiating chaplain Humphrey Tyndall later remarked that the bride wore a “loose gown” (an informal morning dress[23]), which has triggered mod- ern speculation that she was pregnant and that the cer- emony happened under pressure from her father.[1][note 1] The marriage was, however, in planning between Leices- ter and his wedding guests for almost a year. While Let- tice Devereux may well have been pregnant, there is no further indication as to this.[1][23] The marriage date coin- cided with the end of the customary two-years-mourning for a widow.[1] Leicester—a widower since 1560—had for many years been in hope of marrying Elizabeth herself, “for whose Dorothy and Penelope Devereux, the daughters of Lettice sake he had hitherto forborne marriage”, as he con- Knollys, c. 1580 fessed to Lord North.[22] He also feared Elizabeth’s re- action and insisted that his marriage be kept a secret. It did not remain one for long, the French ambassador, same more plainly than ever before”.[1] A few weeks later Michel de Castelnau, reporting it only two months later.[1] Michel de Castelnau was a guest at Leicester’s palatial When the Queen was told of the marriage the next year, mansion: “He especially invited me to dine with him and she banished Lettice Dudley permanently from court; his wife, who has much influence over him and whom he she never forgave her cousin, nor could she ever accept introduces only to those to whom he wishes to show a the marriage.[24][25] Even Lady Leicester’s movements particular mark of attention.”[28] [26] through London were resented by the Queen, let alone Robert Dudley had been close to the Knollys family since [1] summer visits to Kenilworth by husband and wife. In the early 1550s; several of Lettice’s brothers had been 1583 Elizabeth asked a Scottish diplomat whether it was in his service and his marriage only enhanced his re- true that Leicester wanted to marry his younger step- lations with her siblings. To his four stepchildren he daughter Dorothy to James VI of Scotland; when the Scot was a concerned and generous stepfather.[1][29] The Dud- denied this leys’ domestic life is partly documented in the Earl’s accounts;[1] Lettice Dudley financed her personal ex- the Queen became so excited about it as penses and servants out of her revenue as Dowager Count- to say that she would rather allow the King to ess of Essex,[30] remaining largely excluded from society take her crown away than to see him married life.[28] to the daughter of such a she-wolf, and, if she could find no other way to repress her ambi- The three-year-old Lord Denbigh died suddenly on 19 tion and that of the traitor Leicester, she would July 1584 at Wanstead. His death shattered the dynas- [23] proclaim her all over Christendom for the bad tical hopes of the House of Dudley. Leicester stayed woman she was, and prove that her husband away from his court duties for a few weeks “to comfort was a cuckold. She said much more to the same my sorrowful wife for the loss of my little son, whom [31] effect.[1][27] God has lately taken from us.” He also thanked Lord Burghley for—unsuccessfully—pleading with the Queen “on behalf of my poor wife. For truly my Lord, in all Lettice Dudley continued to style herself Countess of Es- [32] sex for several years into her new marriage.[1] She lived reason she is hardly dealt with.” very discreetly, often with her relatives at the Knollys In 1585 Leicester led an English expedition to assist the family home in Oxfordshire. In February 1580 she was rebellious United Provinces against Spain. He incurred expecting the birth of a child there. For the birth of Le- Elizabeth’s wrath when he accepted the title of Governor- icester’s heir, Robert, Lord Denbigh, in June 1581, she General in January 1586—what had especially kindled moved to Leicester House on the Strand. A further ad- her fury was a tale that the Countess of Leicester was vanced pregnancy was reported in September 1582 by the planning to follow her husband to the “with French ambassador, yet the outcome is again unknown.[1] such a train of ladies, and gentlewomen, and such rich The next year Lettice Dudley became officially resident coaches, litters, and side-saddles, as Her Majesty had at Leicester House, and Elizabeth was once again furi- none, and that there should be such a court of ladies, as ous with the Earl “about his marriage, for he opened the should far pass Her Majesty’s court here.”[1][33] Thomas 4 4 BLOUNT AND ESSEX

