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Algues Marines D'importance Économique Aux Philippines

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Algues Marines D'importance Économique Aux Philippines THÈSE DE DOCTORAT DE L'UNIVERSITE BRETAGNE SUD ECOLE DOCTORALE N° 598 Sciences de la Mer et du littoral Spécialité : « (Biotechnologie marines) » Par Rexie MAGDUGO ALGUES MARINES D’IMPORTANCE ÉCONOMIQUE AUX PHILIPPINES : ÉVALUATION DE SIX ESPÈCES Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål), Ulva lactuca (Linnaeus), Sargassum polycystum (C. Agardh), Sargassum ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh, Halymenia durvillei (Bory de Saint- Vincent) et Halymenia dilatata (Zanardini) des Philippines « Wild seaweed species from the Philippines » Thèse présentée et soutenue à « UBS, Vannes », le 4 décembre 2020 Unité de recherche : (7) Rapporteurs avant soutenance : Mayalen ZUBIA Maître de conférences HDR Université Polynésie française, UMR-EIO, Tahiti Laurent PICOT Maître de conférences HDR Université La Rochelle, UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs Team BCBS Composition du Jury : Président : Examinateurs : Claire HELLIO Professeure, UMR-LEMAR, Université de Brest Daniel ROBLEDO Directeur de Recherche, CINVESTAV Mexico Dir. de thèse : Nathalie BOURGOUGNON - Professeur e d’université, LBCM, Université Bretagne Sud Co-dir. de thèse : Gilles BEDOUX - Maître de Conférences, LBCM, Université Bretagne Sud Remerciements Cette étude a été financée par le programme de transition des bourses CHED-PhilFrance K12 et en coopération avec Campus France, l'Ambassade de France aux Philippines et le LBCM de l'Université Bretagne Sud, Vannes, France. Cette étude ne serait pas possible sans l'aide de nombreuses personnes remarquables auxquelles je suis éternellement reconnaissant. Je remercie les membres de mon comité de thèse : la Professeure Nathalie Bourgougnon, ma conseillère de thèse, et le Dr Gilles Bedoux, mon co-directeur qui m'ont accueilli dans leur laboratoire, d'être là pour suivre l'état d'avancement de mes travaux de recherche et corriger mon mémoire afin d’apporter tout le soutien nécessaire à la conduite de cette étude. Bien que je ne peux pas le montrer, et je suis comme un nuage flottant librement dans le ciel, ayant mon propre monde et mes propres décisions, mais vos suggestions et critiques ne sont sûrement pas perdues car je me souviens de prendre des notes et apprendre de chacun un peu plus. Et pour cela, je donne toujours mon respect, mon aide et mon soutien à toute demande dont vous avez besoin, qu'elle soit académique ou non, dans un proche avenir. Et au Prof. Nathalie, merci d’etre mon Saint Thomas. Je suis également reconnaissant au Dr Anicia Q. Hurtado, mon superviseur aux Philippines pour m'avoir fourni des échantillons d'algues, et pour m'avoir toujours guidé comme une figure maternelle, qui a toujours voulu que ses enfants réussissent simplement en étant simplement là pour m'encourager vers le haut. Merci à Anne-Sophie et Romain, mes premiers professeurs à utiliser certains appareils. Merci également à Nolwenn, Marie, Christel et Kevin, je vous remercie tous pour votre aide pendant mon étude. Je veux que vous sachiez que j'ai vraiment beaucoup appris de votre expertise respective. Merci à Anaïs, Alice et Widya. Merci également à Hugo pour la politique, la musique, l'histoire et tous les sujets sains dont nous pouvons discuter. Merci également pour votre aide pour certaines analyses importantes. Merci Philippe, Bernard, et Gwénola de m'avoir toujours aidé à chaque fois que j'avais besoin de votre aide. Algues marines d'importance économique aux Philippines : évaluation de six espèces Rexie Magdugo 2020 Au Dr Laurent Vandajon, merci pour l'amitié, pour la confiance, pour avoir cru en moi, merci de partager vos merveilleuses idées et merci d'être vrai. Merci à Cuong, Thong, Mohamad, Chandru, Benjamin, Alain, Annic, Giséle, Tini, Moana, John, Gary et à tous mes amis en France. Merci aussi à la communauté philippine de Bretagne avec leurs familles, pour m'avoir accueillie comme leur propre famille. Merci à Abel, Jessie, Pascal, Marissa, et à Ronrick de m'avoir accueilli chez eux quand je n'ai nulle part où aller. Merci aussi à ma famille ici en Europe ; à tante Margie, tante Thess, mon cousine Bibeth, et à ma petite cousine Dirly, merci pour votre soutien. Je sais qu’il y a encore beaucoup de personnes à mentionner, avec tout mon coeur que je vous dois, j’ai vraiment apprécié l’aide de chacun pendant mon séjour ici en France et je suis reconnaissant à toutes ces personnes. Avec à grand remerciement à tous. Algues marines d'importance économique aux Philippines : évaluation de six espèces Rexie Magdugo 2020 Acknowledgements This study was funded by CHED-PhilFrance scholarships K12 transition program and in cooperation with Campus France, Embassy of France to the Philippines, and LBCM in University of South Brittany, Vannes, France. This study would not be possible without the help of many remarkable people whom I am forever grateful. I am grateful to my thesis committee members: to Professor Nathalie Bourgougnon, my thesis adviser, and to Dr. Gilles Bedoux, my co-supervisor who