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Creativity Or Imitation:Japanese Success in VCR Technology Jeanine M
Lehigh University Lehigh Preserve Perspectives on business and economics Perspectives on Business and Economics 1-1-1989 Creativity or Imitation:Japanese Success in VCR Technology Jeanine M. Kasulis Lehigh University Follow this and additional works at: http://preserve.lehigh.edu/perspectives-v07 Recommended Citation Kasulis, Jeanine M., "Creativity or Imitation:Japanese Success in VCR Technology" (1989). Perspectives on business and economics. Paper 1. http://preserve.lehigh.edu/perspectives-v07/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Perspectives on Business and Economics at Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion in Perspectives on business and economics by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CREATIVITY OR IMITATION: JAPANESE SUCCESS IN VCR TECHNOLOGY Jeanine M. Kasulis Introduction corder (VCR), a popular electronics device found Until the late 1960s, U.S. industry enjoyed in two out of five American homes, was origin a preeminent position in technology and com ally invented as a broadcasting tool by a Cali manded a significant market share in the field fornia-based American firm named Ampex in for industrial and commercial products. Dur 1956 (Television and Video Almanac, 1988, p. ing the decades that have followed, however, 433). The invention evolved over the next two competitive strides by the Japanese have made decades into a product that could be used in stunning impacts on world and domestic mar the home; but Ampex in particular, and the kets alike. Superior Japanese performance has American electronics industry in general, fell been a growing concern in a wide array of out of competition. -
Released in December 1957, the TR-63 Was Sony's First Pocket-Size Transistor Radio
Released in December 1957, the TR-63 was Sony's first pocket-size transistor radio. It's a 6-transistor superhet design with some interesting design features, including the use of Sony-manufactured NPN transistors in the circuit. Masaru Ibuka served with the Impe- used in schools and courts. much discussion, Sony's research labo- rial Navy Wartime Research Committee Following Ibuka's visionary 1952 ratory head, Mikato Kikuchi, suggested during World War 2, leaving in 1946 to trip to the USA to sign a licence with dropping Bells' preferred doping agent, join Akio Morita to form Tokyo Tsushin Western Electric, Sony acquired pat- indium, and substituting phosphorus Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha, "Totsuko". ent rights for the transistor and subse- instead. When that didn't work, Morita Morita, a physics graduate, had served quently began manufacturing portable called for "more doping"! alongside Ibuka in the Research Com- radios in 1955. It soon paid off and Sony were able mittee, and their friendship laid the to produce the transistors used in their foundations for the international pow- Early difficulties first solid-state radios. Their TR-55 erhouse we now know simply as Sony. Sony preferred NPN transistors be- model, released in 1955, is now a rarity Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo's first prod- cause of their better high-frequency and the last one to be listed online some uct, a rice cooker, says a lot about the response but were initially unable to years ago had a price tag of $US1500. company. Japan had suffered massive produce working examples. One can only imagine the energy destruction during World War 2 due to NPN devices exploit the fact that invested by Sony to leap from Ibuka's bombing and people needed utensils to electrons move more quickly than licensing agreement to a marketable cook their staple food, which was rice. -
Home Video Philology: Methodological Reflections
Special – peer-reviewed Cinergie – Il cinema e le altre arti. N.13 (2018) https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2280-9481/7878 ISSN 2280-9481 Home Video Philology: Methodological Reflections Valerio Sbravatti Submitted: March 1, 2018 – Revised version: May 25, 2018 Accepted: June 15, 2018 – Published: July 12, 2018 Abstract Digital home video is an extremely useful means of watching and analyzing films. However, scholars often neglect the fact that official home video or streaming releases of a film can have differences from theoriginal version of the film itself. Such variances typically are lack of film grain (resulting from digital noise reduction), differences in color grading, and soundtrack remixing. This can depend on the fact that the technicians who work on home video releases are unprepared, or are instructed to adjust the look and the sound of the film to the current taste, or because the filmmakers changed their mind and requested some modifications. Atany rate, film scholars must be aware of such possible inconsistencies, otherwise their study could be fallacious. In this article I discuss upon philological problems of home video releases mainly from a practical point of view. Keywords: Blu-ray Disc; DVD; film fandom; film philology; film restoration. Valerio Sbravatti: Sapienza Università di Roma (It) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0817-6129 [email protected] Valerio Sbravatti (1988) has a PhD in Music and performing arts at Sapienza University of Rome, where he is honorary fellow in film studies. His main research interests are film sound and film music, on which he published somearticlesand a book (Allegro non troppo. -
VHS and VCR (Edited from Wikipedia)
VHS And VCR (Edited from Wikipedia) SUMMARY A videocassette recorder, VCR, or video recorder is an electromechanical device that records analog audio and analog video from broadcast television or other source on a removable, magnetic tape videocassette, and can play back the recording. Use of a VCR to record a television program to play back at a more convenient time is commonly referred to as timeshifting. VCRs can also play back prerecorded tapes. In the 1980s and 1990s, prerecorded videotapes were widely available for purchase and rental, and blank tapes were sold to make recordings. Most domestic VCRs are equipped with a television broadcast receiver (tuner) for TV reception, and a programmable clock (timer) for unattended recording of a television channel from a start time to an end time specified by the user. These features began as simple mechanical counter-based single-event timers, but were later replaced by more flexible multiple-event digital clock timers. In later models the multiple timer events could be programmed through a menu interface displayed on the playback TV screen ("on-screen display" or OSD). This feature allowed several programs to be recorded at different times without further user intervention, and became a major selling point. The Video Home System (VHS) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the United States in early 1977. From the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders (VTRs). -
1 WELCOME to the NEW WORLD of DISTRIBUTION by Peter Broderick
WELCOME TO THE NEW WORLD OF DISTRIBUTION By Peter Broderick (First appeared in indieWIRE, September 16 & 17, 2008) Welcome to the New World of Distribution. Many filmmakers are emigrating from the Old World, where they have little chance of succeeding. They are attracted by unprecedented opportunities and the freedom to shape their own destiny. Life in the New World requires them to work harder, be more tenacious, and take more risks. There are daunting challenges and no guarantees of success. But this hasn’t stopped more and more intrepid filmmakers from exploring uncharted territory and staking claims. Before the discovery of the New World, the Old World of Distribution reigned supreme. It is a hierarchical realm where filmmakers must petition the powers that be to grant them distribution. Independents who are able to make overall deals are required to give distributors total control of the marketing and distribution of their films. The terms of these deals have gotten worse and few filmmakers end up satisfied. All is not well for companies and filmmakers in what I call the Old World of Distribution. At Film Independent’s Film Financing Conference, Mark Gill vividly described “the ways the independent film business is in trouble” in his widely read and discussed keynote. Mark listed the companies and divisions that have been shut down or are teetering on the brink of bankruptcy, noted that five others are in “serious financial peril,” and said that ten independent film financiers may soon “exit the business.” Mark made a persuasive case that “the sky really is falling… because the accumulation of bad news is kind of awe-inspiring.” While he doesn’t 1 expect that the sky will “hit the ground everywhere,” he warned “it will feel like we just survived a medieval plague. -
Distribution Forward Distribution Forward: a Guide to Strategic Self-Initiated Digital and DVD Documentary Film Distribution
Distribution Forward Distribution Forward: a guide to strategic self-initiated digital and DVD documentary film distribution. THIS PUBLICATION WAS MADE POSSIBLE THROUGH THE SUPPORT OF: 1 Contents Introduction 3 Elizabeth Radshaw, Hot Docs Forum and Market Director The Marketplace 4 Elizabeth Radshaw, Hot Docs Forum and Market Director The Rights 6 Greg Rubidge, Syndicado The Players 7 Greg Rubidge, Syndicado The Deals 8 Greg Rubidge, Syndicado The Strategy 9 • Greg Rubdige, Syndicado 9 • Jon Reiss, JonReiss.com 12 • Melanie Miller, Gravitas Ventures 19 • Robin Smith, KinoSmith 14 • Andrew Mer, Snag Films 18 The Example 21 Felice Gorica, Gorica Productions The Wisdom 23 Janet Brown, Cinetic The Resources 24 2 Introduction Distribution Forward: a guide to strategic self-initiated digital and DVD documentary film distribution. Distribution Forward illustrates the current climate of digital and DVD distribution of documentary films through examples, case studies and direct market intelligence from players in the field. This guide will provide tools, information and support to help filmmakers determine their own strategies for their films’ market trajectory. Additionally, Distribution Forward intends to dispel the myths Twitter length conversation bubbles @DistributionFwd tiny bits of and better inform filmmakers about the realities of the market distribution wisdom. place, helping them to achieve positive results and meet their financial, professional and artistic goals. The dialogue around digital documentary distribution has run the gamut of DIY, DIWO, hybrid, and self-distribution, which can confuse filmmakers and muddle their expectations. This guide intends to shed some light on the current climate. It is by no means exhaustive and there are a many avenues worthy of exploration. -
80 the MARKET Sony Corporation Is a Leading
THE MARKET a very small group of young peo- Sony Corporation is a leading man- ple with the energy and passion for ufacturer of audio, video, communi- unlimited creation. cations, and information technology This passion and creativity products for the consumer and pro- eventually led to the development of fessional markets. Additionally, the Sony’s Trinitron TV in 1968, which company’s music, motion picture, set the world standard for high television-production, game, and quality in home theater products. online businesses make Sony one of As a proponent of global oper- the most comprehensive entertain- ations based on a local presence, ment companies in the world. Morita set up manufacturing plants all over the world. Its Trinitron® ACHIEVEMENTS color television assembly plant Today, Sony employs almost 170,000 in San Diego, California, built in people worldwide, with almost 1972, was the first consumer elec- 22,000 working in the United States. tronics manufacturing facility built For fiscal year 2001, Sony Corpor- in the United States by a Japanese- ation had total sales of more than based company. $56.9 billion, with the electronics Morita’s deep confidence in segment making up more than two- another legendary Sony product, thirds of the revenues. the Walkman personal stereo, was Sony Electronics Inc. (SEL), the key factor in its ultimate formerly known as Sony Corpor- success. While retailers were ation of America, was established in initially resistant, the Walkman 1960 to oversee Sony’s sales and stereo’s compact size and excel- marketing activities in the United lent sound quality attracted con- States. -
An In-Home Video Study and Questionnaire Survey of Food Preparation, Kitchen Sanitation, and Hand Washing Practices
AdvAncEmEnt of tHE SCIENCE An In-Home Video Study and Questionnaire Survey of Food Preparation, Kitchen Sanitation, and Hand Washing Practices Elizabeth Scott, PhD Nancie Herbold, RD, EdD million for premature deaths, $30 million for medical care, and $5 million in lost pro- Foodborne illnesses pose a problem to all individuals Abstract ductivity (Frenzen, Drake, Angulo, & the but are especially signifi cant for infants, the elderly, and individuals with Emerging Infections Program FOODNET compromised immune systems. Personal hygiene is recognized as the num- Working Group, 2005). ber-one way people can lower their risk. The majority of meals in the U.S. A new interest has arisen in household are eaten at home. Little is known, however, about the actual application of practices as a result of the understanding that a link exists between contaminated personal hygiene and sanitation behaviors in the home. inanimate surfaces and disease transmis- The study discussed in this article assessed knowledge of hygiene prac- sion and acquisition within settings such tices compared to observed behaviors and determined whether knowledge as the home (Cozad & Jones, 2003). Do- equated to practice. It was a descriptive study involving a convenience sam- mestic sanitation practices, especially those ple of 30 households. Subjects were recruited from the Boston area and a employing wet sponges, cloths, and mops, have been found to further disseminate bac- researcher and/or a research assistant traveled to the homes of study par- teria to other inanimate surfaces and direct- ticipants to videotape a standard food preparation procedure preceded by ly to the hands, leading to cross-contami- fl oor mopping. -
Multichannel Music and DVD Audio
