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The Need for Human-Wildlife Coexistence

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The Need for Human-Wildlife Coexistence A FUTURE FOR ALL: THE NEED FOR HUMAN-WILDLIFE COEXISTENCE WWF and UNEP joined forces to raise the profile of human-wildlife conflicts worldwide 1 < BACK TO CONTENTS A FUTURE FOR ALL: THE NEED FOR HUMAN-WILDLIFE COEXISTENCE, 2021 WWF WWF is an independent conservation organisation with over 30 million followers and a global network active in nearly 100 countries. Our mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which people live in harmony with nature, by conserving the world’s biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. Visit panda.org/news for the latest news and media resources; follow us on Twitter @WWF_media. UNEP The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is the leading global environmental authority that sets the global environmental agenda, promotes the coherent implementation of the environmental dimension of sustainable development within the United Nations system and serves as an authoritative advocate for the global environment. Citation Gross E, Jayasinghe N., Brooks A., Polet G., Wadhwa R. and Hilderink-Koopmans F. (2021) A Future for All: The Need for Human-Wildlife Coexistence. (WWF, Gland, Switzerland). Design and infographics by Levent Köseoglu, WWF- Netherlands Text editing by ProofreadNOW.com Cover photograph: DNPWC- WWF Nepal 2 < BACK TO CONTENTS A FUTURE FOR ALL: THE NEED FOR HUMAN-WILDLIFE COEXISTENCE, 2021 Authors Eva M. Gross, Linking Conservation and Development, Germany Nilanga Jayasinghe, WWF-US Ashley Brooks, WWF-Tigers Alive Initiative Gert Polet, WWF-Netherlands Rohan Wadhwa, Wageningen University, Netherlands Femke Hilderink-Koopmans, WWF-Netherlands Contributors We are particularly grateful to the following 66 experts who gave their time to write or contribute to case studies or other sections of this report and without whose input the report would not have been possible. Contributors and authors of case studies are also mentioned in the respective sections. Ahmed Baqai (WWF-Pakistan), Alexandra Zimmermann (IUCN SSC HWCTF), Amalia Alberini (WWF-Greece), Anna Behm Masozera (IGCP), Anna Songhurst (Ecoexist Trust), Antoinette van de Water (BTEH), Ashish Bista (WWF-India), Bharat Gotame (WWF-Nepal), Brandon Laforest (WWF-Canada), Bruce McLellan (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group), Carol M. Grossmann (Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg), Cheryl Cheah Phaik Imm (WWF-Malaysia), Dave Garshelis (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group), David Owen (BTEH), Dipankar Ghose (WWF-India), Elisabeth Kruger (WWF-US), Esteban Payán (Panthera), Eva-Maria Cattoen (LechtAlps), Francine Madden (Centre for Conservation Peace Building), Ganesh Raghunathan (NCF- India), Graham McCulloch (Ecoexist Trust), Greg Stuart-Hill (WWF-Namibia), Henry Mutabaazi (IGCP Uganda), Hiten Baishya (WWF- India), Hizbullah Arief (Sumatran Tiger Project), Iftikhar Hussain (WWF-Pakistan), Ingelore Katjingisiua (WWF- Namibia), Jazz Kok (BTEH), Julian Blanc (UNEP), Julie Stein (Wildlife Friendly Enterprise Network), Kaare Winther Hansen (WWF-Denmark), Kai Elmauer (Elmauer Institute), Kanchan Thapa (WWF-Nepal), Ketil Skogen (NINA), Lana Ciarniello (Aklak Wildlife Consulting), Lise Hanssen (Kwando Carnivores Trust), M. Ananda Kumar (NCF- India), Margaret Nyein Nyein Myint (WWF-Myanmar), Marissa Balfour (Wildlife Friendly Enterprise Network), Marte Conradi (WWF-Norway), Melanie Lancaster (WWF-Arctic Programme), Michael Proctor (Trans-border Grizzly Bear Project), Molly Crystal (WWF-Denmark), Mudit Gupta (WWF-India), Muhammad Waseem (WWF-Pakistan), Muhammad Yayat Afianto (UNDP Indonesia), Neeraj Khera (GIZ India), Nitin Sekar (WWF-India), Noubbie Bahctiar (Sumatran Tiger Project), Nuno Videira (Nova University Lisbon), Nyambe Nyambe (KAZA Secretariat), Paula Swedeen (Conservation Northwest), Phil Franks (IIED), Pranav Chanchani (WWF-India), Rab Nawaz (WWF-Pakistan), Rafael Hoogesteijn (Panthera), Ram Nathan (Sabah Softwoods Berhad), Richard Diggle (WWF-Namibia), Sabita Malla (WWF-Nepal), Spyros Kotomatas (WWF-Greece), Sybille Klenzendorf (WWF-Germany), Valeria Boron (Panthera), Varvara Semenova (WWF-Russia), Vinod Krishnan (NCF- India), Virginia Frediani (WWF-US), Viviana Ceccarelli (BTEH), Wellard Makambo (IGCP) Special thanks We are also very thankful to the following 89 colleagues and experts, who shared their knowledge and experiences on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence with us during multiple interviews and discussions and gave their input in an extensive reviewing and editing process. Alexander Nicolas (WWF-US), Alexey Kostyria (WWF-Russia), Althea Skinner (WWF-US), Andy Cornish (WWF-Hong Kong), Anna van der Heijden (WWF-International), Blanca Berzosa (WWF-Spain), Bram Buscher (Wageningen University), Charlotte Kwasi (WWF-International), Chimeddorj Buyanaa (WWF-Mongolia), Colman O’Criodain (WWF-International), Cristina Eghenter (WWF-Indonesia), David Lindley (WWF-South Africa), Dede Hendra Setiawan (WWF-Indonesia), Diana Caterine Forero Diaz (WWF-Mexico), Dibyendu Mandal (GIZ India), Diego Zarrate (ProCat), Dilys Roe (IIED), Doreen Lynn Robinson (UNEP), Drew McVey (WWF-Kenya), Eirik Skarsbo (WWF-Norway), Elaine Geyer-Allely (WWF-International), Elena Khishchenko (WWF-International), Elisa Bravo (Panthera), Elizabeth Davis (WWF-US), Ellen de Wolf (WWF-Netherlands), Enkhee Devee (WWF- Mongolia), Esther Turnhout (Wageningen University), Fabiola La Rosa (WWF-Peru), Fanni Barocsi (WWF-Arctic Programme), Grigory Mazmaniants (WWF-Russia), Guenther Haase (KfW), Indira Akoijam (WWF-India), Jim Higgs (WWF-Australia), John Beecham (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group), Joost van Montfoort (WWF- International), Jose Fernando Gonzalez Maya (ProCat), Karen Luz (WWF-International), Karen Richards (WWF- International), Katie Gough (WWF-International), Keiron Brand (WWF-Netherlands), Kevin Wallace (Tropical Biology Association), Khun Phansiri (UNDP Thailand), Leanne Clare (WWF-Arctic Programme), Lina Garcia (Panthera), Lisa Farroway (UNDP), Lorena Zarate (WWF-Mexico), Mandy Cadman (UNDP), Marco Costantini (WWF-MedPO), Margaret Kinnaird (WWF-International), Maria-Jose Villanueva (WWF-Mexico), Mario Vaupel (BCG), Marsden Momanyi (WWF-International), Maru Valdes (WWF-US), Michael Alexander (WWF-Singapore), Michelle Gan (WWF-Singapore), Midori Paxton (UNDP), Mike Knight (WWF-Namibia), Moritz Klose (WWF- Germany), Naresh Subedi (NTNC), Nathalie Houtman (WWF-Netherlands), Navaneethan