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Foraging Modes of Carnivorous Plants Aaron M
Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution, 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191066 Foraging modes of carnivorous plants Aaron M. Ellison* Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 North Main Street, Petersham, Massachusetts, 01366, USA Abstract Carnivorous plants are pure sit-and-wait predators: they remain rooted to a single location and depend on the abundance and movement of their prey to obtain nutrients required for growth and reproduction. Yet carnivorous plants exhibit phenotypically plastic responses to prey availability that parallel those of non-carnivorous plants to changes in light levels or soil-nutrient concentrations. The latter have been considered to be foraging behaviors, but the former have not. Here, I review aspects of foraging theory that can be profitably applied to carnivorous plants considered as sit-and-wait predators. A discussion of different strategies by which carnivorous plants attract, capture, kill, and digest prey, and subsequently acquire nutrients from them suggests that optimal foraging theory can be applied to carnivorous plants as easily as it has been applied to animals. Carnivorous plants can vary their production, placement, and types of traps; switch between capturing nutrients from leaf-derived traps and roots; temporarily activate traps in response to external cues; or cease trap production altogether. Future research on foraging strategies by carnivorous plants will yield new insights into the physiology and ecology of what Darwin called “the most wonderful plants in the world”. At the same time, inclusion of carnivorous plants into models of animal foraging behavior could lead to the development of a more general and taxonomically inclusive foraging theory. -
Passiflora Incarnata Family: the Passionflower Family, Passifloraceae
Of interest this week at Beal... Purple Passionflower Passiflora incarnata Family: the Passionflower family, Passifloraceae. Also called May-Pop, and Wild apricot W. J. Beal The purple passionflower, Passiflora incarnata,is an herbaceous vine, native to the Botanical Garden southeast quadrant of North America. It, and its fruit often are called maypops. It is the fruits of passionflowers that provide the most popular of the food uses for the plant, used in drinks and ice creams. But it is the flower, captivating by its complex beauty, and its history as an icon of Christian myth that generate the most interest. There are many passionflower species (Passiflora spp.) and all of them are native to the new world tropics, or near-tropics. Depending on which taxonomy you choose, there are between 400 and 600 species in this genus. The purple passionflower is found farther outside the tropics than any other passionflower. It has been found at least as far north as Missouri in the West and New Jersey in the eastern United States. Although the intricate and striking flowers are beautiful and fragrant, their connection to passion is not over love or romance. Passion, in this context, refers to the Passion of Christ. Spanish Christian missionaries, saw the numerological aspects of the flower as a sign from God that their mission in the New World was God’s will. When the Vatican received the first drawings of the flowers, the clerics reviewing them thought the illustrations were so fanciful as to not be real. It was not until much later, after many missionaries were interviewed, that these unmistakable flowers were accepted as a possibly real organism. -
Butterfly Plant List
Butterfly Plant List Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) go through what is known as a * This list of plants is seperated by host (larval/caterpilar stage) "complete" lifecycle. This means they go through metamorphosis, and nectar (Adult feeding stage) plants. Note that plants under the where there is a period between immature and adult stages where host stage are consumed by the caterpillars as they mature and the insect forms a protective case/cocoon or pupae in order to form their chrysalis. Most caterpilars and mothswill form their transform into its adult/reproductive stage. In butterflies this case cocoon on the host plant. is called a Chrysilas and can come in various shapes, textures, and colors. Host Plants/Larval Stage Perennials/Annuals Vines Common Name Scientific