Dudley, who informed Leicester about these events, In March or April 1589 the Countess married Sir Christo- stressed that “this information” was “most false”.[33] At pher Blount,[38] a relatively poor Catholic soldier 12 years this same time the Earl was giving his wife authority her junior, who had been the Earl of Leicester’s Gen- to handle certain land issues during his absence, imply- tleman of the Horse and a trusted friend of his.[39][40] ing they had no plans to meet in Holland.[1] William The marriage was a great surprise and the Earl of Es- Davison, whom Leicester had sent to explain his doings sex complained that it was an “unhappy choice”.[1][38] In to the Queen, described a visit to the Countess during the face of tittle-tattle that had reached even France,[38] the crisis: “I found her greatly troubled with tempestu- Lady Leicester—she continued to be styled thus[41]— ous news she received from court, but somewhat com- explained her choice with being a defenceless widow; forted when she understood how I had proceeded with like her marriage to Leicester, the union proved to be a Her Majesty.”[34][35] “genuinely happy” one.[1][38] Some 60 years later it was The Earl returned to England in December 1586, but was claimed in a satirical poem that she had poisoned the Earl of Leicester on his deathbed, thereby forestalling her own sent again to the Netherlands in the following June—to the grief of his wife, as the young Earl of Essex remarked murder at his hands, because he had found out about her supposed lover, Sir Christopher Blount.[42] in a letter.[1] Leicester eventually resigned his post in De- cember 1587. The Countess was with him when he died In 1593 Lettice Knollys sold Leicester House to her son, unexpectedly, possibly of malaria, on 4 September 1588 after which it became known as Essex House. She moved at Cornbury Park, Oxfordshire; they had been on their to Drayton Bassett near Chartley in Staffordshire, her way to Kenilworth and Buxton.[36] The Earl’s funeral at main residence for the rest of her life.[1] Still banished Warwick in October 1588 was attended by his widow as from court, she saw no point in returning to London with- well as numerous members of her family circle.[36][37] out being reconciled to Elizabeth. In December 1597 she had heard from friends that “Her Majesty is very well prepared to hearken to terms of pacification”, and 4 Blount and Essex was prepared to do “a winter journey” if her son thought “it be to any purpose”.[1] “Otherwise a country life is fittest for disgraced persons”, she commented.[43] She travelled to London, staying at Essex House from Jan- uary till March 1598 and meeting all her children and grandchildren.[1][43] Only to meet the Queen was a problem, as Sir Robert Sidney was informed:

I acquainted you with the care to bring Lady Leicester to the Queen’s presence; it was often granted, but the Queen found occasion not to come. Upon Shrove Monday, the Queen was persuaded to go to Mr Controller’s at the Tilt End, there was my Lady Leicester with a fair jewel of £300. A great dinner was prepared by my Lady Chandos, the Queen’s coach ready and all the world expecting Her Majesty’s own coming; when upon a sudden she resolved not to go and send so word. My Lord of Essex that had kept his chamber the day before, in his night gown went up to the Queen the privy way; but all would not prevail and as yet my Lady Leicester hath not seen the Queen.[43]

Lettice Knollys, c.1595, by At last a short meeting was granted in which the Countess kissed the Queen and “the Queen kissed her”, but nothing Lettice Dudley was left a wealthy widow. Leicester’s will [43] appointed her as executrix and her income from both really changed. her husbands’ jointures amounted to £3,000 annually, to Lettice’s second son, Walter Devereux, died 1591 in which came plate and movables worth £6,000. However, France while on military duty,[44] and in subsequent years her jointure was to suffer greatly from paying off Leices- she was anxious for her elder son’s safety. She addressed ter’s debts, which at some £50,000 were so overwhelming him “Sweet Robin”, longing for his letters and helpless that she was advised to decline the responsibility of deal- about his moodiness and depression.[45][46] After return- ing with her husband’s financial legacy.[1] ing from his command in Ireland without licence, Essex 5