welcomed me to their laboratory, for being there to monitor the status of my research work and for taking time to correct my dissertation paper for providing all the necessary support in the conduct of this study. Although I may not show it, and I am like a cloud floating freely in the sky, having my own world and decisions, but your suggestions and criticisms surely would not gone to waste for I remembered, treasured, taking notes, and learned from every bit of it. And for that, I will always give my respect, help and support to whatever request that you need, whether academic or non-academic, in the near future. And to Prof. Nathalie, thank you for being my Saint Thomas. I am also grateful to Dr. Anicia Q. Hurtado, my supervisor to the Philippines for providing me alga samples, and for always checking on me as like a mother figure, who always wanted her children to succeed by simply just being there to cheer me up. Thanks to Anne-Sophie and Romain, my first ever teachers in using some apparatuses. Thanks also to Nolwenn, Marie, Chrystel, and Kevin, I thank you all for your help during my study. I want you to know that I really learned a lot from your respective expertise. Thanks to Anaïs, Alice, and Widya. Thanks also to Hugo for politics, music, history, and whatever wholesome topics that we can discuss. Thanks also for your help for some important analyses. Thank you, Philippe, Bérnard, and Gwénola for always helping me every time I needed your help. Algues marines d'importance économique aux Philippines : évaluation de six espèces Rexie Magdugo 2020 To Dr. Laurent Vandajon, thank you for the friendship, for the trust, for believing. Thank you for sharing your wonderful ideas, and thank you for being true. Thanks to Cuong, Thong, Mohamad, Chandru, Benjamin, Alain, Annic, Giséle, Tini, Moana, John, Gary and to all my friends in France. Thanks also to Filipino community in Bretagne together with their families, for welcoming me as their own family. Thanks to Abel, ate Jessie, Pascal, ate Marissa, to Ronrick for welcoming me at their home when I have nowhere to go. Thanks also to my family here in Europe; to Aunt Margie, aunt Thess, to ate Bibeth, and to my little cousin Dirly, thanks to all your support. I know there are still a lot of people to be mentioned, with all my heart, I truly cherished everyone’s help during my stay here in France and I am grateful for that. Big thanks to all. Algues marines d'importance économique aux Philippines : évaluation de six espèces Rexie Magdugo 2020 Dedicated to the one who broke my heart, -especially to the one who healed it- “Life is short and funny” RPMagdugo “Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication” Leonardo da Vinci “It is true intelligence for a man to take a subject that is mysterious and great in itself and to unfold and simplify it so that a child can understand it” John Taylor Special Acknowledgment To: Commision on Higher Education K12 transition program and to the Embassy of France to the Philippines for its Foreign Postgraduate Scholarship under PhilFrance scholarships program Algues marines d'importance économique aux Philippines : évaluation de six espèces Rexie Magdugo 2020 Table of contents Resume i Abstract ii Scientific contribution iii List of tables iv List of figures viii List of appendices xi List of abbreviations xiii Page 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Contribution to Philippine economy 3 2 Seaweed farming 5 3 Ecological impact of seaweed farming 8 4 Seaweed species selected in this study 11 4.1 Green seaweeds (C. racemosa and U. lactuca) 12 4.2 Brown seaweeds (S. polycystum and S. ilicifolium) 14 4.3 Red seaweeds (H. durvillei and H. dilatata) 16 5 Objectives of the study 19 Chapter 1 Review of Literature 20 1 Definition 20 2 Taxonomy and classification 21 3 Biochemical composition 25 3.1 Minerals 26 3.2 Proteins 27 3.3 Sugars 30 3.3.1 Cell wall 30 3.3.1.1 Green seaweeds 31 3.3.1.2 Brown seaweeds 34 3.3.1.3 Red seaweeds 38 4 Lipids content and fatty acids 41 5 Applications 44 5.1 Algae as vegetable in human consumption 45 5.2 Algae as a source of phycocolloid 48 Algues marines d'importance économique aux Philippines : évaluation de six espèces Rexie Magdugo 2020 5.3 Active ingredients (cosmetics and health) 49 5.3.1 Caulerpa and Ulva species 51 5.3.2 Sargassum species 52 5.3.3 Halymenia species 54 58 Chapter 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Sampling areas and abiotic factors 58 2.1.1 Overview of the studied location 59 2.1.2 Samples preparation, drying, and grinding 61 2.2 Biochemical analyses 66 2.2.1 Acid and water extraction for the charactrezation of the 66 raw material 2.2.2 Proteins and amino-acids content 67 2.2.2.1 Amino-acids content 69 2.2.3 Total sugars content analysis 70 2.2.4 Uronic acid content analysis 72 2.2.5 Polyphenol content analysis 74 2.2.6 Sulfates group content analysis 76 2.2.7 Ash content analysis 79 2.2.8 Lipid and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis 80 2.2.8.1 Nutritional quality indexes 83 2.3 Characterization of polysaccharides 85 2.3.1 Caulerpa racemosa and Ulva lactuca cell wall 86 polysaccharides 2.3.1.1 C.
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