Common Name Scientific Aster Asteracea spp. Dutchman's pipe Aristolochia durior Beard Tongue Penstamon spp. Passion vine Passiflora spp. Bleeding Heart Dicentra spp. Wisteria Wisteria sinensis Butterfly Weed Asclepias tuberosa Dill Anethum graveolens Shrubs Common Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Common Name Scientific Common Foxglove Digitalis purpurea Cape Plumbago Plumbago auriculata Joe-Pye Weed Eupatorium purpureum Hibiscus Hibiscus spp. Garden Nasturtium Tropaeolum majus Mallow Malva spp. Parsley Petroselinum crispum Rose Rosa spp. Snapdragon Antirrhinum majus Senna Cassia spp. Speedwell Veronica spp. Spicebush Lindera benzoin Spider Flower Cleome hasslerana Spirea Spirea spp. Sunflower Helianthus spp. Viburnum Viburnum spp. Swamp Milkweed Asclepias incarnata Trees Trees Common Name Scientific Common Name Scientific Birch Betula spp. Pine Pinus spp. Cherry and Plum Prunus spp. Sassafrass Sassafrass albidum Citrus Citrus spp. Sweet Bay Magnolia virginiana Dogwood Cornus spp. Sycamore Platanus spp. Hawthorn Crataegus spp. -
Antibacterial Properties of Passiflora Foetida L. – a Common Exotic Medicinal Plant
African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 6 (23), pp. 2650-2653, 3 December, 2007 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2007 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Antibacterial properties of Passiflora foetida L. – a common exotic medicinal plant C. Mohanasundari1, D. Natarajan2*, K. Srinivasan3, S. Umamaheswari4 and A. Ramachandran5 1Department of Microbiology, Kandaswami Kandar’s College, P. Velur, 638 182, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, South India. 2Department of Botany, Periyar E.V.R. College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli 620 023, Tamil Nadu, South India. 3Department of Biology, Eritrea Institute of Technology, Mai Nefhi, Asmara, North East Africa. 4Department of Eco-Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, South India. 5Forest Utilization Division, Tamil Nadu Forests Department, Chennai 600 006, Tamil Nadu, South India Accepted 20 October, 2006 Passiflora foetida L. (stinking passion flower) is an exotic medicinal vine. The antibacterial properties of leaf and fruit (ethanol and acetone) extracts were screened against four human pathogenic bacteria i.e. Pseudomonas putida, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella flexneri and Streptococcus pyogenes by well-in agar method. The results showed the leaf extract having remarkable activity against all bacterial pathogens compared to fruits. This study supports, the traditional medicines (herbal extracts) to cure many diseases like diarrhea, intestinal tract, throat, ear infections, fever and skin diseases. Key words: Passiflora foetida, antibacterial activity, ethanol and acetone extracts, human pathogenic bacteria. INTRODUCTION Human infections particularly those involving micro- many unsafe and fatal side effects have recently been organisms i.e. bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes, they reported (Ikegami et al., 2003; Izzo, 2004). -
FLORA from FĂRĂGĂU AREA (MUREŞ COUNTY) AS POTENTIAL SOURCE of MEDICINAL PLANTS Silvia OROIAN1*, Mihaela SĂMĂRGHIŢAN2
ISSN: 2601 – 6141, ISSN-L: 2601 – 6141 Acta Biologica Marisiensis 2018, 1(1): 60-70 ORIGINAL PAPER FLORA FROM FĂRĂGĂU AREA (MUREŞ COUNTY) AS POTENTIAL SOURCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS Silvia OROIAN1*, Mihaela SĂMĂRGHIŢAN2 1Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tîrgu Mureş, Romania 2Mureş County Museum, Department of Natural Sciences, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania *Correspondence: Silvia OROIAN [email protected] Received: 2 July 2018; Accepted: 9 July 2018; Published: 15 July 2018 Abstract The aim of this study was to identify a potential source of medicinal plant from Transylvanian Plain. Also, the paper provides information about the hayfields floral richness, a great scientific value for Romania and Europe. The study of the flora was carried out in several stages: 2005-2008, 2013, 2017-2018. In the studied area, 397 taxa were identified, distributed in 82 families with therapeutic potential, represented by 164 medical taxa, 37 of them being in the European Pharmacopoeia 8.5. The study reveals that most plants contain: volatile oils (13.41%), tannins (12.19%), flavonoids (9.75%), mucilages (8.53%) etc. This plants can be used in the treatment of various human disorders: disorders of the digestive system, respiratory system, skin disorders, muscular and skeletal systems, genitourinary system, in gynaecological disorders, cardiovascular, and central nervous sistem disorders. In the study plants protected by law at European and national level were identified: Echium maculatum, Cephalaria radiata, Crambe tataria, Narcissus poeticus ssp. radiiflorus, Salvia nutans, Iris aphylla, Orchis morio, Orchis tridentata, Adonis vernalis, Dictamnus albus, Hammarbya paludosa etc. Keywords: Fărăgău, medicinal plants, human disease, Mureş County 1. -
