DOCSLIB.ORG

Optimizing Dothistroma Septosporum Infection of Pinus Radiata and the Development of Red-Band Disease

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Optimizing Dothistroma Septosporum Infection of Pinus Radiata and the Development of Red-Band Disease Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Optimizing Dothistroma septosporum Infection Of Pinus radiata And The Development Of Red-Band Disease A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Genetics at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Naydene Barron 2006 i Abstract The filamentous fungus Dothistroma septosporum infects pine species throughout the world causing red-band disease, one of the most serious diseases of conifer species. In NZ, a clonally derived asexual strain of D. septosporum was identified in 1964, and has spread throughout the country. There are conflicting accounts on the environmental conditions required for infection, which has lead to difficulties in optimizing a laboratory-based system for infection. The pathogen is spread naturally through rain-splashed inoculum of conidiospores from mature stromata that have erupted through the pine needle tissue. Diseased needles become necrotic, often with a red band due to the mycotoxin dothistromin produced by the hyphae. Dothistromin has the chemical structure of a difuranoanthraquinone and shows similarity to the aflatoxin precursor, versicolorin B produced by Aspergillus parasiticus. The role of dothistromin in pathogenicity has not yet been determined, although experiments have shown injecting toxin into pine needles results in the characteristic red band lesion. In this study it was found that fluctuating temperature (16°C/24°C), a 12 h diurnal cycle (white and ultraviolet light), high relative humidity and continuous moisture are conditions conducive to development of red-band disease on inoculated pine trees in an artificial environment. A higher rate of infection was obtained using pine seedlings as opposed to pine cuttings, and using a spore suspension containing a yeast extract. A dothistromin minus mutant was able to infect pine needles, indicating that dothistromin is not a pathogenicity factor, though it may be a virulence factor. The use of GFP-expressing isolates allowed the initial infection process to be monitored with both wild type and mutant isolates. Additionally, a PCR-based diagnostic procedure to confirm infection was developed. The production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus species is regulated by nutritional parameters and extracellular pH, which affect both growth and aflatoxin gene expression. D. septosporum similarly has enhanced growth at acidic pH, but it does not appear that pH has a strong influence on physiological processes as toxin biosynthesis and gene expression do not appear to be pH regulated. Different carbon and nitrogen sources also affect the morphology of D. septosporum. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank both my supervisors Dr Rosie Bradshaw and Dr Peter Long for their dedication to this research project. Rosie you have been both supportive and understanding during the course of my Masters. You have been an outstanding supervisor who believed in my ability to complete this research, in addition to being approachable and appreciative, and with your dedication and guidance you made the completion of this task so much easier. Peter, thank you for your time and ideas and especially for the humor and making sure my pronunciation of fungal species in addition to data analysis was up to scratch! You have both been inspirational and a pleasure to work with. I have gained so much knowledge from both of you in the last two and half years and enjoyed working on this research project. To my lab colleagues, both past and present, it has been great to be associated with such a dedicated group of people who helped make this journey possible. Arne, thank you for your technical assistance, sharing of your knowledge and ideas and having a great sense of humor. Shugang thank you for sharing your knowledge and your willingness to listen and provide new information. I wish everyone in the lab the best of luck in completion of their studies and success for the future. To my partner, thank you for being so supportive, encouraging and understanding over the duration of my studies, in addition to helping me with revision before exams, and making sure I got it right. To my daughter, you have been patient over the last few years, but understand the importance of studying. I hope you have learnt that even though you can’t see the forest for the trees, with a lot of hard work and dedication there is always light at the end of the tunnel. To both of you, we have missed out on a lot of time together, but that sacrifice has enabled me to meet my goal, and complete this part of my life, thank you. To mum and dad, thank you for believing in me, your support, financial assistance and helping with Chantel. Lastly, I would like to thank Rosie for sourcing financial assistance, the CoRE, Bio- protection Centre, NZ Plant Protection Society, C. Alma Baker Trust and Massey University for providing financial assistance for myself and this project. iii Table of Contents Abstract i Acknowledgements ii Table of Contents iii List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Abbreviations x Chapter One – Introduction 1 1.1 Dothistroma Needle Blight 1 1.1.1 Environmental conditions conductive to infection 1 1.1.2 Mode of infection 3 1.1.3 Lifecycle in the forest environment 4 1.1.4 Dothistroma needle blight control 5 1.1.5 Dothistroma mycotoxin 6 1.1.6 Fungal gene clusters 8 1.2 Pathogenicity Assay 11 1.3 Green Fluorescence Protein 13 1.3.1 The use of GFP to follow infection 15 1.4 Ambient pH Regulates Physiological Processes 16 1.5 Summary of Current Research 18 1.5.1 Hypothesis 1 18 1.5.2 Aim 1 18 1.5.3 Objectives 18 1.5.4 Hypothesis 2 18 1.5.5 Aim 2 19 1.5.6 Objectives 19 Chapter Two – Materials and Methods 20 2.1 Biological Strains 20 2.1.1 Fungal isolates 20 2.1.2 Plant species 20 2.1.3 Isolation of fresh wild-type D. septosporum 20 2.2 Growth of Cultures and Culturing Techniques 21 2.2.1 Fungal cultures 21 iv 2.2.2 Maintenance of D. septosporum stocks 21 2.2.3 Obtaining D. septosporum conidia and quantification 22 2.2.4 Germination assay 22 2.2.5 McIlvaine buffered solid media 23 2.2.6 McIlvaine buffered liquid media 23 2.2.7 Harvesting mycelium from liquid media 24 2.3 DNA Extraction, Quantification and Analysis 24 2.3.1 DNA extraction: CTAB method 24 2.3.2 Fluorometric quantification 25 2.3.3 Nano-drop quantification 25 2.3.4 Agarose gel electrophoresis 25 2.4 RNA Isolation, Analysis and cDNA Synthesis 26 2.4.1 RNA extraction 26 2.4.2 cDNA synthesis 26 2.5 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 26 2.5.1 rDNA primers 27 2.5.2 Purification of DNA from PCR products 27 2.5.3 Real-time PCR 28 2.6 Automated Sequencing 28 2.7 Quantification of Dothistromin 29 2.7.1 Preparation of DOTH-MSA conjugate ELISA plates 29 2.7.2 Preparation of samples for ELISA 29 2.7.3 DOTH-MSA plates 30 2.8 Pathogen Assay 30 2.8.1 Assay chamber 30 2.8.2 Ultraviolet light (UV) 31 2.8.3 GMO suite 31 2.8.4 Mycelia as plant inoculum 31 2.8.5 Pine seedling and cutting inoculation 32 2.8.6 Diseased pine needle analysis 32 2.8.7 Diagnostic procedure confirming disease 32 2.9 Statistical Analysis 33 Chapter Three – Red-band Disease Pathogen Assay 34 3.1 Introduction 34 3.2 Results 38 3.3 Environmental Variables 38 3.3.1 Ultraviolet light 38 3.3.2 Temperature and humidity 38 3.3.3 Water source 39 3.3.4 Scoring infection 40 v 3.3.5 Natural inoculum validates developed pathogen assay system 42 3.4 Host Factors 43 3.4.1 Use of detached plant material in pathogen assay 43 3.4.2 Seedlings versus cuttings 44 3.5 Pathogen Factors 45 3.5.1 Type of inoculum 45 3.5.2 The effect of conidia suspension on infection 46 3.5.3 The effect of external nutrients on infection 47 3.5.4 The effect of conidia growth media on disease incidence 49 3.5.5 Double inoculation with two D. septosporum isolates 50 3.5.6 Does infection occur in the absence of DOTH? 50 3.6 Diagnostic Procedure to Confirm Red-band Disease 51 3.6.1 Use of universal primers to confirm infection 51 3.6.2 Specific mating type primers confirm presence of D. septosporum 53 3.7 Discussion 55 3.7.1 Environmental conditions 55 3.7.2 P. radiata and D. septosporum factors 56 3.7.3 Developed diagnostic procedure 59 Chapter Four – Does pH Affect D. septosporum Physiological Processes? 60 4.1 Introduction 60 4.2 Results 64 4.2.1 Growth on different media 64 4.2.2 Growth and sporulation on pH adjusted media 66 4.2.3 Liquid media inoculated with D. septosporum conidia 68 4.2.4 Liquid media inoculated with D. septosporum mycelium 73 4.3 Discussion 79 4.3.1 Colony growth and morphology on different media 79 4.3.2 How does the pH of solid media effect growth and sporulation? 80 4.3.3 Inoculation of spores into liquid medium at adjusted pH 81 4.3.4 Analysis of mycelium as inoculum in pH adjusted liquid medium 83 Chapter Five – Green Fluorescent Proteint as a Marker to Monitor Infection 86 5.1 Introduction 86 5.2 Results 89 5.2.1 Conidia germination 89 5.2.2 Effect of pH on conidia germination 90 5.2.3 Survival and distribution of GFP conidia on pine needles 91 vi 5.2.4 Germination of D.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dothistroma Needle Blight of Pines by the Bartlett Lab Staff Directed by Kelby Fite, Phd
    RESEARCH LABORATORY TECHNICAL REPORT Dothistroma Needle Blight of Pines By the Bartlett Lab Staff Directed by Kelby Fite, PhD Dothistroma Needle Blight (DNB), also known as Red Band Needle Blight, is a serious disease of pines. It is caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella pini. Dothistroma septosporum and is the asexual stage of the fungus, which is commonly found on diseased needles. DNB has been reported from over 60 countries infecting over 80 different species of pine and several other non-pine species. Austrian, Monterey, and Ponderosa pine are the pine species most susceptible to this disease. DNB infects needles of all ages, causing a reduction in photosynthetic capacity and premature mortality. Symptoms these conditions, the spores landing on the new needles germinate and penetrate the tissue through Symptoms of the disease first appear as light green stomata in only a few days. Fruiting bodies will lesions on needles. Lesions eventually turn tan to eventually erupt through the needle surface and reddish brown as the disease develops. It is within these red bands that the small, black, spore-containing Figure 2: Symptoms on canopy fruiting bodies tend to be found with symptoms most apparent in June and July (Figure 1). A distinct transition line forms between the necrotic lesion and healthy green tissue. Needle tips may die back while the bases remain green in severe cases. Premature needle drop occurs, leading to gradual thinning of the canopy. Symptoms are most severe in portions of the canopy located within 6 to 10 feet of the ground (Figure 2). Figure 1: Fruiting bodies on needles Disease Cycle The infected needles on the tree and the fallen needles on the ground serve as sources of inoculum.
    [Show full text]
  • Dothistroma Septosporum
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Secondary metabolism of the forest pathogen Dothistroma septosporum A thesis presented in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Genetics at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand Ibrahim Kutay Ozturk 2016 ABSTRACT Dothistroma septosporum is a fungus causing the disease Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) on more than 80 pine species in 76 countries, and causes serious economic losses. A secondary metabolite (SM) dothistromin, produced by D. septosporum, is a virulence factor required for full disease expression but is not needed for the initial formation of disease lesions. Unlike the majority of fungal SMs whose biosynthetic enzyme genes are arranged in a gene cluster, dothistromin genes are dispersed in a fragmented arrangement. Therefore, it was of interest whether D. septosporum has other SMs that are required in the disease process, as well as having SM genes that are clustered as in other fungi. Genome sequencing of D. septosporum revealed that D. septosporum has 11 SM core genes, which is fewer than in closely related species. In this project, gene cluster analyses around the SM core genes were done to assess if there are intact or other fragmented gene clusters. In addition, one of the core SM genes, DsNps3, that was highly expressed at an early stage of plant infection, was knocked out and the phenotype of this mutant was analysed.
