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Implementation of a National Identification System in Ghana: Lessons from the Indian Aadhaar System

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Implementation of a National Identification System in Ghana: Lessons from the Indian Aadhaar System University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh IMPLEMENTATION OF A NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM IN GHANA: LESSONS FROM THE INDIAN AADHAAR SYSTEM BY ERIC ESSUMAN DUODU (10064940) THIS DISSERTATION IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE MA INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS DEGREE LEGON OCTOBER 2018 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I, ERIC ESSUMAN DUODU, do hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of an original research conducted by me under the supervision of DR. DANIEL D. KIPO-SUNYEHZI and that apart from other works which have been duly acknowledged, no part of it has been submitted anywhere else for any other purpose. ……………………………………. ………………………………… ERIC ESSUMAN DUODU DR. DANIEL D. KIPO-SUNYEHZI (STUDENT) (SUPERVISOR) DATE:………………………………… DATE:…………………………… i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my mother, Cecilia Adu (deceased) and my father Eric Duodu Acheampong for their unyielding support and encouragement. I also wish to dedicate this work to my son, Ellis Kelvin Boateng-Duodu and daughter, Kaylee Boateng-Duodu. ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My utmost appreciation goes to God Almighty for the inspiration and strength. I wish to also express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Daniel D. Kipo-Sunyehzi for his timely support and the critical review of this research. His valuable contributions were fundamental to the successful completion of this Dissertation. I also duly acknowledge the support from Prof. Danso-Boafo and Dr. William Ahadzie, the former CEO of National Identification Authority (NIA) and vital inputs from Ms Pokuah Adu, Mr Kwesi Botchway Ansah, Mr. Kojo Antwi and Mr. Eric Amartey from University of Ghana. Finally, I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. Thomas Buabeng for his encouragement and vital contributions. iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BNI - Bureau of National Investigation CID - Criminal Investigation Department CIDR - Central Identity Data Repository DVLA - Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority ECOWAS - Economic Community of West African States FMRS - False Match Rates FNMRS - False Non-Matched Rates FTC - Failure to Capture FTE - Failure to Enroll ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization IS - Identification System NGO - Non-Governmental Organization NIA - National Identification Authority NIS - National Identification System NIST - National Institute of Standard Technology STQC - Standardization Testing as Quality Certification UID - Unique Identification Number UNICEF - United Nations Children’s Fund INTERPOL - International Criminal Police Organization iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................................. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ viii CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................................................... 1 RESEARCH DESIGN ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Background to the Study .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Statement of the Research Problem .............................................................................................. 4 1.2 Research Questions ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................................ 6 1.4 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................................. 6 1.5 Scope of the Study ....................................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................................... 7 1.7 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................................ 7 1.8 Literature Review ...................................................................................................................... 11 1.8.1 The Use of Biometrics in National Identification Systems ...................................................... 12 1.8.2 Implementation of Biometric Identification Systems.............................................................. 21 1.8.3 National Identification and User Acceptability....................................................................... 25 1.8.4 National Identification System in India .................................................................................. 25 1.9 Sources of Data .......................................................................................................................... 27 1.10 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 27 1.10.1 Thematic Analysis .................................................................................................................. 29 1.10.2 Data Collection Method ......................................................................................................... 30 1.10.3 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 31 1.11 Arrangement of Chapters ....................................................................................................... 32 ENDNOTES ......................................................................................................................................... 33 v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPTER TWO................................................................................................................................. 36 OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS IN GHANA AND INDIA .............. 36 2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 36 2.1 Overview of National Identification in Ghana ............................................................................ 36 2.1.1 Legal Framework ................................................................................................................... 38 2.1.2 Creation of National Database ................................................................................................ 39 2.1.3 Identification Ecosystem in Ghana ......................................................................................... 42 2.1.4 Current State of National Identification System in Ghana ....................................................... 43 2.2 Overview of the Indian National Identification System ............................................................... 45 2.2.1 Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) .................................................................. 47 2.2.2 Identification Ecosystem in India ........................................................................................... 48 2.3 Challenges in the Implementation of NIS in Ghana and India ..................................................... 54 2.3.1 Implementation Challenges in Ghana ..................................................................................... 55 2.3.2 Implementation Challenges in India....................................................................................... 57 2.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 59 ENDNOTES ......................................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................................. 62 ANALYSIS OF THE RESEARCH FINDINGS ................................................................................. 62 3.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 62 3.1 The need and benefits of national Identification in Ghana .......................................................... 62 3.2 The Challenges to the implementation of National Identification System in Ghana .................... 67 3.3 Lessons Ghana can draw from the Indian experience ................................................................
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