was imprisoned in 1599; his mother came to London to particular parts of Lady Leicester’s jointure belonged to intercede for him with the Queen.[1] She endeavoured to the Kenilworth estate or not.[48] send Elizabeth a “a most curious fine gown” worth £100, In 1603 Dudley initiated moves to prove that he was the which Elizabeth, though she “liked it well”, neither ac- [47] legitimate son of his parents and thus the heir to the cepted nor refused. Lady Leicester’s efforts to get sight earldoms of Warwick and Leicester. If successful, this of her son made matters worse: “Mislike is taken that his claim would not only have implied that Lettice Knollys’ mother and friends have been in a house that looks into union with Leicester had been bigamous, but would also York Garden where he uses to walk and have saluted each have nullified her jointure rights.[48] Consequently, in other out of a window.”[47] February 1604, she filed a complaint against Dudley in During Essex' revolt, trial, and execution in February the Star Chamber, accusing him of defamation. She was 1601, Lettice remained at Drayton Basset. She not only backed by Sir Robert Sidney, who considered himself lost her son but her “best friend”, as she called her third the only legitimate heir of his uncles Leicester and War- husband.[1][41] Sir Christopher Blount was executed on wick. During the Star Chamber proceedings 56 former 18 March 1601, three weeks after his stepson, to whom servants and friends of the Earl of Leicester testified that he had been a friend and confidant for many years, was he had always regarded Dudley as his illegitimate son.[1] executed.[1][38] The other side was unable to cite clear evidence and the King’s chief minister, Robert Cecil, thought it unwise to rake up the existing property settlement, so the outcome 5 Litigation and old age was in favour of Lady Leicester. All the evidence was impounded to preclude a resumption of the case.[1][48] Throughout her life, Lettice Knollys cared for her sib- lings, children, and grandchildren.[49][50][51] Until their respective deaths in 1607 and 1619, her daughters Pene- lope and Dorothy were her closest companions.[1] The young third Earl of Essex, also called Robert, shared much of his life with the old Countess at Chartley and Drayton Bassett.[1] Still walking a mile a day at nearly 90, she died in her chair in the morning of 25 December 1634, aged 91.[1][52] Widely mourned as a symbol of a by-gone age, she wished to be buried “at Warwick by my dear lord and husband the Earl of Leicester with whom I desire to be entombed”.[1] Her request was respected and she came to rest in the Beauchamp Chapel of Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick, opposite the tomb of her son, young Lord Denbigh.[1] Effigy of Lettice Knollys, Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick

The executions and attainders of Essex and Blount led to a legal dispute over the Countess of Leicester’s remain- 6 Ancestry ing property. In this context she claimed that Blount, in the process of paying off Leicester’s debts, had squan- dered her jewels and much of her landed wealth.[1][38] 7 See also The death of Elizabeth I in 1603 meant some form of re- habilitation for the Countess; the new monarch, James I, not only restored her grandson, the third Earl of Essex, to Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I of England his father’s title and estate, but quickly cancelled the rest of her debts to the Crown, almost £4,000.[1] Even more than his debts, the Earl of Leicester’s will triggered litigation. He had intended his illegitimate son 8 Notes from his early relationship with Douglas Sheffield, the adolescent Robert Dudley, to inherit Kenilworth af- [1] For example, by Elizabeth Jenkins in 1961 (Jenkins 2002 ter the death of his brother, Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of p. 236) and Derek Wilson in 1981 (Adams 2008a). The Warwick. Some of the countess’ jointure manors lay in marriage events were detailed in witness depositions by the castle’s vicinity, while at the same time they had been the guests before a notary on 13 March 1581 to secure the assigned to the younger Dudley’s inheritance by the over- of the child the Countess of Leicester was then seers of Leicester’s will. After Warwick’s death in Febru- carrying. They include the chaplain’s observation about ary 1590, lengthy legal proceedings ensued over whether her dress (Adams 2008a). 6 10 REFERENCES

