HSCA Final Report: Appendices
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HSCA Final Report: II. Findings
A. JAMES EARL RAY FIRED ONE SHOT AT DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., THE SHOT KILLED DR. KING Shortly after 6 p.m. on April 4, 1968, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., was shot and mortally wounded as he stood on the second-floor balcony outside his room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tenn. He was pronounced dead at 7 :05 p.m. at St. Joseph Hospital. James Earl Ray, a 40-year-old convicted armed robber who had escaped from the Missouri State Penitentiary in Jefferson City, Mo., on April 23, 1967, pleaded guilty on March 10, 1969, in Shelby County (Tenn.) Criminal Court to the first degree murder of Dr. King. He was sentenced to 99 years at the State penitentiary. (a) Biography of James Earl Ray James Earl Ray was born on March 10, 1928, in Alton, Ill. The Ray family moved a few miles from Alton to Bowling Green, Mo., in 1930, and 5 years later they moved to near Ewing, Mo., where Ray received his elementary school education. At age 16, Ray moved back to Alton, where he lived with his grand- mother. He worked in the dye room of the International Shoe Tannery in nearby East Hartford, 111. He was laid off in December 1945 and, 6 weeks later, enlisted in the Army. He was stationed in West Ger- many where he was charged with drunkenness and breaking arrest. Ray was discharged for ineptness and lack of adaptability for service in December 1948. After his discharge, Ray returned to stay with his grandmother in Alton, Ill., and embarked on a life of odd jobs and jail sentences. -
Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil Rights Movement
Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil Rights Movement By Lebron Chapter 1: Introduction to the Civil Rights Movement The Civil Rights Movement was from 1954 - 1968. Back then, whites and blacks didn't get along because they weren't treated the same. The African Americans couldn't eat with the whites. African Americans couldn't use the same restaurants and eat with whites. Black people couldn't sit anywhere they wanted on the bus, but white people could. White kids were separated from African American kids for school. During the Civil Rights Movement, people were trying to change that African Americans would be treated equal like white people. After King changed the world he got assassinated by a white man. Chapter 1: Introduction to the Civil Rights Movement The Civil Rights Movement was from 1954 - 1968. Back then, whites and blacks didn't get along because they weren't treated the same. The African Americans couldn't eat with the whites. African Americans couldn't use the same restaurants and eat with whites. Black people couldn't sit anywhere they wanted on the bus, but white people could. White kids were separated from African American kids for school. During the Civil Rights Movement, people were trying to change that African Americans would be treated equal like white people. After King changed the world he got assassinated by a white man. Quotes from Martin Luther King Chapter 2 : Martin Luther King, Jr " Love is the only force capable of transforming an enemy into a friend." Martin Luther King's Accomplishments This means that the only at to get people to be nice is to say nice words. -
The Atlanta Journal and Constitution March 29, 1998, Sunday, ALL EDITIONS
The Atlanta Journal and Constitution March 29, 1998, Sunday, ALL EDITIONS New 'leads' in King case invariably go nowhere David J. Garrow PERSPECTIVE; Pgs. C1, C2. LENGTH: 1775 words Do the never-ending claims of revelations concerning the April 4, 1968, assassination of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. leave you a bit confused? What should we make of the assertion that U.S. Army military intelligence --- and President Lyndon B. Johnson --- were somehow involved? Why is Jack Ruby, who killed Lee Harvey Oswald two days after Oswald assassinated President John F. Kennedy in 1963, now turning up in the King assassination story? And what about former FBI agent Donald Wilson's claim that notes he pilfered from James Earl Ray's automobile and then concealed for 30 years contain a significant telephone number. Maybe you saw the ABC "Turning Point" documentary with Forrest Sawyer that demolished the Army intelligence allegations. Or perhaps you watched CBS' "48 Hours" broadcast with Dan Rather last week, which refuted the claims that some fictional character named "Raoul," acting in cahoots with Ruby, was responsible for both the Kennedy and the King assassinations. Don't worry. All of this actually is easier to follow than you may think, so long as you keep a relatively simply score card. All you need to do is remember the "three R's" --- Ray, "Raoul" and Ruby --- and also distinguish the "three P's" --- William F. Pepper, Gerald Posner and Marc Perrusquia. Ray you know. Now 70 years old and seriously ill, Ray pleaded guilty to King's slaying in 1969 but has spent the past 29 years trying to withdraw his plea. -
MARTIN LUTHER KING and the PHILOSOPHY of NONVIOLENCE Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia
Bill of Rights Constitutional Rights in Action Foundation SUMMER 2017 Volume 32 No4 MARTIN LUTHER KING AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF NONVIOLENCE Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Martin Luther King, Jr. addressing the crowd of about 250,000 people at the March on Washington in August 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. is remembered for his achievements The man, who turned out to be an American Nazi Party in civil rights and for the methods he used to get there — member, continued to flail. namely, nonviolence. More than just a catchphrase, more than just the “absence of violence,” and more than just a tactic, The integrated audience at first thought the whole nonviolence was a philosophy that King honed over the thing was staged, a mock demonstration of King’s non- course of his adult life. It has had a profound, lasting influ- violent philosophy in action. But as King reeled, and real ence on social justice movements at home and abroad. blood spurted from his face, they began to realize it was In September 1962, King convened a meeting of the no act. Finally, several SCLC members rushed the stage Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the to stop the attack. main organizational force behind his civil rights activism, But they stopped short when King shouted, “Don’t in Birmingham, Alabama. King was giving a talk on the touch him! Don’t touch him! We have to pray for him.” need for nonviolent action in the face of violent white The SCLC men pulled the Nazi off King, who was beaten racism when a white man jumped on stage and, without so badly he couldn’t continue the speech. -
Social Studies TOPIC U.S
2018-2019 Reading List Social Studies TOPIC U.S. Civil Rights Movements: Fulfilling a Nation’s Promise PRIMARY READING SELECTION The Race Beat: The Press, the Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation, by Gene Roberts and Hank Klibanoff Vintage; (2007) ISBN: 978-0679735656! Available from Texas Educational Paperbacks, Inc ! 800-443-2078 www.tepbooks.com List price: $17.00, TEP UIL price: $11.05 plus shipping Also available from most online book sellers SUPPLEMENTAL READING MATERIAL Supreme Court Cases • Dred Scott v. Sanford (1856) • Roe v. Wade (1973) • Civil Rights Cases (1883) • Lau v. Nichols (1974) • Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886) • Plyler v. Doe (1982) • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986) • Missouri ex el Gaines v. Canada (1938) • Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) • Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) • UAW v. Johnson Controls (1991) • Sweatt v. Painter (1950) • Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools • Briggs v. Elliot (1952) (1992) • Hernandez v. Texas (1954) • US v. Virginia (1996) • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) • Romer v. Evans (1996) • Brown v. Board of Education II (1955) • Faragher v. City of Boca Raton (1998) • Browder v Gayle (1956) • Lawrence v. Texas (2003) • Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc. v. U.S. (1964) • Shelby County v. Holder (2013) • Loving v. Virginia (1967) • United States v. Windsor (2013) • Jones v. Mayer Co. (1968) • Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. (2014) • Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971) • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) Legislation th th th th • Title IX of the Federal Education • 5 , 14 , 15 , 24 Amendments • Civil Rights Act of 1875 Amendments (1972) • Civil Rights Act of 1957 • Equal Rights Amendment (1972) • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 • Voting Rights Act (1965) • Americans with Disabilities Act of • Fair Housing Act (1968) 1990 Speeches & Movement Documents • The Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments • I’ve Been to the Mountaintop, Martin Luther (1848) King, Jr. -
Martin Luther King Jr
Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who The Reverend became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the American civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. King Martin Luther King Jr. advanced civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi. He was the son of early civil rights activist Martin Luther King Sr. King participated in and led marches for blacks' right to vote, desegregation, labor rights, and other basic civil rights.[1] King led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and later became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As president of the SCLC, he led the unsuccessful Albany Movement in Albany, Georgia, and helped organize some of the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King helped organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. The SCLC put into practice the tactics of nonviolent protest with some success by strategically choosing the methods and places in which protests were carried out. There were several dramatic stand-offs with segregationist authorities, who sometimes turned violent.[2] FBI King in 1964 Director J. Edgar Hoover considered King a radical and made him an 1st President of the Southern Christian object of the FBI's COINTELPRO from 1963, forward. FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, recorded his extramarital Leadership Conference affairs and reported on them to government officials, and, in 1964, In office mailed King a threatening anonymous letter, which he interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide.[3] January 10, 1957 – April 4, 1968 On October 14, 1964, King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating Preceded by Position established racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. -
L8~O of School Districts in Region Desegregated
Factual ~ uooL EWS Objective NASHVILLE, TENN. $2 PER YEAR JUNE, 1957 SERS to Continue 'Grant of $234,916Made l8~o of School Districts For Next 2 Years' Work In Region Desegregated otJTHERN EoucATLON REPOR1"tNG Service has received a grant of A PPROXIMATELY' 18 PER CENT OF THE SOME 3,700 BIRACIAL SCHOOL DIS 1 4,916 from the Fund Cor the TRICTS in 17 souLhem and border states have begun desegregation dvancemenl of Education to ex since the U.S. Supreme Cour·t decision of 1954, according to a SouTH d its activities from July 1 of ERN ScHOOL NEws school year-end survey. ·r to June 30. 195~). according tl) There are 684 districts which have begun or accomplished the de announcement from SERS segregation process. All but seven of these are in the border states. Of an Frank Ahlgren. the seven, two are in Tennessee and five are in Arkansas. The states The Fund. an ind('pencll'n t agcn- of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, .· established by the Ford Foun South Carolina and Virginia have no public school integration. (One district in Texns-Fiatonia in lion, provided the original g1·ant Fayette County-long assumed to be Louisiana · SERS in 1954 for a pc1·iod of desegregated and so listed in last In lhe first such forecast !rom a po year. In 1955 it apprnprhtcd month's SSN map, was disclosed to litical figure, Louisiana's Democratic 3.884 to extend SERS fM two have taken no action.) national committeeman predicted his state and other states would eventually . -
Who Killed Martin Luther King? by Maria Gilardin / April 4Th, 2008
Skip to content Who Killed Martin Luther King? by Maria Gilardin / April 4th, 2008 This article is based on the work of a remarkable man. Dr. William Pepper is an attorney, author, and friend of Martin Luther King and his family. In February 1967 King had asked to meet a young man whose work as a journalist in Vietnam showed the terrible impact on the civilian population. King wept and never wavered in his opposition to the war. That young man was Bill Pepper. He became James Earl Ray’s lawyer and assembled the evidence that exonerated Ray — some of which is described below. Six-oh-one p.m., April 4th, 1968, Martin Luther King has been felled by a single shot. In 1977 the family of Martin Luther King engaged an attorney and friend, Dr. William Pepper, to investigate a suspicion they had. They no longer believed that James Earl Ray was the killer. For their peace of mind, for an accurate record of history, and out of a sense of justice they conducted a two decade long investigation. The evidence they uncovered was put before a jury in Memphis, TN, in November 1999. 70 witnesses testified under oath, 4,000 pages of transcripts described the evidence, much of it new. It took the jury 59 minutes to come back with their decision that Loyd Jowers, owner of Jim’s Grill, had participated in a conspiracy to kill King, a conspiracy that included J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI, Richard Helms and the CIA, the military, the Memphis Police Department (MPD), and organized crime. -
Agent Says Assassinations Inquiry Testimony Supplied :1
Agent Says Assassinations Ray Plotted New Inquiry Testimony Supplied :1 ilt F _ • ST. LOUIS (UPI) — A man it-mtifv- said at a news conference_ Break, NBC Says ing himself as an undercover acer.: for read the Baetz-su?plied answers WASHINGTON 1:1"1') — la.,es Earl the House Select Committee or Assam 9 into the record and the steriog nations says one of the panel's ravt -apher Ray, serving a 99-year sentence for the —ap- apparently took it down as my own. ; do tors supplied hurt with answers to Live murder of Martin Luther King Jr., plot- not believe that the members of Con- the committee. ted another attempt this spring tc break gress on the committee "thou that their Oliver Patterson said vesterda:. be out of the Brushy Mountain prison in staff is functioning in this fashion-" has worked for the FBI since 197: and Tennessee. NBC News reported today. Patterson. who said he is a salesman Ray was recaptured last year after for the last several months worked for from St. Louis, said he did not remember escaping from the prison for three days. the congressional committee in its hives- ' tigation of the ac,...cination of the Rev_ most of the questions. However. he said Plans for the second escape bid were Baetz told him to "say something nice Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. intercepted by the House Assassinations about .1.9." when the questions concern- Patterson said he met with committee Committee when Oliver Paterson, a ed J.B. Stoner, a white supremacist attorneyF. -
