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LA Jurisdicción Universal Y Su Aplicación En España RxDH COL·LECCIÓ RECERCA PER dreTS HUMANS 03 LA JURISDICCIÓN UNIVERSAL Y SU APLICACIