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Bid Information on Disaster Risk Management Case Distr. LIMITED LC/MEX/L.836 BID 13 D ecem ber 2007 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH INFORMATION ON DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY OF FIVE COUNTRIES JAMAICA This document has not undergone formal editing. 07-12 Original title: Information on disaster risk management. Case studies o f five countries: Jamaica LC/MEX/L.836 Copyright © United Nations and IDB, December 2007. All rights reserved. Printed in Mexico City. This study was prepared by David A. Y. Smith, Ph.D., P. Eng., as part of the study carried out under the framework of the Information Program and Indicators for Disaster Management project, financed by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and executed by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Sub regional Headquarters in Mexico. The task was coordinated by Ricardo Zapata, ECLAC Focal Point on Disaster Evaluation, and Roberto Meli, ECLAC consultant. The supervision was carried out by Carolina Clarke, Kari Keipi and Cassandra Rogers of the IDB. The views expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsor organisations. Permission to reproduce this material, in whole or in part, must be obtained by contacting the Secretary of the Publications Board, United Nations Headquarters, New York, New York 10017, United States. Member States and their government institutions may reproduce this work without prior permission, but we request that they mention the source and inform the United Nations and IDB of said reproduction. Those wishing to obtain this publication can do so by writing to: Ricardo Zapata, Focal Point of Disaster Evaluation of ECLAC e-mail: [email protected] III TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................................................................................... 5 I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND...................................................... 6 1.1. General Objectives .................................................................................... 6 1.2 Project Activities ........................................................................................ 7 II. SCOPE OF WORK FOR PILOT CASE STUDIES ....................................... 8 III. COUNTRY BACKGROUND.............................................................................. 9 3.1. Geography and Climate ............................................................................ 9 3.2. Population..................................................................................................... 10 3.3. General Ecology ......................................................................................... 12 IV. RISK EXPOSURE TO NATURAL HAZARDS AND DATA SOURCES................................................................................................. 15 4.1. Flooding ....................................................................................................... 16 4.2. Hurricane Risk ............................................................................................. 24 4.3. Seismic Risk ................................................................................................ 31 4.4. Landslide Hazards ...................................................................................... 36 4.5. Tsunami Hazard.......................................................................................... 38 4.6. Summaries of Natural Disasters ............................................................... 38 4.7. Sources and Quality of Data.................................................................... 38 4.8. Perception of Risk...................................................................................... 43 V. THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ................................................ 46 5.1. The Risk Management Structure............................................................. 46 5.2. Mitigation, Preparedeness, and Prevention........................................... 49 5.3. Public Awareness Programs .................................................................... 52 5.4. National Forecasting, Warning, and Alerting Systems...................... 58 5.5. Government Policy on Risk Financing and Risk Transfer................ 58 Page VI. ECONOMIC IMPACTS ...................................................................................... 59 6.1. Background ................................................................................................. 59 IV 6.2. Sectorial Analysis ...................................................................................... 59 6.3. Prices and Inflation..................................................................................... 60 6.4. Financing of the Public Investment Programmes (PSIP).................. 61 VII. RISK TRANSFER ................................................................................................ 62 7.1. The Property Insurance Market in the Caribbean................................ 62 7.2. Observations on Caribbean/Jamaican Market Characteristics ............................................................................................. 63 7.3. Recent Limited-Basis Pooling Initiatives.............................................. 64 7.4. Incentives and Desincentives to Risk-Based Pricing......................... 66 7.5. Developing Insurance for Low Income Communities....................... 67 7.6. Market Implications from Hurricanes Frances and Ivan................... 67 7.7. The Structure of the Caribbean Insurance Markets............................ 68 VIII.DISCUSSIONS; SCENARIOS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS............... 69 8.1. The Risk Management System............................................................... 69 8.2. Ability to Cope UIT Extreme E v en ts..................................................... 73 8.3. Workshop Recommendations ................................................................. 89 Appendixes........................................................................................................................ 93 I. Listing of relevant references from cardin............................................ 95 II. Economic overview-hurricane Ivan........................................................ 100 III. National disaster plans of Jam aica.......................................................... 114 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A. RISK EXPOSURE TO NATURAL HAZARDS AND DATA QUALITY Jamaica, as a result of its location in the north-western Caribbean basin, is prone to numerous specific natural hazards. These include hurricanes, of which recent hurricanes experienced within the last few years (and in fact since 1988 with hurricane Gilbert), have reminded us of Jamaica's great vulnerability to the effects o f this hazard. Next, it is also envisaged that a large earthquake could do considerable damage to sectors o f the population and to infrastructure and could result in displacement and homelessness among large sections of the population, particularly in the highly urbanized areas of the Kingston Metropolitan Area (KMA). These two hazards, though perhaps not the most frequent, have the potential to do the most widespread damage to the population and to infrastructure. Floods are the most frequently occurring natural hazard in Jamaica, and are often linked with severe weather systems, frontal systems and troughs, and less often with hurricanes and storms. Next to floods, landslides are the most frequently occurring hazard for Jamaica. Tsunami events appear to be very infrequent around the coastline o f Jamaica. Events have been recorded however, in 1755 and more recently in 1907. In all, over 300,000 references on the general topic of disaster risk were found to exist. It is therefore clear that there is abundant data dealing with this issue. Largely due to the fact that these documents have been produced through research initiatives, or as commissioned studies, the quality o f the data appears to be quite rich. With respect to the accessibility o f these data, in the Jamaican context the central storage locations are primarily at ODPEM and at CARDIN. Among technical agencies, access to data and information is reasonably easy. The Land Information Council of Jamaica coordinates data access and sharing for the Government agencies with Geographic Information Systems. Some private companies also share data with the ODPEM at no cost. Access to information by the public has been more difficult, although the use of websites to disseminate information to the public is becoming more popular. ODPEM disseminates information for its public information and awareness program through its website, schools, libraries, public lectures and workshops. The public is guaranteed the right to all but personal information by the Access to Information Act. The awareness of the public to floods is evident, as they are described in much detail after each occurrence in the visual and written media. In recent years a trend has been evident in which victims of flooding have either requested relocation or have agreed to relocation. It is clear that these residents have developed a full perception of this hazard, its possible effect (vulnerability) and the degree of loss likely to be experienced in the future and have decided not to accept the level of risk involved in remaining at the vulnerable location. From the perspective of hurricanes, hurricane Gilbert in 1988 and Ivan in
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