    [Show full text]
  • Dothistroma Needle Blight on High Altitude Pine Forests in Montenegro
    -/D]DUHYLüHWDO%DOWLF)RUHVWU\YRO ,661 Dothistroma Needle Blight on High Altitude Pine Forests in Montenegro 1 2 3 JELENA LAZAREVIĆ *, KATERYNA DAVYDENKO AND HANNA MILLBERG 1 University of Montenegro Biotechnical Faculty, Mihaila Lalića 1, 81 000 Podgorica, Montenegro, 2Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry & Forest Melioration, Pushkinska street, 86 Kharkov 61024, Ukraine 3Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51 Uppsala Sweden * Corresponding author: [email protected], tel. +382 20 268 434 Lazarević, J., Davydenko, K. and Millberg, H. 2017. Dothistroma Needle Blight on High Altitude Pine Forests in Montenegro. Baltic Forestry 23(1): 294-302. Abstract Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) is one of the most serious and widespread needle diseases of pines. Its current distribu- tion was investigated in high altitude native and planted pine forests in Montenegro. The suitability for the disease under different climatic conditions is discussed. Using molecular methods, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with species specific primers, Dothistroma septosporum (Dorog) M. Morelet was detected from needles of Pinus nigra Arn., Pinus nigra ‘Dalmatica’ (Visiani) Franco, Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus mugo Turra, Pinus heldreichii H. Christ, Pinus peuce Griseb. and Picea abies Karst. in differ- ent parts of Montenegro, at altitudes between 800 and 2150 m. Dothistroma pini Hulbary was detected from P. sylvestris, P. nigra and P. mugo from restricted area in Northwestern part of Montenegro at altitudes between 800 and 1850 m. This is the first report of DNB on P. mugo and P. abies in Montenegro, and the first time that D. septosporum was detected from P.nigra ‘Dal- matica’.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Band Needle Blight of Conifers in Britain
    Research Note Red band needle blight of conifers in Britain Anna Brown and Joan Webber June 2008 Red band needle blight is an economically important disease affecting a number of coniferous trees, in particular pines. The disease has a world-wide distribution but until recently it was mainly of concern in the southern hemisphere. In much of the world, including Britain, it is caused by the fungus Dothistroma septosporum . Red band needle blight causes premature needle defoliation which results in the loss of timber yield and, in severe cases, tree mortality. Since the late 1990s the incidence of the disease has increased dramatically in Britain, particularly on Corsican pine ( Pinus nigra ssp. laricio ), and due to the extent and severity of the disease on this species, there is now a five-year planting moratorium of it on the Forestry Commission estate. More recently there have been reports of the disease causing damage to lodgepole pine in Scotland and it has also been reported on Scots pine – although it rarely appears to be causing significant damage to this species. Reasons for the increase in disease incidence are unclear but could be due to increased rainfall in spring and summer coupled with a trend towards warmer springs, optimising conditions for spore dispersal and infection. Such conditions may become more prevalent in Britain over the next 20 years if current trends in climate change continue. In Britain disease management is currently focused on silvicultural measures to reduce inoculum loads and the use of alternative, less susceptible species in future rotations. FCRN002 1 Introduction moratorium of this species on the Forestry Commission estate.