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter V47 N2 June 2018
New Cultivars Keywords: Pinguicula ‘Riva’, Drosera binata ‘Ghost’, Nepenthes ampullaria ‘Black Widow’, Nepenthes ampullaria ‘Caramel Candy Stripe’, Nepenthes ampullaria ‘Lime Delight’, Nepenthes ampullaria ‘Chocolate Delight’, Nepenthes ampullaria ‘Cherry Delight’, Nepenthes ampullaria ‘Bronze Delight’. Pinguicula ‘Riva’ Submitted: 22 February 2018 The parents of Pinguicula ‘Riva’ (Fig. 1) are P. agnata (with scented flowers) × P. gigantea (to the best of my knowledge; the second parent may have been a P. gigantea × P. emarginata). This cross was done and the resulting seed germinated in late 2013 by me in San Francisco, California. This particular plant made its specialness apparent after about 2 years of growth under lights when it began flowering. The flower is approximately 2 cm wide by 2.5 cm long and is white with a bright yellow center which is surrounded by a flaring purple ring. The petals are 1 cm long, 7-9 mm wide, slightly ruffled, and the top 2 petals have irregular slightly serrated upper margins. The spur is 12 mm long, green and straight. The flower stalk is 18-20 cm long. And, the flower is scented, quite heavily in warmer conditions. The flower does not produce pollen or seed so it is sterile. The leaves of the plant are nice as well, ranging from 4-5.5 cm long and about 3 cm wide. The leaf shape is oblong egg-shaped with the rounded end distal from the central growth point. The color of the leaves ranges from pale green with burgundy tinting and margins to muted burgundy with green undertones. The margins of the leaf are slightly upturned. -
Passiflora Tarminiana, a New Cultivated Species of Passiflora Subgenus
Novon 11(1): 8–15. 2001 Passiflora tarminiana, a new cultivated species of Passiflora subgenus Tacsonia. Geo Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge1, Victoria E. Barney1, Peter Møller Jørgensen2, John M. MacDougal2 1CIRAD-FLHOR/IPGRI Project for Neotropical Fruits, c/o CIAT, A.A. 6713, Cali Colombia 2Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, U.S.A. Abstract The new species Passiflora tarminiana differs from its closes relative by the character combination of very small acicular stipules and large almost reflexed petals and sepals. This species has escaped detection despite being widely cultivated. Naturalized populations, particularly on Hawa'ii, have created problems for conservation of the native flora. In Colombia it is more frequently adopted in industrial cultivation because of its rusticity and resistance to fungal diseases. Introduction Passifloras of the subgenus Tacsonia are cultivated by many small farmers, from Venezuela to Bolivia. Some species are cultivated in New Zealand. The main cultivated species is Passiflora mollissima (Kunth) Bailey (Escobar, 1980 & 1988), also called P. Coppens et al. 2000 Passiflora tarminiana 2 tripartita var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm-Nielsen & P. Jørgensen (Holm-Nielsen et al., 1988). It is called "curuba de Castilla" in Colombia, "tacso de Castilla" in Ecuador, and “banana passionfruit” in English-speaking countries.. The second species of importance in the Andes is "curuba india," "curuba ecuatoriana," or "curuba quiteña" in Colombia, called "tacso amarillo" in Ecuador (Pérez Arbeláez, 1978; A.A.A., 1992; Campos, 1992). It is most frequently found in private gardens, but some commercial growers have, because of its rusticity, started to grow it instead of the "curuba de Castilla." We describe this overlooked cultigen as a new species under the name Passiflora tarminiana, in recognition of Tarmín Campos, a Colombian agronomist who contributed with enthusiasm to the development of banana passion fruit cultivation and introduced the first author to the cultivated passifloras of the central Colombian highlands. -
