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Banana) Genetic Resources a Consultative Document Prepared by the Global Musa Genetic Resources Network (Musanet

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Banana) Genetic Resources a Consultative Document Prepared by the Global Musa Genetic Resources Network (Musanet Global Strategy for the Conservation and Use of Musa (Banana) Genetic Resources A consultative document prepared by the Global Musa Genetic Resources Network (MusaNet) 2016 MusaNet is the Global Network for Musa Genetic Resources, coordinated by Bioversity International, with member representatives from various banana research institutes and organizations that support Musa research. MusaNet aims to optimize the conservation and use of Musa genetic resources by coordinating and strengthening such conservation and related research efforts of a worldwide network of public and private sector stakeholders. www.musanet.org Bioversity International is a global research-for-development organization envisioning agricultural biodiversity nourishing people and sustaining the planet. It delivers scientific evidence, management practices and policy options to use and safeguard agricultural and tree biodiversity to attain sustainable global food and nutrition security. Bioversity International works with partners in low-income countries in different regions where agricultural and tree biodiversity can contribute to improved nutrition, resilience, productivity and climate change adaptation. www.bioversityinternational.org Bioversity International is a CGIAR Research Centre – a global research partnership for a food-secure future. CGIAR research is dedicated to reducing rural poverty increasing food security, improving human health and nutrition, and ensuring more sustainable management of natural resources. It is carried out by the 15 Centres who are members of the CGIAR Consortium in close collaboration with hundreds of partner organizations, including national and regional research institutes, civil society organizations, academia, and the private sector. www.cgiar.org While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information reported in this publication, MusaNet, Bioversity International and any contributing authors cannot accept any responsibility for the consequences of the use of this information. Citation: MusaNet 2016. Global Strategy for the Conservation and Use of Musa Genetic Resources (B. Laliberté, compiler). Bioversity International, Montpellier, France. The layout and design of this publication was done by Luca Pierotti. Photo credits: Cover photo: R. Chase/Bioversity International - CARBAP, Cameroon. Part A: A. Vézina/Bioversity International - Nairobi, Kenya. Part B: R. Chase/Bioversity International - CIRAD, Guadeloupe. Part C: J. Dongmo/Bioversity International - CARBAP, Cameroon. Part D: J. Sardos/Bioversity International - Market in India. Back left cover: J. Daniells/DAF, Australia. Back right cover: P. Lepoint/Bioversity International. ISBN: 978-92-9255-050-9 © Bioversity International This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0 Table of contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I LIST OF LEAD AUTHORS AND CO-AUTHORS I LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS II MUSA GERMPLASM COLLECTION MANAGERS III DISCLAIMER V ABSTRACT VI INTRODUCTION TO THE GLOBAL MUSA STRATEGY 1 MUSANET 1 DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF THE STRATEGY 1 BANANA AND PLANTAIN PRODUCTION WORLDWIDE 3 WHY IS THE PRODUCTION IN DANGER? 3 The fragility of the banana 3 GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF THE BANANA 4 CONTAINING THE STRESSES AS A PROVISIONAL ALTERNATIVE TO GENETIC IMPROVEMENT 4 TARGET AUDIENCE FOR THE GLOBAL STRATEGY 5 STRATEGY OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED OUTPUTS 5 PARTNERSHIPS AND NETWORKING 6 PLANT DIVERSITY 7 CHAPTER 1. WILD RELATIVES AND DOMESTICATION 8 SECTION 1.1 WILD RELATIVES AND DOMESTICATION - WHERE WE ARE NOW 8 1.1.1 The ancestors of the edible bananas 8 1.1.2 From wild to edible 10 SECTION 1.2 WILD RELATIVES AND DOMESTICATION - WHERE WE WANT TO GO 11 SECTION 1.3 WILD RELATIVES AND DOMESTICATION - HOW WE WILL GET THERE 11 1.3.1 Exploration and Collecting Priorities 11 1.3.1.1 Indonesia 11 1.3.1.2 Myanmar 12 1.3.1.3 Indonesian New Guinea 12 1.3.1.4 East Africa 12 CHAPTER 2. EDIBLE DIPLOIDS 13 SECTION 2.1 EDIBLE DIPLOIDS - WHERE WE ARE NOW 13 2.1.1 Edible AA 13 2.1.2 Other edible diploids 14 SECTION 2.2 EDIBLE DIPLOIDS - WHERE WE WANT TO GO 15 2.2.1 The Taxonomy of the edible diploid diversity needs to be settled 15 SECTION 2.3 EDIBLE DIPLOIDS - HOW WE WILL GET THERE 15 CHAPTER 3. TRIPLOIDS 16 SECTION 3.1 TRIPLOIDS - WHERE WE ARE NOW 16 3.1.1 Triploid Bananas as we know them 16 3.1.2 Constraints in triploids 18 SECTION 3.2 TRIPLOIDS - WHERE WE WANT TO GO 18 SECTION 3.3 TRIPLOIDS - HOW WE WILL GET THERE 19 PLANT IDENTITY 20 CHAPTER 4. TAXONOMY 21 SECTION 4.1 TAXONOMY - WHERE WE ARE NOW 21 4.1.1 Taxonomy of wild bananas 21 4.1.2 Taxonomy of edible bananas 23 4.1.2.1. Taxonomy of the triploid bananas 23 4.1.2.2 Do BBB triploids exist? 