capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) - Mediterranean fruit (Diptera, ). Chapter 14: Factsheets for 80 representative alien species Alain Roques

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Alain Roques. (Wiedemann, 1824) - Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera, Tephritidae). Chapter 14: Factsheets for 80 representative alien species. Alien terrestrial of Europe, 4 (2), Pensoft Publishers, 2010, BioRisk, 978-954-642-555-3. ￿hal-02928768￿

HAL Id: hal-02928768 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02928768 Submitted on 2 Sep 2020

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 916 Edited by Alain Roques & David Lees / BioRisk 4(2): 855–1021 (2010)

14.28 – Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) - Mediterranean fruit fl y (Diptera, Tephritidae)

Alain Roques

Description and biological cycle: Small fl y, 4–5 mm long. Adults with yellowish body, brown abdomen and legs, and yellow-banded wings (Photo). 6–8 mm long at maturity, elongate, cream coloured, and of cylindrical maggot shape. Phytophagous on a wide range of temperate and subtropical fruits. Adult fl ight range up to 20 km but winds can carry fl ying adults over longer distances; intercontinental dispersal (eggs, larvae) via infested fruits transported by hu- mans. Before reaching sexual maturation, adults feed 6–8 d on fruit juices. Females lay up to 22 eggs per day and 300–800 eggs during lifetime, under the skin of a fruit just beginning to ripen. Under tropical conditions, overall life cycle is completed in 21–30 d. Adults may survive for up to six months. Native habitat (EUNIS code): G- Woodland and forest habitats and other wooded land. Habitat occupied in invaded range (EUNIS code): I- Regularly or recently cultivated agricultural, horticultural and domestic habitats; I1- Arable land and market gardens. Native range: Tropical Eastern . Introduced range: Observed in Europe since 1873 in Italy. Present all over (Map); regularly observed but not established in other parts of Europe; global warming may allow populations to establish at higher latitudes than at present. It has also been intro- duced in Africa, , Central and , the Caribbean, , . Eradicated in USA except Hawaii.

Credit: Michel Martinez/ INRA Factsheets for 80 representative alien species. Chapter 14 917

Pathways: Imported with fruit trade but also with passengers transporting infested fruits during trips. Impact and management: Probably the most important fruit fl y , inducing large dam- age in fruit crops, especially citrus fruits and peach. Fly damage results from both oviposition in fruit, feeding by the larvae, and decomposition of plant tissue by invading secondary microor- ganisms (bacteria, fungi) that cause fruit rot. Th eir presence often requires host crops to under- go quarantine treatments, other disinfestation procedures or certifi cation of fl y-free areas. e Th costs of such activities and phytosanitary regulatory compliance can be signifi cant and defi nitely aff ect global trade. To ensure early detection, traps baited with chemical attractants (especially trimedlure) can be used. Larvae can be killed by soaking, freezing, cooking or pureeing infested fruits. Fruits can be bagged to prevent egg laying. Field sanitation needs to destroy all unmar- ketable and infested fruits; harvesting fruit weekly also reduces food sources by keeping the quantity of ripe fruit on the trees to a minimum. Chemical sprays are not completely eff ective. It is better to use foliage baits combining a source of protein with an insecticide to attract both males and females. Biological control involves use of sterile and release of parasitoids.

Selected references Copeland RS, Wharton RA, Luke Q, De Meyer M (2002) Indigenous Hosts of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Kenya. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95: 672–694. Liebhold AM, Work TT, McCullough DG, Cavey JF (2006) Airline Baggage as a Pathway for Alien Species Invading the United States. American Entomologist 52: 48–56. Malacrida AR, Marinoni F, Torti C, et al (1998) Genetic aspects of the worldwide colonization process of Ceratitis capitata. Heredity 89: 501–507.