    [Show full text]
  • Dothistroma Isolation and Molecular Identification Methods
    COST ACTION FP1102 Determining Invasiveness and Risk of Dothistroma Training School May 2012, Brno, Czech Republic Detection and Diagnostics of Dothistroma Dothistroma Isolation and molecular identification methods Photo I.B. Compiled by Martin Mullett and Irene Barnes, June 2012 Contents 1 Isolation of Dothistroma ...................................................................................................1 1.1 Preparation of growth media ....................................................................................1 1.1.1 Dothistroma Medium (DM) ................................................................................1 1.1.2 Dothistroma Medium + streptomycin (DM+S) ....................................................1 1.1.3 Dothistroma Sporulating Medium (DSM) ...........................................................2 1.1.4 2% Malt Agar (MA) ............................................................................................2 1.1.5 Malt Extract Agar (MEA) ....................................................................................2 1.1.6 Water Agar (WA) ...............................................................................................2 1.1.7 Pine Needle Minimal Medium + Glucose (PMMG) .............................................3 1.2 Sterile techniques .....................................................................................................3 1.3 Surface sterilization of needles .................................................................................4 1.4 Isolation
    [Show full text]
  • Multigene Phylogenies Reveal That Red Band Needle Blight of Pinus Is Caused by Two Distinct Species of Dothistroma, D
    STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 50: 551–565. 2004. Multigene phylogenies reveal that red band needle blight of Pinus is caused by two distinct species of Dothistroma, D. septosporum and D. pini Irene Barnes1*, Pedro W. Crous2, Brenda D. Wingfield1 and Michael J. Wingfield1 1Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 0002; 2 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands *Correspondence: I. Barnes, [email protected] Abstract: The red band needle blight fungus, Dothistroma septosporum is a widely distributed pathogen of many pine species. Three morphological varieties of this pathogen have been described based on differences in conidial length. However, contro- versy exists as to whether spore size represents an adequate characteristic to distinguish between forms of D. septosporum. The aim of this investigation was to consider the phylogenetic relationships between D. septosporum isolates from different coun- tries. An additional objective was to determine whether comparisons of DNA sequence data support the morphological varie- ties recognized for this species. DNA from portions of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), -tubulin and elongation factor 1- genes were sequenced and analysed for isolates from 13 different countries representing five continents. Results show that isolates of the pathogen encompass two divergent lineages representing distinct phylogenetic species. One phylogenetic species (Lineage I) is found worldwide, while the other (Lineage II), is restricted to the North-Central U.S.A. The names D. pini and D. septosporum are available for these species. The former name should apply to the phylogenetic species currently known only from the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Variation in the Foliar Pathogen Dothistroma Septosporum and Relationship to Toxin Production
    Genetic Variation in the Foliar Pathogen Dothistroma septosporum and Relationship to Toxin Production Literature Review Prepared by Angie Dale and Kathy Lewis 1.0 Geographic distribution and history Dothistroma septosporum (Dorog.) M. Morelet (= D. septospora = D. pini) has been reported as causing defoliation in exotic Pinus radiata plantations in many countries in the southern hemisphere since the late 1950’s, and possibly earlier. Outbreaks of the fungus followed the widespread planting of exotic pine monocultures throughout countries in the Southern Hemisphere. In Africa, the fungus was a noteworthy pathogen in Tanzania in the late 1950s, and spread to Kenya in the sixties and by the middle of the sixties, had spread across east Africa (Gibson, 1972). Observations (Gibson et. al., 1964, cited from Gibson, 1972) suggest that the fungus was well established in central Africa since the early forties. In Chile, Pinus radiata was adopted for large-scale forestry in the 1930s (Gibson, 1972) and in 1965, Dothistroma septosporum was identified as the causal agent of a severe foliage disease by Dubin and Staley (1966). Evidence also suggested that the fungus was established several years prior to its identification as Dothistroma septosporum (Dubin, 1967, cited from Gibson, 1972). Loss in other countries of South America was minimal as Pinus plantations were not of appreciable size (Gibson, 1972). Dothistroma septosporum first made its appearance in New Zealand near Tokorua in 1964 and spread to the southeast and southwest by 1966 (Gilmour, 1966, cited from Gibson, 1972). The FSP Project Y051203, Lewis -1- fungus also spread north and was a severe problem by 1967; it was also suggested that the fungus was present several years prior (Gilmour, 1966, cited from Gibson, 1972).