26 4.1.2.3 Taxonomy of the edible AA cultivars 26 4.1.2.4 Taxonomy of the AB cultivars 27 SECTION 4.2 TAXONOMY - WHERE WE WANT TO GO 27 4.2.1 Wild bananas 27 4.2.2 Edible bananas 27 SECTION 4.3 TAXONOMY - HOW WE WILL GET THERE 29 4.3.1 Explorations and collecting missions 29 4.3.2 Cultivar identification 31 4.3.2.1 Subgroup determination – the taxonomic reference collection (trc) project 31 4.3.2.2 Infra-subgroup differentiation: Cultivar identification 32 CHAPTER 5. CHARACTERIZATION 35 SECTION 5.1 CHARACTERIZATION - WHERE WE ARE NOW 35 5.1.1 Morphological characterization 35 5.1.2 Molecular characterization 36 SECTION 5.2 CHARACTERIZATION - WHERE WE WANT TO GO 36 5.2.1 Determination of the Subgroups 37 5.2.2 Improvement of the Descriptor Lists 37 5.2.3 Optimal use of SSR and DArT results 37 5.2.4 Highly performing molecular techniques for cultivar differentiation within subgroups 37 5.2.5 Ethno-geographical information is a guide for cultivar identification 38 SECTION 5.3 CHARACTERIZATION - HOW WE WILL GET THERE 38 5.3.1 The Taxonomic Reference Collection (TRC) Project 38 5.3.1.1 History 38 5.3.1.2 TRC Project Methodology 38 5.3.1.3 Current situation 39 5.3.1.4 Beyond the TRC Project: Descriptor Lists for infra-subgroup differentiation 40 5.3.2. Optimal use of SSR and DArT results. 40 5.3.2.1. The Musa Genotyping Centre – MGC 40 5.3.2.2. Combined in situ Characterization, a test case 41 5.3.3. Highly performing molecular techniques for cultivar differentiation within subgroups. 41 5.3.3.1. High-Throughput Genotyping techniques 41 5.3.3.2. Whole Genome sequencing 42 5.3.4. Ethno-geographical information on cultivars 42 MANAGEMENT 43 CHAPTER 6. MUSA COLLECTIONS AROUND THE WORLD 44 SECTION 6.1 MUSA COLLECTIONS AROUND THE WORLD - WHERE WE ARE NOW 45 6.1.1 The Surveyed Collections 46 6.1.2. Mandate and Priorities of Ex Situ Collections 47 6.1.3. Content of the Ex Situ Collections 48 6.1.3.1 Conservation of wild species 48 6.1.3.2 Acquisitions, elimination and loss in the Collections 49 6.1.4. Field Collection Management 50 6.1.5 In vitro Collection Management 52 6.1.6 Cryopreservation Collection Management 54 6.1.7. Conservation of wild species through seed 55 6.1.8 Long-term Security of Ex Situ Collections 55 6.1.9. Services associated to ex situ conservation activities 57 6.1.10. Collecting and acquisition of materials and gap filling 57 SECTION 6.2 MUSA COLLECTIONS AROUND THE WORLD - WHERE WE WANT TO GO 59 6.2.1 Major needs and priorities 59 6.2.2 Assessment of the Diversity in Ex Situ Collections and Gap Filling 60 6.2.2.1 Documentation of information and knowledge 60 6.2.2.2 Filling in the gaps in diversity 60 6.2.2.3 Collecting the missing diversity in the wild and in villages 61 6.2.2.4 Guidelines for Collecting 62 6.2.3 Improving Effective Management of Ex Situ Collections 63 6.2.3.1 Development of guidelines and standards 63 6.2.3.2 Development of a Global Musa Seed Bank 64 6.2.3.3 Capacity building 65 6.2.4 Global Partnerships for the Safeguard of the Musa Genepool 65 SECTION 6.3 – MUSA COLLECTIONS AROUND THE WORLD – HOW WE WILL GET THERE 68 CHAPTER 7. THE ITC GLOBAL MUSA COLLECTION 70 SECTION 7.1 THE ITC GLOBAL MUSA COLLECTION - WHERE WE ARE NOW 70 7.1.1 The Content of the ITC 71 7.1.1.1 Gaps at the ITC and acquisition strategy 71 7.1.2 The Management of the Collection at the ITC 72 7.1.2.1 Medium-term Storage 72 7.1.2.2 Leaf tissue collection 73 7.1.2.3 Long-term Storage 73 7.1.3 The Documentation of the ITC 75 7.1.4 Access and Distribution of ITC Germplasm 75 7.1.4.1 Target users’ group 75 7.1.4.2 Legal and policy issues 76 7.1.4.3 Safe exchange of germplasm 76 SECTION 7.2 THE ITC GLOBAL MUSA COLLECTION - WHERE WE WANT TO GO 79 7.2.1 A global core collection of Musa biodiversity 79 7.2.2 The entire ITC collection cryopreserved ensuring safe long term preservation 79 7.2.3 Increasing the availability of ITC materials for distribution 79 7.2.4 Ensuring the genetic integrity of the ITC collection 80 7.2.5 Musa seed conservation 80 7.2.6 Increased Access and targeted use of the ITC collection 80 SECTION 7.3 THE GLOBAL MUSA COLLECTION - HOW WE WILL GET THERE 81 7.3.1 Establishing a global core collection of Musa diversity 81 7.3.2 Cryopreservation of the whole ITC collection 81 7.3.3 Increased capacity to develop healthy germplasm for conservation and use 81 7.3.4 Increased access and targeted use of the ITC collection 82 7.3.5 Preserving the wider Musa wild diversity through seeds 82 CHAPTER 8.
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