DYNAMICS of URBAN TRANSFORMATION Via IMPROVEMENT PLANS for ANKARA CITY
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DYNAMICS OF URBAN TRANSFORMATION VIA IMPROVEMENT PLANS FOR ANKARA CITY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY GÜL TUÇALTAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN URBAN POLICY PLANNING AND LOCAL GOVETNMENTS AUGUST 2008 iii Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Sencer AYATA Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science Assoc. Prof. Dr. H. Tarık ŞENGÜL Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Çağatay KESKİNOK Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Çağatay KESKİNOK (METU,CRP) Assist. Prof. Dr. Nil UZUN DURUÖZ (METU,CRP) Assist. Prof. Dr. Müge AKKAR ERCAN (METU,CRP) iii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Gül TUÇALTAN Signature : iii ABSTRACT DYNAMICS OF URBAN TRANSFORMATION Via IMPROVEMENT PLANS For ANKARA CITY Tuçaltan, Gül M.S., Department of Urban Policy Planning and Local Governments Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr.Çağatay Keskinok August 2008, 198 pages In the 1980s, Laws No: 2981 and 3290 were putting forward important amount of development rights creation by improvement plans. This promise of development by party politics provided potential of political rent. This study will not take into account this political rent created but the realization of this development promised. The development by improvement plans could not be realized. In some areas, transformation from gecekondu to apartment blocks occurred by the hands of market mechanism and construction sector. However in some areas, the intervention of the public sector was necessary for transformation. The aim of this study is to discuss the planning and development issues under the mixed economies through dynamics of urban transformation and the phenomena of urban non- transformation in areas where development rights by improvement plans were assigned in the case of Ankara city under a comparative approach. The comparative case study puts iv forward the existing situation as a concrete problem and analyzing it with reference to direct observation, interviews with various actors, historicity (historical development of Ankara macroform among inter-relations between planning decisions, macroeconomy and legal regulations thus public and capital) and the quantitative data. Then, improvement planning in Turkish case is evaluated by reference to similar World examples. This evaluation leads us to the inter-relational concepts of public policy and rent concerning gecekondu improvement thus to the evaluation of improvement areas by reference to rent concept and Turkish urban land and housing market covering the urban growth and capital accumulation issues. Then the study is concluded. Keywords: Improvement Planning, dynamics of urban transformation, phenomena of urban non-transformation, (urban land) rent, urban growth, capital accumulation, Ankara. v ÖZ ANKARA KENTİNDE İMAR ISLAH PLANLARI YOLUYLA KENTSEL DÖNÜŞÜMÜN DİNAMİKLERİ Tuçaltan, Gül Yüksek Lisans; Kentsel Politika Planlaması ve Yerel Yönetimler Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Çağatay Keskinok Ağustos 2008, 198 sayfa 1980li yıllarda dönemin iktidarının politik rant arayışı içeren politikaları çerçevesinde; özellikle 2981 ve 3290 sayılı yasalarla gecekondu afları çıkarılmıştır. Gecekondu afları imar ıslah planları ile oldukça fazla imar hakkı dağıtımı, yani aşırı bir kentsel gelişme daha doğrusu bir kentsel yayılmayı ön görmüştür. Bu çalışma bu politik rant/getirim arayışından çok, bu büyük gelişme vaatlerinin yerine getirilip getirilmediğini inceleyen bir çalışmadır. İmar ıslah planları ile vaat edilen bu kentsel büyüme bazı alanlarda piyasa mekanizması yani inşaat sektörü tarafından gerçekleştirilirken, bazı alanlar mevcut planlara rağmen dönüşmeden kalmış ve bu alanlarda kentsel dönüşümün gerçekleştirilmesi için kamu müdahalesi şart olmuştur. Bu bağlamda; bu çalışmanın amacı planlama ve imar konularında kamunun denetçi ve piyasının uygulayıcı olduğu karma tip ekonomilerdeki planlama ve imar uygulamalarını Ankara kentinde imar haklarıyla donatılmış imar ıslah planlı alanlardaki kentsel dönüşüm dinamiklerini ve kentsel dönüşememe olgusu çerçevesinde tartışmaktır. Çalışmanın ana vi yaklaşımı karşılaştırmalı yaklaşım olup; metodu gözlem, fotoğraflama, derinlemesine mülakatlar, tarihsel gelişmenin incelenmesi (plan kararları, makro-ekonomi ve yasal düzenlemeler yani devlet-sermaye ilişkisi çerçevesinde Ankara kent makroformunun gelişimi) ve mevcut sayısal verilerle mevcut durumun somut bir problem olarak ortaya konması ve çözümlenmesidir. Bunun sonrasında, gecekondu ıslahı alanındaki politikalar farklı kıtalardan örnekler çerçevesinde incelenmiş; Türkiye örneği buna göre değerlendirilmiştir. Ardından; dünya örneklerinin değerlendirilmesiyle, gecekondu örneği bir rant ve kamu politikası olayı olarak ele alınmış ve bu kapsamda da Ankara örneği rant kavramına, Türkiye arazi ve konut piyasası yani kentsel büyüme ve sermaye birikim süreçleri kapsamında değerlendirilmiş ve daha sonra da son bölüm olan sonuç bölümüyle çalışma sonuçlandırılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: İmar Islah Planlaması, kentsel dönüşümün dinamikleri, kentsel dönüşememe olgusu, (kentsel) rantlar, kentsel büyüme, sermaye birikimi, Ankara. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I declare my deepest thanks to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr.Çağatay Keskinok and committee members Asst. Prof. Dr. Nil Uzun Duruöz and Asst. Prof. Dr.Müge Akkar Ercan for their guidance throughout this study. In addition, I would like to thank all the „teachers‟ in life, appearing in forms of family, instructors, friends, pals and even sometimes total strangers… viii To My Parents… ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM……………………………………………………………………...iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iv ÖZ ............................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ xiii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. xvii CHAPTERS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 1.1 The Definition of the Research Problem and the Aim and Objectives of the Study.. ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Inter-relational Definitions of the Main Concepts Used Throughout This Study ................................................................................................................ 4 1.3 The Research Methodology ........................................................................... 5 1.4 The Structure of the Thesis ........................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2: THE EXISTING SITUATION OF IMPROVEMENT PLANNING AREAS IN ANKARA AND AN ANALYSIS .................................. 11 2.1 The Existing Situation of the Planning Areas in Ankara ............................ 11 2.1.1 Etimesgut ............................................................................................. 12 2.1.2 Yenimahalle ......................................................................................... 14 2.1.3 Keçiören ............................................................................................... 17 x 2.1.4 Altındağ ................................................................................................ 22 2.1.5 Mamak.................................................................................................. 25 2.1.6 Çankaya ................................................................................................ 29 2.2 Ankara and the Problematic of Urban Transformation and Non- Transformation via Improvement Planning ........................................................... 36 2.3 Analyses of the Improvement Planning Areas ............................................ 39 2.3.1 A Comparative Approach to Improvement Planning Areas ................ 39 2.3.2 A Comparative Analysis of the Improvement Planning Areas ............ 67 CHAPTER 3: THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF ANKARA MACROFORM IN RELATION TO THE IMPROVEMENT PLANNING AREAS ...................................................................................................................... 73 3.1 Formation of Peripheral Areas in Ankara under the Planning Processes .... 74 3.1.1 Period of Non-Dispersal (1923-1950) .................................................. 74 3.1.2 The Period of the Socio-Spatial Integration Attempts for the Migrated Population (1950-1980) ..................................................................................... 79 3.2 The Main Focus Periods of the Study