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A Country with a Government and a Flag: the Rif War in Morocco 1921

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A Country with a Government and a Flag: the Rif War in Morocco 1921 11.4411111: 51_ Country with a i• • government and a Tta9 The 2 tif War' in Morocco 1921-1926 By C. R. Pennell 41.),, fri.00'em14"1:40.0 4001:vo. .(201. 1,0_,kb •WD4ye,004,04.40•41.4...0i#It4iLit,fr ■ ..*--w0Wel,,,,,,,# .,-..- -, (6-4 N....e.'el• it 44 iltr)...,,O,p,•Ai...,,,&41,4:0••• ; ..1_44.k..• ,"--e.,4•0k•oei• ■ ■ ■ Ire•-•44...•4411, -ea./MAYO, • --:••■,•Ph•lr .1.m Joy.. .o. • •_.,•■•••■•••• • -.6••••t•Yryokiee;‘,••••,••& • •,m,,,,..4„, ■ ■ Iwo., 4,,,J . ,,,•,,,, ryfro 4414.),S.fr.e»(•-•••%••••4.Mta.r.,•, "JO -)... e••••• ••••1 •••••-•&•••#••• A•404,• • ....•••,,/,a‘-■‘.'•••;,':)Cig 'td ...if' -live," •■■•rt-.0,..... .., 0.i.....0.4s,...4...n.clw4.,0410-44014.U.,A,I. •eq•00*(14,11,4i ,tail ilillyLWOOr.,.$1 Yro t Ai, 40..war .34.0.1 1-A•V)1•1•41.j. 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Or .'...' 4... eal14,"; ' 1 1717t,..,., ,,i, ' .. ....'.....-#e' ''' .L" • \:„.. 4,..à.=3,., ..::...j.: , ...■ MENAS Press Limited The Rif War, which took place in Northern Morocco between 1921 and 1926 and which almost shattered Spain's protectorate there, as well as threatening France's hold over the rest of Morocco, is, perhaps the most important anti-colonial struggle of the pre-World War II era. Not only did it lead to the deaths of tens of thousands of Spanish soldiers - 10,000 of them in one battle alone in 1921 - but it also led indirectly to the Spanish Civil War and spurted on the nascent nationalist cause in Morocco itself. Yet the events of the war and the per- sonalities of its leading protagonists, at least on the Moroccan side, are curiously little known. nor is the innovative nature of their convictions fully understood. Dr. Pennell, who has spent many years study- ing the Rif war, has attempted, in this book, to analyse the motivations of the Rifi tribes and their leaders. Using hitherto untapped archival material, he shows that the war, far from being merely an expression of tribal irridentism in the face of European occupation, as fundamentally an attempt to mobilise and reform Islamic val- ues to confront the colonial experience. The attempt failed, but it left behind a legacy of memory and inspiration that still finds its echo today. Also distributed outside the UK by Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc. 948 North Street Boulder Colorado 80302 USA. 51_ Countiy with. a government and. a yrag The 14f War' in Morocco 1921-1926 by C. R. PENNELL A MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICAN STUDIES press limited Published by Middle East and North African Studies Press Ltd. Gallipoli House, The Cottons, Outwell, Wisbech, Cambridgeshire PE14 8TN, England C) Menas Press Ltd 1986 ISBN 0 906559 23 5 Also Distributed outside the UK by Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc. 948, North Street Boulder, Colorado 80302, USA Printed by Whitstable Litho Ltd., Whitstable, Kent DEDICATION To Mike, Rita and Trisha, who helped. CONTENTS Acknowledgements vi Transliteration vil Abbreviations viii List of Illustrations ix List of Maps and Diagrams x Glossary xi 1. Introduction 1 2. The Collapse of the Moroccan State 8 3. Northern Morocco - the Spanish Protectorate 22 4. The Imposition of the Spanish Protectorate 40 5. The Basis of Resistance 62 6. Victory 81 7. Consolidation 97 8. A Government in the Rif 123 9. The Transformation of the Rif 140 10. Taking the Jibala 156 11. The Rifis at the Height of Their Power 177 12. Defeat 196 13. Conclusion 227 Appendices 1. Population and Density of Three Jibalan Tribes and Five Central Rifi Tribes 241 2. Wall Potters in Tetuan, July August 1921 242 3. The bay a of Muhammad bin Abd al-Karim 246 4. Rifi Army Pay 252 5. Rifi Army Regulations 253 6. Imprisonments 255 7. The Al-Manar Interview 257 Bibliography 260 Index 271 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book is a re-written version of my PhD Thesis for the University of Leeds, completed in 1979. I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. B.S.J. lsserlin. I am also very grateful indeed to Dr. K.L. Brown of Manchester University who gave me very generous help indeed. I worked in the following libraries and wish to thank their staff: the Brotherton Library of the University of Leeds, John Rylands Library of the University of Manchester, British Library, the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid, the National Library in Rabat, Morocco, and the Library of the City of Ceuta. Most of the research was done in Archives and I am grateful to the staff of the Spanish Army Archives - the Servicio Historico Militar - in Madrid, the French Service Historique de l'Armée de la Terre in Vincennes, the Spanish and French Foreign Ministry Archives and the Public Record Office in London. Finally, my gratitude is extended to Mr. Gordon Phillips, then archivist of the Times. I also relied heavily on various friends and acquaintances: Professor Reginald Brown and Dr. Ronald Ceuta of the Spanish Department at Leeds University and Dr. Michael Young of the Department of Semitic Studies there, Dr. Peter Sluglett of Durham University and Dr. Andrew Major of the National University of Singapore all helped. Dr. Joanna de Groot of York University gave me vital encouragement at bad moments. The late Idris al-Khattabi provided me with considerable amounts of information about his father. Muhammad al-Mansur helped to decipher often illegible documents. The mistakes are, of course, my own. Three other people must not be omitted. George ioff6 helped in many ways: criticism, information, and accommodation, for all of which I am most grateful. David Hart, a walking encyclopaedia of the Rif, has been consistently generous with information and advice, and I owe him a debt of gratitude beyond what I can express here.
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