STREAKED ARROWGRASS Triglochin Striatum
TREAKED RROWGRASS H10 © photos G. Sainty & DPI Hamilton S A SALTdeck Series Triglochin striatum HERB 2cm 2mm Sustainable STREAKED ARROWGRASS Grazing on SALTdeck Series Triglochin striatum Saline Land © AWI & CRC Salinity 2006 Family: Juncaginaceae. H10 Description: Erect perennial often less than 30 cm tall, but occasionally to 50 cm. Leaves in tufts on an extensive rhizome. Flowerhead an erect spike to 15 cm long. Flowers green. Fruit round to egg-shaped, 1.5–3 mm long, on a short stalk, spirally arranged on a spike (see photo). Flowers spring to autumn. Key features: Absence of tubers (other species of Triglochin usually with tubers), presence of a sheath and a membranous ligule, and narrow leaves that are cylindrical or flat and strap-like. Value: Palatable to sheep, moderate feed energy value, but recovers slowly from grazing. Remains green during summer where it has access to groundwater. May form large patches but usually part of the salt tolerant mix of plants in saline land. Rhizomatous habit and dense cover reduces the potential for erosion. Salinity and waterlogging tolerance: High tolerance to salt and waterlogging. Notes: Native to all States, North and South America and southern Africa. Useful indicator of salinity. Grows widely along the coast and in Victoria is widespread inland. Thrives in coastal saltmarsh and common in the low marsh inundated zone. Flowers in summer, and produces much seed from which it is easy to propagate. A good pioneer plant. References: Flora of South Australia, Jessop and Toelken (eds), Part 4, 4th edition, 1986. Flora of Victoria, Walsh and Entwisle H (eds), Vol. -
Passiflora Incarnata – Purple Passionflower
Florida Native Plant Society Native Plant Owners Manual Passiflora incarnata – Purple Passionflower Mark Hutchinson Putting things in perspective All seasonal references are applicable to the eastern panhandle of Hernando County where the plants portrayed in this presentation grow. This area happens to be a cold spot in central Florida due to the Brooksville Ridge and approximates a Hardiness Zone of 8a or 8b, average annual low temperatures ranging between 10 and 20 °F. Any reference to medicinal or culinary use of plants or plant parts should in no way be considered an endorsement by the Florida Native Plant Society of any sort of experimentation or consumptive use. Please do not attempt to rescue any native plants without first reviewing the FNPS Policy on Transplanting Native Plants Special thanks to Lucille Lane and Shirley Denton Purple Passionflower Passionflower family Passiflora incarnata Navigation Links (for use in open discussion) What’s in a Name? Biological Classification – Tree of Life Where does this plant grow? • In North America • In Florida What this plant needs to - • Thrive • Pollinate ‘View/Full Screen Mode’ • Propagation recommended • Live a long life Throughout this presentation, clicking Life Cycle this symbol will return References you to this page. Purple Passionflower, maypop, apricot vine, wild passion flower, Holy-Trinity flower, passion vine, maracoe, maycock, sarsaparilla, molly-pop, granadilla Passiflora (pass -iff-FLOR -uh) From the Latin for passion, because of the flower’s fancied numerological association with the crucifixion of Christ. Incarnata (in -kar-NUH -tuh) Possibly from the Latin ‘incarnatus,’ meaning invested with bodily, especially human, nature and form. -
Eutaxia Microphylla Common Eutaxia Dillwynia Hispida Red Parrot-Pea Peas FABACEAE: FABOIDEAE Peas FABACEAE: FABOIDEAE LEGUMINOSAE LEGUMINOSAE
TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword iv printng informaton Acknowledgements vi Introducton 2 Using the Book 3 Scope 4 Focus Area Reserve Locatons 5 Ground Dwellers 7 Creepers And Twiners 129 Small Shrubs 143 Medium Shrubs 179 Large Shrubs 218 Trees 238 Water Lovers 257 Grasses 273 Appendix A 290 Appendix B 293 Resources 300 Glossary 301 Index 303 ii iii Ground Dwellers Ground dwellers usually have a non-woody stem with most of the plant at ground level They sometmes have a die back period over summer or are annuals They are usually less than 1 metre high, provide habitat and play an important role in preventng soil erosion Goodenia blackiana, Kennedia prostrata, Glossodia major, Scaevola albida, Arthropodium strictum, Gonocarpus tetragynus Caesia calliantha 4 5 Bulbine