Multichannel Music and DVD Audio Table of contents 1 Multichannel Music and DVD Audio.......................................................................... 2 Built with Apache Forrest http://forrest.apache.org/ Multichannel Music and DVD Audio 1. Multichannel Music and DVD Audio In the early years, fantastic sound meant fantastic music. With the advent of "surround sound", the emphasis shifted a bit, in the direction of film sound. Also, my present speakers (Bose Acoustimass 7) did not really make music sound "musically". Surround sound in the sense of matrix encoded "Dolby surround" also does not "promote" audiophile music. Already Dolby Digital 5.1 and DTS offer more for multichannel music (five discrete full-range channels, although with some compression). DVD Audio, together with Super Audio CD (SACD), presently offers the ultimate in modern audiophile audio reproduction. DVD Audio offers a sampling depth up to 24 bits, sampling frequence up to 192 kHz, and up to 6 channels. Instead of lossy compression, the music date may be compressed losslessly using Meridian Lossless Packing. DVD-Audio can also contain multimedia content like pictures, lyrics, etc. It can also be combined with video content, although audio of highest quality/bandwidth and video cannot coexist (for bandwidth reasons). DVD Audio comes with digital copy protection that is part of the specification, and not based on deliberately specification-violations and production of deliberately defect discs (like "copy protected" CD's). SACD has similar properties, however, it cannot be combined with multimedia content. It is said, e.g. by Wikipedia, that there is a format war between SACD and DVD Audio. It appears to me that formats wars in the 2000's run differently than the format war between VHS, Betamax and Video 2000; also compare the "format war" DVD-R vs. -
Netflix and the Development of the Internet Television Network
Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE May 2016 Netflix and the Development of the Internet Television Network Laura Osur Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Osur, Laura, "Netflix and the Development of the Internet Television Network" (2016). Dissertations - ALL. 448. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/448 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract When Netflix launched in April 1998, Internet video was in its infancy. Eighteen years later, Netflix has developed into the first truly global Internet TV network. Many books have been written about the five broadcast networks – NBC, CBS, ABC, Fox, and the CW – and many about the major cable networks – HBO, CNN, MTV, Nickelodeon, just to name a few – and this is the fitting time to undertake a detailed analysis of how Netflix, as the preeminent Internet TV networks, has come to be. This book, then, combines historical, industrial, and textual analysis to investigate, contextualize, and historicize Netflix's development as an Internet TV network. The book is split into four chapters. The first explores the ways in which Netflix's development during its early years a DVD-by-mail company – 1998-2007, a period I am calling "Netflix as Rental Company" – lay the foundations for the company's future iterations and successes. During this period, Netflix adapted DVD distribution to the Internet, revolutionizing the way viewers receive, watch, and choose content, and built a brand reputation on consumer-centric innovation. -
Annual Report 2011
Contents 02-19 Letter to Shareholders: A Message from Howard Stringer, CEO Dear Shareholders Operating Results in Fiscal Year 2010 Focus Areas for Growth Networked Products and Services 3D World Competitive Advantages through Differentiated Technologies Emerging Markets 06 10 Expanding 3D World Networked Products 3D World and Services 12 15 Competitive Advantages through Emerging Markets Differentiated Technologies 20 26 Special Feature: Special Feature: Sony’s “Exmor RTM” Sony in India 34 40 Financial Highlights Products, Services and Content 50 51 Board of Directors and Financial Section Corporate Executive Officers 64 65 Stock Information Investor Information ©2011 Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc., All Rights Reserved. For more information on Sony’s financial performance, corporate governance, CSR and Financial Services business, please refer to the following websites. 2011 Annual Report on Form 20-F http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/IR/library/sec.html Corporate Governance Structure http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/csr/governance/index.html CSR Report http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/Environment/index.html Financial Services Business http://www.sonyfh.co.jp/index_en.html (Sony Financial Holdings Inc.) Artist: Adele Photo credit: Mari Sarai 01 Letter to Shareholders: A Message from Howard Stringer, CEO 02 Dear Shareholders, A review of the fiscal year ended March 31, 2011 (fiscal year 2010) must first mention the Great East Japan Earthquake, which occurred near the end of the fiscal year. On March 11, at 2:46 p.m. local time, East Japan was struck by a 9.0-magnitude earthquake, immedi- ately followed by a giant tsunami, which had, in addition to the tragic loss of life and property, a profound psychological and financial impact on the people of Japan. -
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