    [Show full text]
  • New Data on Host Range and Geographical Distribution of Dothistroma Needle Blight in Ukraine †
    Proceeding Paper New Data on Host Range and Geographical Distribution of Dothistroma Needle Blight in Ukraine † Kateryna Davydenko 1,2,*, Denis Baturkyn 3, Ihor Hnoievyi 4 and Olena Shcherbak 4 1 Department of Forest Protection, G. M. Vysotskiy Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry and Forest Melioration, 61024 Kharkiv, Ukraine 2 Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden 3 Forest Protection Service “Kharkivlisozahyst”, 62458 Kharkiv region, Ukraine; [email protected] 4 Kharkiv State Zooveterinary Academy, Kharkiv 62341, Ukraine; [email protected] (I.H.); [email protected] (O.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +38-050-859-66-87 † Presented at the 1st International Electronic Conference on Forests—Forests for a Better Future: Sustainability, Innovation, Interdisciplinarity, 24–27 June 2020; Available online: https://iecf2020.sciforum.net. Abstract: Serious pine needle disease, Dothistroma needle blight (DNB), caused by Dothistroma septosporum and D. pini was detected in Ukraine in the period 2004–2005. The aim of this study was to identify the Dothistroma species present on new hosts in Ukraine using different molecular techniques to increase our understanding of the local distribution of these pathogens. The occur- rence and distribution of DNB were studied between the years 2014 and 2018, and 480 needle samples were collected from 16 different regions in 96 localities—the presence of DNB was con- Citation: Davydenko, K.; Baturkyn, firmed in 62 of them. The host range of DNB consisted of eight pine species, including three sub- D.; Hnoievyi, I.; Shcherbak, O. New species and two spruce species, among them Pinus nigra subsp.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetics of Dothistromin Biosynthesis of Dothistroma Septosporum: an Update
    Toxins 2010, 2, 2680-2698; doi:10.3390/toxins2112680 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Review Genetics of Dothistromin Biosynthesis of Dothistroma septosporum: An Update Arne Schwelm 1,2 and Rosie E. Bradshaw 1,* 1 Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand 2 Department of Plant Biology & Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7080, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +64-6-350-5515; Fax: +64-6-350-5688. Received: 25 September 2010; in revised form: 30 October 2010 / Accepted: 2 November 2010 / Published: 5 November 2010 Abstract: Dothistroma needle blight is one of the most devastating fungal pine diseases worldwide. The disease is characterized by accumulation in pine needles of a red toxin, dothistromin, that is chemically related to aflatoxin (AF) and sterigmatocystin (ST). This review updates current knowledge of the genetics of dothistromin biosynthesis by the Dothistroma septosporum pathogen and highlights differences in gene organization and regulation that have been discovered between the dothistromin and AF/ST systems. Some previously reported genes are promoted or demoted as ‘dothistromin genes’ based on recent research. A new dothistromin gene, norB, is reported, and evidence of dothistromin gene homologs in other Dothideomycete fungi is presented. A hypothesis for the biological role of dothistromin is outlined. Finally, the impact that the availability of the D. septosporum genome sequence will have on dothistromin research is discussed. Keywords: Dothideomycete; mycotoxin; gene cluster; pine needle blight; Mycosphaerella pini; aflatoxin; sterigmatocystin Toxins 2010, 2 2681 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Dothistroma Septosporum (Formerly Mycosphaerella Pini) and Dothistroma Pini
    Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin (2015) 45 (2), 163–182 ISSN 0250-8052. DOI: 10.1111/epp.12217 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Organisation Europe´enne et Me´diterrane´enne pour la Protection des Plantes PM 7/46 (3) Diagnostics Diagnostic PM 7/46 (3) Lecanosticta acicola (formerly Mycosphaerella dearnessii), Dothistroma septosporum (formerly Mycosphaerella pini) and Dothistroma pini Specific scope Specific approval and amendment This Standard describes a diagnostic protocol for Approved in 2004–09 as PM 7/46 for Mycosphaerella Lecanosticta acicola (formerly Mycosphaerella dearnessii), dearnessii and PM 7/47 for Mycosphaerella pini. Dothistroma septosporum (formerly Mycosphaerella pini) Revised as a single Standard PM 7/46 (2) for and Dothistroma pini.1 Mycosphaerella dearnessii and Mycosphaerella pini in 2008–09. Second revision approved in 2015–04. stage unknown) is known from the North-Central U.S.A. 1. Introduction and, more recently, also from Russia and Europe. D. pini Lecanosticta acicola, Dothistroma septosporum and is not currently recommended for regulation by EPPO. Dothistroma pini are pathogens causing foliage diseases of In Europe, L. acicola has been found locally on conifers. Lecanosticta acicola is the causal agent of brown P. cembra both in urban and forest sites. In Central Eur- spot needle blight on pines, though mainly known from ope, it is known in forest sites from Pinus mugo subsp. North America, has also been found spreading in Europe. uncinata, which is a pine species growing in swamps. D. septosporum, the causal agent of red band needle Other hosts are P. sylvestris, P. nigra, P. mugo, blight, attacks mainly Pinus spp.
