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An Introduction to Dothistroma Needle Blight

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An Introduction to Dothistroma Needle Blight An introduction to Dothistroma Needle Blight Dr Anna Brown, Forest Research Dr Kath Tubby, Martin Mullett and Richard Baden Taxonomy and nomenclature A simplified history of the anamorph taxonomy 1911 - Europe - Cytosporina septospora 19 1 - Europe - Cytosporina septospora reclassified as Septoriella septospora 1917 - NA - Actinothyrium marginatum 1941 - NA - Dothistroma pini Hulbary 1954 - Europe- Dothistroma pini Hulbury. 1967 - Cytosporina septospora = Dothistroma pini so reclassified as Dothistroma septospora 2004 - molecular analysis showed two distinct species, Dothistroma septosporum and Dothistroma pini A simplified history of the teleomorph taxonomy 1957 - Europe - Mycosphaerella pini 1966 , Canada - Scirrhia pini 1966 - Scirrhia pini re-classified as Eruptio pini 2001 , Reclassified bac. to Mycosphaerella pini Current status Current EU legislation Scirrhia pini Teleomorph Mycosphaerella pini Unknown Anamorph Dothistroma septosporum Dothistroma pini Disease Dothistroma Needle Blight Symptom and infection process Dothistromin Symptom and infection process Disease progression equired conditions • Natural spore dispersal • /ater is essential • 0pores released in water and become cau1ht droplets • 2ocal dispersal is from runoff and splash • Hi1hest infection within 100 yards, dramatic drop off by 200 yards but still occurrin1 at 00 yards • 2on1er dispersal probably 3ia wind dri3en rain and mists and cloud • 0pores trapped in mist 10 feet abo3e canopy equired conditions • Spore germination • Humidity 4755 and a3ailability of free water • Temperature 5-30oC, optimum 17-22oC • Temperature can be raised and lowered and spores will 1erminate when returned within the limits • 2i1ht , no impact • Incubation period between 4 and 8 wee.s - dependent on climatic conditions 8e.1. warmer and hi1her li1ht intensities 1enerally faster9, and host type Persistence • Persistence on fallen needles • In N: on P. radiata • 0uspended - at least four but less than six months • 2itter layer - at least two but less than four months • In UK on P. nigra ssp. laricio • 0uspended - at least se3en months • 2itter layer - at least fi3e months Dothistromin • Toxin produced by both Dothistroma spp. • Responsible for the red colouration produced in the necrotic areas • 0tructurally similar to 3ersicolorin B 8an aflotoxin precursor produced by some Asper1illus spp.9 • Induces plant defences and shown to pro3ide a competiti3e ad3anta1e a1ainst other fun1i 8in vitro9 • 2e3els produced 3ary by 4500 fold, althou1h limited sample tested • /ea. muta1en and clasto1en and thus potentially carcino1enic Susceptible hosts = 86 Pinus spp. Highly susceptible-- P. attenuata, P. x attenuradiata, P. brutia, P. canariensis, P. cembroides, P. contorta var. latifolia, P. engelmannii, P. halepensis, P. jeffreyi, P. muricata, P. nigra subsp.laricio, P. nigra subsp. nigra, P. pinea, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. sabineana, P. sylvestris, P. thunbergii Moderately susceptible-- P. bungeana, P. canariensis, P. caribaea, P. coulteri, P. cubensis, P. densiflora, P. echinata, P. echinata x taeda, P. elliottii, P. flexilis, P. jeffreyi, P. kesiya, P. lambertiana, P. massoniana, P. monticola, P. mugo subsp. Mugo, P. muricata, P. occidentalis, P. palustris, P. pinaster, P. pungens, P. radiata var. binata, P. resinosa, P. roxburghii, P. strobiformis, P. strobus, P. taeda, P. thunbergii Slightly susceptible- P. aristata, P. ayacahuite, P. contorta, P. coulteri, P. devoniana, P. elliottii, P. elliottii var. densa, P. hart egii, P. heldreichii, P. koraiensis, P. merkusii, P. montezumae, P. monticola, P. nigra subsp. nigra, P. oocarpa, P. patula, P. pseudostrobus, P. rigida, P. sabineana, P. serotina, P. sibirica, P. strobus, P. strobus ,. var. chiapensis, P. sylvestris, P. tabuliformis, P. taeda, P. torreyana, P. allichiana Susceptibility unknown - P. albicaulis, P. arizonica var. cooperi, P. banksiana, P. cembra, P. clausa, P. contorta x banksiana, P. contorta var. contorta, P. kesiya var. kesiya, P. maximinoi, P. mugo subsp. rotundata, P. mugo subsp. uncinata, P. peuce, P. sylvestris . var mongolica, P.tecunumanii .ther susceptible conifers And seven non- Pinus species-... • Larix decidua • Picea abies • Picea omorika • Picea pungens • Picea sitchensis • Picea shrenkiana • Pseudotsuga menziesii However, all are thought to be of low susceptibility ---------.. 0orld distribution 8Presumed9 Dothistroma septosporum Ethiopia Mexico and Peru Bosnia Her1egovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Norway, ussia, Sweden, U2 3 Northern Ireland, U2 3 0ales and the Ukraine European distribution 2009 Presumed Dothistroma septosporum 2008 o 2009 1911 2007 2008 2011 2008 2005 1955 1990 1995 2007 2008 2000 2004 1983 2000 1961 1997 1966 1990 1975 1977 1968 1989 1986 2005 1958 1986 1977 1975 1980-1981 Before 2008 1986 2nown D. pini distribution • North central U0A 8Michi1an, Minnesota and Nebraska) • France 8possible since 19079, Hun1ary, 0E Russia and the U.raine • The two Dothistroma species are only distin1uishable usin1 molecular methods. 