9 Citations [37] Varlow 2007 p. 106

[38] Hammer 2008 [1] Adams 2008a

[2] Lacey 1971 p. 15 [39] Varlow 2007 p. 109–110

[3] Hammer 1999 p. 280 [40] Adams 2002 p. 190

[4] Varlow 2007 pp. 23–24 [41] Freedman 1983 p. 74

[5] Varlow 2007 p. 22 [42] Jenkins 2002 p. 361

[6] Varlow 2007 p. 24 [43] Freedman 1983 pp. 121-122

[7] Hammer 1999 p. 22 [44] Varlow 2007 pp. 134, 136

[8] Jenkins 2002 p. 124 [45] Freedman 1983 pp. 119, 122

[9] Jenkins 2002 p. 125 [46] Varlow 2007 p. 200 [10] Varlow 2007 p. 28 [47] Freedman 1983 p. 135 [11] Varlow 2007 p. 44 [48] Adams 2008c [12] Jenkins 2002 pp. 211–212 [49] Slater 2007 [13] Jenkins 2002 p. 212 [50] Freedman 1983 pp. 8–9, 119–120 [14] Wilson 1981 pp. 251–255 [51] Varlow 2007 p. 271 [15] Jenkins 2002 p. 293 [52] Jenkins 2002 p. 368 [16] Freedman 1983 pp. 22–23; 33–34

[17] Freedman 1983 pp. 33–34 10 References [18] Jenkins 2002 p. 217

[19] Freedman 1983 pp. 28–29 • Adams, Simon (ed.) (1995): Household Accounts and Disbursement Books of Robert Dudley, Earl [20] Freedman 1983 p. 29 of Leicester, 1558–1561, 1584–1586 Cambridge: [21] Freedman 1983 pp. 29–30 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-55156-0

[22] Jenkins 2002 pp. 234–235 • Adams, Simon (2002): Leicester and the Court: Es- says in Elizabethan Politics Manchester: Manchester [23] Hammer 1999 p. 35 University Press ISBN 0-7190-5325-0 [24] Hammer 1999 pp. 33–34, 46 • Adams, Simon (2008a): “Dudley, Lettice, countess [25] Wilson 1981 pp. 230–231 of Essex and countess of Leicester (1543–1634)" Dictionary of National Biography online edn. [26] Hammer 1999 p. 46 Jan 2008 (subscription required) Retrieved 2010- [27] Hume 1896 p. 477 06-27

[28] Jenkins 2002 p. 280 • Adams, Simon (2008b): “Dudley, Robert, earl of Leicester (1532/3–1588)" Oxford Dictionary of Na- [29] Adams 1995 pp. 49, 182, 181 tional Biography online edn. May 2008 (subscrip- [30] Adams 1995 p. 28 tion required) Retrieved 2010-04-03

[31] Jenkins 2002 p. 287 • Adams, Simon (2008c): “Dudley, Sir Robert (1574–1649)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biog- [32] Wilson 1981 p. 247 raphy online edn. Jan 2008 (subscription required) [33] Bruce 1844 p. 112 Retrieved 2010-04-03

[34] Bruce 1844 p. 144 • Bruce, John (ed.) (1844): Correspondence of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leycester, during his Government of [35] Jenkins 2002 pp. 312, 314–315 the Low Countries, in the Years 1585 and 1586 Lon- [36] Adams 2008b don: Camden Society 7

• Freedman, Sylvia (1983): Poor Penelope: Penelope Rich. An Elizabethan Woman London: The Kensal Press ISBN 0-946041-20-2

• Hammer, P.E.J. (1999): The Polarisation of Eliza- bethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert De- vereux, 2nd Earl of Essex 1585–1597 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-01941-9

• Hammer, P.E.J. (2008): “Blount, Sir Christopher (1555/6–1601)" Oxford Dictionary of National Bi- ography online edn. Jan. 2008 (subscription re- quired) Retrieved 2010-04-04

• Hume, Martin (ed.) (1896): Calendar of...State Papers Relating to English Affairs...in...Simancas 1558–1603 Vol. III London: HMSO

• Jenkins, Elizabeth (2002): Elizabeth and Leicester London: The Phoenix Press ISBN 1-84212-560-5

• Lacey, Robert (1971): Robert, Earl of Essex: An Elizabethan Icarus London: Weidenfeld & Nichol- son ISBN 0-297-00320-8 • Slater, Victor (2007): “Knollys, William, first earl of Banbury (c.1545–1632)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online edn. Oct 2007 (subscrip- tion required) Retrieved 2010-04-11 • Varlow, Sally (2007): The Lady Penelope: The Lost Love and Politics in the Court of Elizabeth I London: André Deutsch ISBN 0-233-00265-0

• Wilson, Derek (1981): Sweet Robin: A Biography of Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester 1533–1588 London: Hamish Hamilton ISBN 0-241-10149-2 8 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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