Bound: Documentation and Home- Making
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(Un)Bound: Documentation and home making across national borders Swarthmore College Department of Sociology and Anthropology Senior Honors Thesis Submitted: May 2015 Advised by Professor Farha Ghannam Anushka Suketu Mehta Abstract This thesis explores legal/documented immigrants in the United States, and how they perceive 'home' and their identities in light of their mobility and changing locations. In particular, I am interested in the relationship between meanings of home and documentation, examining questions such as: How do citizenship papers shape feelings of belonging and attachment to a particular country? How do Green cards and passports influence one's mobility and understanding of home? Drawing on studies of flexible citizenship, nationalism, post-nationalism, and liminality, my thesis analyzes the narratives of five immigrant women and explores how they define and view home. It argues that home is best understood as a continuous process of making and remaking that is shaped by multiple forces and discourses. This process is informed by specific histories and socio-economic structures, yet it is not fixed and is open to constant transformation. Analyzing documentation as a form of legal capital that both enables and limits mobilities but that can be converted into other forms (including social, cultural, material and symbolic) of capital, I trace how 'home' is constituted by reworking memories of the past and recalling sensory experiences of the immigrants' home country and/or city and negotiating the social and economic realities of their current positionalities as workers, parents, permanent residents and citizens. 2 Acknowledgements This thesis is dedicated to Natasha Mehta, A fellow home-searcher, and my partner in all things 'home.' This thesis would not have been possible without the support and guidance of a variety of people. Firstly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Farha Ghannam, my four-year advisor, my mentor and my home away from home. Without Professor Ghannam's continuous advice and support, this thesis wouldn't be where it is today, and indeed I would never have felt comfortable pursuing such a personal topic that I am truly passionate about. It was Professor Ghannam that first taught me that academia and scholarship can be found anywhere, and that 'home' and passports can be both an emotional engagement and a scholarly study. Furthermore, I would like to thank everyone at the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Swarthmore College: from Christie Scheutze, with whom I took my first class in the department and realized that this was the department I wanted to major in, to Sarah Willie-LeBreton, the Chair of the department who has supported around 40 different students through their simultaneous angst and thesis-associated fear, Maya Nadkarni, who taught me what an academic challenge really looks like, and how not to be afraid of it, and the wonderful Rose Maio whose smiles and chats always made working on my thesis in the seminar room worthwhile. I'd like to thank my friends and peers at Swarthmore College, who have heard me typing into the night, who have supported me as I hit a block after attempt four at the same chapters, and who have shaped my thought processes and personal life since day one at college. In particular, I would like to mention Elena Holtkotte for Skyping with me across continents and 3 being one of the biggest supports and helps in thinking about 'shopping for homes', home searching, and what it means to be displaced. Of course, without my family, and the mere fact of my heritage, my upbringing and my surrounding environment, this thesis and the way I conceive of 'home' would be literally non existent. My parents' support and understanding of my tenuous, yet strong and deep, relationships to Egypt and India, and now the US, has left an indelible mark on this thesis and my life. Additionally, I'm very grateful to the Nationalities Services Center in Philadelphia and the wonderfully strong, thoughtful and fantastic participants I was fortunate enough to interview. Without them, the richness and detail that I am most excited about with regards to the stories I was able to tell, would have been impossible. I hope that I have done your remarkable stories justice, and am so grateful for the openness with which you shared them with me. And, finally, I would like to thank all the donors to The J. Roland Pennock Fellowships in Public Affairs, whose financial support made my summer of thesis research possible. 4 Contents Introduction: Uprooted Homes ........................................................................................................ 6 Studying Home and Documentation.................................................................................... 8 'Home': From a Safe Haven to a Tool of Exclusion ......................................................... 12 'Home' as Spatially Bounded and Rooted in the Family.................................................. 12 The Imagined and the Remembered .................................................................................. 16 The Unbounded and Delocalized ....................................................................................... 17 Home Vis-it-Vis the Nation-State ...................................................................................... 21 Liminality and Capital: Betwixt, Between and Bourdieu .............................................. 27 Roadmap ........................................................................................................................... .30 Chapter 1: Home for vacation: liminalityas a site of potentiality................................................. 33 Yasmine: From Outsider to Marginal. .............................................................................. .34 Gaia: From Marginal to Insider? ...................................................................................... .49 Chapter 2: Melting Pots and Diasporic Communities ................................................................... 64 Losing Home ...................................................................................................................... 65 The Right to Return ........................................................................................................... 77 Chapter 3: Citizen of a city or a nation? ....................................................................................... 87 Uprooted ............................................................................................................................ 88 Disconnected...................................................................................................................... 93 Culture Shock..................................................................................................................... 99 Chapter 4: "For us nomads," there never was a home ................................................................. 109 The "liberating" Green Card............................................................................................ 110 "I don't need to belong" ................................................................................................... 115 In flux ............................................................................................................................... 120 A citizen of the city of longing ........................................................................................ 125 An email from Shahnaz: Places, people and moments .................................................... 128 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 131 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 137 Appendix...................................................................................................................................... 141 5 Introduction: Uprooted Homes "Homeward bound, Home, where my thought's escaping, Home, where my music's playing, Home, where my love lies waiting Silently for me." (Simon and Garfunkel, 1966) "I left three days ago, but no one seems to know I'm gone Home is where the hatred is, Home is filled with pain and it Might not be such a bad idea if! never, never went home again." (Gil Scott-Heron, 1971) When thinking about topics as controversial, contested and emotional as 'home', it is important to consider my personal background to indicate the various biases and complexities that this notion triggers when I tackle it. As someone with a multi-cultural background, I have grown up mobile in the most inherent way possible: constantly moving between countries, indeed continents, flying between spaces from the time I was 2 weeks old. The meaning of 'home' has always been of particular personal and, eventually, academic interest to me. Furthermore, as someone with a different legal citizenship than that of the country in which I was born, raised, and consider 'home', the concept of documentation as it relates to personal identity is an issue that I would like to closely consider. I was born and lived most of my life in Egypt, and have been studying for the past 4 years in the US; neither are countries that appear on my passport unless you delve within its pages and find the visas and stamps. The idea of a passport as "identification" greatly interests me, as a method of controlling