0 hy now? 1.Climatic conditions • Increase in frequency of days where temperature =4 18- )*AC with d rain B found in UK and Canada 2. Species composition • lar1e areas of sin1le species and in some countries, reliance on a low number of species 3. Plant Trade • e.1. re1ular outbrea.s in nurseries since 2005 in CB 4. Genetic diversity of the pathogen • Both matin1 types and hi1h 1enetic di3ersity may =4a11ressi3eness B 4hosts Impact 3 yield • 2oss in yield due to needle necrosis and premature defoliation leadin1 to loss of subsequent photosynthetic ability. • Doun1 trees ca. E10 years • all needles equally efficient thus a liner relationship between infection and 1rowth • Createst reduction seen in hei1ht increment • Older trees • If infection is low, little impact as older needles 8which are infected first9 are less efficient • If infection 4255 1reatest reduction in diameter increment • If infection 755 or 4 diameter 1rowth practically ceases Impact - yield 0.03 Pre-infection 0.025 Post-infection 0.02 0.015 0.01 AnnualAnnual VolumeVolume IncrementIncrement 0.005 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Tree Age Impact 3 mortality • Mortality observed where infection le3els hi1h for successi3e years - • 60% in three years in P. radiata stands, Canada • 685 in two years in P. radiata stands, California, U0A • O3er 90% in P. ponderosa stands, Illinois, U0A • 65 per annum in P. nigra subsp. laricio, and 20% per annum in P. contorta 3ar. latifolia, UK • In N: annual timber losses 8mainly from loss in yield) is between ca. 20 and 25 million N:G despite control measures Management - silviculture Thinning and pruning reduces infection levels • increases air circulation and decreases humidity • decrease needle dryin1 time and thus infection • remo3es infected material • and, for thinnin1, increases the distance between trees and thus the effecti3eness of rain splashed spores Pruning - in N:, reduced infection le3els for 2 to 5 years Thinning - in Australia infection lower if crowns 4 than 2.5m apart and increase if closer than 1m Management - silviculture 70 NT ST HT 60 50 % ImpactImpactFactorFactor % % 40 st Mortality per annum : nd 1 - 15 in the thinned 2 thin - 5 in the un-thinned thin 30 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Mean radial increment (microns) 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 1000 2000 000 0 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Management - silviculture Management 199 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 200 2004 2005 Hea3y 0tandard 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Management - chemical • Many fun1icides ha3e been found to be effecti3e • Copper fun1icides e.1. copper sulphate or copper oxychloride are most widely used • In N: • applied routinely 3ia aerial applications 8up to 200 tonnesIannum • may require 2 applications per year but 1enerally once e3ery years and new techniques may increase this window to e3ery 5I6 years • suppress the disease œdo not JcureK the tree • Luestions o3er ability to spray in Europe 8le1islation9 and required frequency 8and thus financial 3iability9 as different sil3icultureIclimateIhosts Management 3 esistanceA breeding • Some disease resistance reported within species • Marieties of P. nigra from 0erbia and Bosnia HerNe1o3ina and P. ponderosa from the Roc.y Mountains • P. radiata breeding programme in New Bealand • Families and hybrids of radiata pine that incorporate Dothistroma resistance predicted to ha3e a 12% reduction in crown infection • Dothistroma resistance is a moderately heritable and is a quantati3e trait and therefore can collect seed from resistant clones. • Breedin1 pro1ramme li.ely to be less successful if D. septosporum is able to reproduce sexually and 1enerate 1eneticdi3ersity8Hirst et al., 19999 • 2ifecycle ofatree 3s. a fun1iandtherefore e3olutionaryrate Management 3 forests 0 here is it and on what species? How severe is it? i.e. 505 mortality, 1 ys needle retention 0 hat is the site type?i.e. what mana1ement is appropriateO /hat other factors may be influencin1 the cropO 0 hat else is on the site? i.e. can secondary species be adoptedO 0 hat areas are we talking about? 10 ha infected in a 1000ha forest or 1 ,000 ha infected in a 15,000 ha forestO 0 hat are the markets (for dead/dying timber) and how does this influence management priorities? Management 3 nurseries Areas to consider include 3 • Nursery location , presence of DNB andIor pine in surroundin1 area • Stocking options , seed 3rs plants, mo3ement of stoc., seed hy1ine, species and ori1ins, proportion of pine • Nursery practice , awareness raisin1, biosecurity, fun1icides, exposure period, stoc. position and weed control Hosts and impact Pinus contorta ssp. latifolia Hosts and impact Pinus contorta ssp. latifolia Impact Pinus sylvestris Hosts and impact Pinus sylvestris.
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