Balasubramani (GIZ India), Nicky Robertson (WWF-UK), Nicolas Poolen (WWF-Netherlands), Nikhil Advani (WWF-US), Nuria Stoermer (KfW), Paul Steele (IIED), Piotr Chmielewski (WWF-Poland), Pradeep Mehta (GIZ India), Raffael Hickisch (WWF-Germany), Rebekah Karimi (Enonkishu Conservancy), Richard Leck (WWF- Australia), Rob Parry-Jones (WWF-International), Robert Fletcher (Wageningen University), Rodah Owako (WWF-International), Russell Taylor (WWF-Namibia), Samantha Putt del Pino (WWF-International), Sana Ahmed (WWF-Pakistan), Selenge Gantumur (WWF-Mongolia), Shaleyla Kelez (WWF-Peru), Stephanie O’Donnell (WILDLABS), Sugoto Roy (IUCN ITHCP), Sunarto (WWF-Indonesia), Susannah Birkwood (WWF-International), Tapiwa Makiwa (CCF Namibia), Thomas Gelsi (IUCN ITHCP), Vimarsh Sharma (GIZ India), Vince Shacks (WESSA), Wendy Elliot (WWF-International), Whitney Kent (WWF-US) 3 < BACK TO CONTENTS A FUTURE FOR ALL: THE NEED FOR HUMAN-WILDLIFE COEXISTENCE, 2021 CONTENTS FOREWORDS 5 DEFINITION OF TERMS RELATED TO HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT AND COEXISTENCE 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CALL TO ACTION 7 1. SETTING THE SCENE 11 2. HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT: A WORLDWIDE CONCERN 15 3. THE GLOBAL IMPACT OF HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT 23 3.1 IMPACT ON WILDLIFE AND ECOSYSTEMS 25 3.2 IMPACT ON LOCAL COMMUNITIES 30 3.3 IMPACT ON EQUITY 35 3.4 IMPACT ON SOCIAL DYNAMICS 37 3.5 IMPACT ON COMMODITY PRODUCTION AND BUSINESSES 40 3.6 IMPACT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 41 4. HUMAN-WILDLIFE COEXISTENCE: UNLOCKING SOLUTIONS, IDENTIFYING OPPORTUNITIES 43 4.1 MOVING FROM CONFLICT TO COEXISTENCE 45 4.2 BENEFITS TO WILDLIFE AND ECOSYSTEMS 58 4.3 BENEFITS TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES 61 4.4 BENEFITS TO SOCIAL DYNAMICS 68 4.5 BENEFITS TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 75 4.6 BENEFITS TO COMMODITY PRODUCTION, BUSINESSES, AND SUPPLY CHAINS 81 4.7 OPPORTUNITIES FOR FINANCIAL INVESTMENT 88 5. A FUTURE FOR PEOPLE AND WILDLIFE 91 REFERENCES 94 4 < BACK TO CONTENTS A FUTURE FOR ALL: THE NEED FOR HUMAN-WILDLIFE COEXISTENCE, 2021 FOREWORDS Imagine having your only corn crop destroyed in less than an hour by a troop of baboons, your best ram preyed on by a wolf, or the unthinkable – a loved one injured by a crocodile or killed by an elephant. Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is not a comfortable subject – it involves loss of life and livelihoods, fear, anger, and wildlife killed in defence or retaliation. And the solutions are not simple or always permanent. People have been seeking ways to shift our interactions with wild animals away from conflict towards something more beneficial, where not only do wildlife populations persist but also the people who live alongside them are safe and supported by healthy ecosystems. To think that we can avoid all conflict would be naïve, but as this report demonstrates, we can create conditions where the interests of both people and wildlife are satisfied. Balancing Margaret Kinnaird, social desires and ecological needs will shape the abundance and distribution of many of our Practice lead Wildlife WWF International iconic wildlife species, but as long as populations
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