    [Show full text]
  • August-2005-Inoculum.Pdf
    Supplement to Mycologia Vol. 56(4) August 2005 Newsletter of the Mycological Society of America — In This Issue — Fungal Cell Biology: Centerpiece for a New Department of Microbiology in Mexico Fungal Cell Biology: Centerpiece for a New Department By Meritxell Riquelme of Microbiology in Mexico . 1 With a strong emphasis on Fungal Cell Biology, a new De- Cordyceps Diversity partment of Microbiology was created at the Center for Scien- in Korea . 3 tific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE) lo- MSA Business . 5 cated in Ensenada, a small city in the northwest of Baja Abstracts . 6 California, Mexico, 60 miles south of the Mexico-US border. Mycological News . 68 Founded in 1973, CICESE is one of the most prestigious re- search centers in the country conducting basic and applied re- Mycologist’s Bookshelf . 71 search and training both national and international graduate stu- Mycological Classifieds . 74 dents in the areas of Earth Science, Applied Physics and Mycology On-Line . 75 Oceanology. Just 2 years ago a new Experimental and Applied Calender of Events . 76 Biology Division was created under the direction of Salomon Sustaining Members . 78 Bartnicki-Garcia, who retired after 38 years as faculty member of the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of Cali- — Important Dates — fornia, Riverside and decided to move south to his country of origin to create a Division in an area that was not developed at August 15 Deadline: CICESE. The Experimental and Applied Biology Division is Inoculum 56(5) July 23-28, 2005: Continued on following page International Union of Microbiology Societies (Bacteriology and Applied Microbiology, Mycology, and Virology) July 30-August 5, 2005: MSA-MSJ, Hilo, HI August 15-19, 2005: International Congress on the Systematics and Ecology of Myxomycetes V Editor — Richard E.
    [Show full text]
  • And Dothistroma Pini Hulbary 1
    Brussels, 20th July 2016 Recommendation of the Working Group on the Annexes of the Council Directive 2000/29/EC – Section II – Listing of Harmful Organisms as regards the future listing of Dothistroma septosporum (Dorog.) M. Morelet (Mycosphaerella pini E. Rostrup, syn. Scirrhia pini) and Dothistroma pini Hulbary 1 Current regulatory status Scirrhia pini Funk and Parker is a fungus regulated as a harmful organism in Annex IIAII of Plant health Directive 2000/29/EC on plants of Pinus L., other than fruit and seeds. Import requirements are listed under Annex IVAI (9), requiring an official statement that no symptoms of Scirrhia acicola (Dearn.) Siggers or Scirrhia pini Funk and Parker have been observed at the place of production or its immediate vicinity since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation. Additionally, movement within the EU are subject to requirements listed under Annex IVAII(4) requiring an official statement that no symptoms of Scirrhia pini Funk and Parker have been observed at the place of production or its immediate vicinity since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation. A plant passport is required for internal movement of Pinus plants for planting (Annex V) to professional growers and a phytosanitary certificate for import from European third countries. Import of plants of Pinus L. from Non-European countries is prohibited (Annex III (1)). Identity of the pest There are new developments on the taxonomy of Scirrhia pini (current name Mycosphaerella pini, anamorph Dothistroma septosporum (Dorog.) M. Morelet; Mycosphaerellaceae, Ascomycota) as well as the recent identification of Dothistroma pini Hulbary (teleomorph unknown), as a second agent causing the same disease.
    [Show full text]