Triumphant in Death James Earl Ray Is Laughing All the Way to Hell, Thanks to the King Family's Preposterous Belief That He Didn't Kill Martin Luther King Jr
triumphant in death James Earl Ray is laughing all the way to hell, thanks to the King family's preposterous belief that he didn't kill Martin Luther King Jr. http://www.salon.com/news/1998/04/28news.html BY DAVID J. GARROW | ATLANTA -- Very few people mourned the death last Thursday of James Earl Ray, the assassin of Martin Luther King Jr. Ray's brother Jerry, who for years worked for convicted church-bomber and professional anti-Semite J.B. Stoner, was one of the few. But Jerry had reasons to be thankful, too. His brother had never implicated him -- or their other brother John -- in any discussions or arrangements that preceded King's April 4, 1968, murder. What's more, James Earl's notoriety had allowed Jerry to garner considerable public attention as his imprisoned brother's primary spokesman. Rarely did any of the eager journalists raise the matter of Jerry's long, intimate relationship with the once-infamous Stoner. But those who seemed to mourn Ray's death even more than Jerry were the widow and children of King himself. Coretta Scott King asserted that her family was "deeply saddened" by Ray's death, and proclaimed that it was "a tragedy not only for Mr. Ray and his family, but also for the entire nation." Readers who recalled the awkwardly staged 1997 scene in which Dexter Scott King, King's younger son, shook Ray's very trigger hand and proclaimed the King family's belief in Ray's complete innocence should not have been shocked by Coretta King's peculiar expression of grief. -
Vol 8, Transcript of 1999 MLK, Jr. Assassination
[FILE 8/14 - online at: http://ratical.org/ratville/JFK/MLKACT/] Vol 9 | Table of Contents | Vol 7 Complete Transcript of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassination Conspiracy Trial Volume 8 29 November 1999 992 IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF SHELBY COUNTY, TENNESSEE FOR THE THIRTIETH JUDICIAL DISTRICT AT MEMPHIS CORETTA SCOTT KING, MARTIN LUTHER KING, III, BERNICE KING, DEXTER SCOTT KING and YOLANDA KING, Plaintiffs, Vs. Case No. 97242-4 T.D. LOYD JOWERS and OTHER UNKNOWN CO-CONSPIRATORS, Defendants. TRANSCRIPT OF PROCEEDINGS November 29, 1999 Volume VIII Before the Honorable James E. Swearengen, Division 4, Judge presiding. Vol 8, Transcript of 1999 MLK, Jr. Assassination Conspiracy Trial 1 of 130 DANIEL, DILLINGER, DOMINSKI, RICHBERGER, WEATHERFORD COURT REPORTERS 22nd Floor - One Commerce Square Memphis, Tennessee 38103 (901) 529-1999 DANIEL, DILLINGER, DOMINSKI, RICHBERGER, WEATHERFORD (901) 529-1999 993 - APPEARANCES - For the Plaintiffs: DR. WILLIAM PEPPER Attorney at Law New York City, New York For the Defendant: MR. LEWIS GARRISON Attorney at Law Memphis, Tennessee Reported by: MS. SARA R. ROGAN Court Reporter Daniel, Dillinger, Dominski, Richberger & Weatherford 22nd Floor One Commerce Square Memphis, Tennessee 38103 DANIEL, DILLINGER, DOMINSKI, RICHBERGER, WEATHERFORD (901) 529-1999 994 - INDEX - WITNESS: PAGE Vol 8, Transcript of 1999 MLK, Jr. Assassination Conspiracy Trial 2 of 130 WILLIAM B. HAMBLIN DIRECT EXAMINATION BY MR. PEPPER:....................... 998 CROSS-EXAMINATION BY MR. GARRISON:..................... 1013 REDIRECT EXAMINATION BY MR. PEPPER:....................... 1015 JAMES JOSEPH ISABEL DIRECT EXAMINATION BY MR. PEPPER:....................... 1016 CROSS-EXAMINATION BY MR. GARRISON:..................... 1024 JERRY WILLIAM RAY DIRECT EXAMINATION BY MR. PEPPER:....................... 1026 CROSS-EXAMINATION BY MR. -
SRC-28 Seigenthaler, P. 1 SRC-28 Interviewer
SRC-28 Seigenthaler, p. 1 SRC-28 Interviewer: Ben Houston Interviewee: John Seigenthaler H: It is June 16, 2003, and I am in the offices of the Freedom Forum with Mr. John Seigenthaler to talk about Nashville and Nashville =s history. Sir, can we start with saying when and where you were born, please. S: I was born in Nashville on July 27, 1927. I will be seventy-six next month. H: How did you start in your involvement with The Tennessean ? S: I was a child of nepotism. My uncle was circulation director and chairman of the board of control of both newspapers [the Nashville Tennessean and the Nashville Banner ]. The newspapers were independently owned, but they had what was called a joint operating agreement in which they shared the building, the business staffs B advertising, circulation, and finance and human resources B and profit-shared, with the approval of the Justice Department =s Anti-trust Division. There were at the time twenty-two joint operating agreements in the United States. There are much fewer today. H: And you took over the city editor desk in the 1950s. Is that correct? S: I went to work there in 1949 and became weekend city editor in about 1954 or 1955, somewhere in there. I was basically an investigative reporter from 1951 until I became weekend city editor. Then, three days a week, I worked on special projects. In that interim, I also had a stint of about six months on the Sunny Magazine , which the newspaper operated. But I followed that same route that most young journalists in those days followed.