bulbosa Bulbine-lily Tricoryne elator Yellow Rush-lily Asphodel Family ASPHODELACEAE Day Lily Family HEMEROCALLIDACEAE LILIACEAE LILIACEAE bul-BINE (bul-BEE-nee) bul-bohs-uh Meaning: Bulbine – bulb, bulbosa – bulbous triek-uhr-IEN-ee ee-LAHT-ee-or Meaning: Tricoryne – three, club shaped, elator – taller General descripton A small perennial lily with smooth bright-green leaves and General descripton Ofen inconspicuous, this erect branched plant has fne, yellow fowers wiry stems and bears small clusters of yellow star-like fowers at the tps Some Specifc features Plants regenerate annually from a tuber to form a tall longish leaves present at the base of the plant and up the stem stem from a base of feshy bright-green Specifc features Six petaled fowers are usually more than 1 cm across, -
Carnivorous Plant Newsletter of Australia
Volume 6 September, 1980. Registered as a Publication, Category B. Page 6 CPNA Page 1 EDITORS, : : : : KEN HATLEY. SUSAN HATLEY. CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESSED TO : C.P.N.A. Wandena Rd, B~allsbrook East. West Australia. 6084. Published Quarterly by C.P.N.A. Subscriptions $6-OO Annually. Back copies issued to late subscribers. ........................................................................... FROM THE EDITORS. We would like to start this issue with an apology for its late arrival to you. Unfortunately, we experienced an unexpected delay in the arrival of replacment parts for the copying equipment. The good news this issue is of course that spring is upon us again, and with it the regrowth of our dormant varieties ready to come forward and show off their beauty for yet another year. The response for articles for the newsletter is dissappointing to say the least. There is enough experienced c.p. growers in Australia capable of contributing write-ups to ensure the success of the CPNA for many years to come, but if the lack of interest continues the newsletter is doomed to failure. To put it bluntly, if you want your newsletter to continue then get behind it and give it your support. Good Growing, Editors. ........................................................................... ........................................................................... FRONT COVER - DROSERA GLANDULIGERA, HABITAT WEST AUSTRALIA. Vol 6 CPNA Page 2 C.P. LETTERBOX. Received a letter from Mrs I.D. Anderson of 23 Harrow St, Launceston, Tasmania 7250 asking of other members in Tasmania. As we don't now publish a list of subscribers we leave it to any member in her area to drop a line and swap C.P. -
Assessing Genetic Diversity for the USA Endemic Carnivorous Plant Pinguicula Ionantha R.K. Godfrey (Lentibulariaceae)
Conserv Genet (2017) 18:171–180 DOI 10.1007/s10592-016-0891-9 RESEARCH ARTICLE Assessing genetic diversity for the USA endemic carnivorous plant Pinguicula ionantha R.K. Godfrey (Lentibulariaceae) 1 1 2 3 David N. Zaya • Brenda Molano-Flores • Mary Ann Feist • Jason A. Koontz • Janice Coons4 Received: 10 May 2016 / Accepted: 30 September 2016 / Published online: 18 October 2016 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 Abstract Understanding patterns of genetic diversity and data; the dominant cluster at each site corresponded to the population structure for rare, narrowly endemic plant spe- results from PCoA and Nei’s genetic distance analyses. cies, such as Pinguicula ionantha (Godfrey’s butterwort; The observed patterns of genetic diversity suggest that Lentibulariaceae), informs conservation goals and can although P. ionantha populations are isolated spatially by directly affect management decisions. Pinguicula ionantha distance and both natural and anthropogenic barriers, some is a federally listed species endemic to the Florida Pan- gene flow occurs among them or isolation has been too handle in the southeastern USA. The main goal of our recent to leave a genetic signature. The relatively low level study was to assess patterns of genetic diversity and of genetic diversity associated with this species is a con- structure in 17 P. ionantha populations, and to determine if cern as it may impair fitness and evolutionary capability in diversity is associated with geographic location or popu- a changing environment. The results of this study provide lation characteristics. We scored 240 individuals at a total the foundation for the development of management prac- of 899 AFLP markers (893 polymorphic markers).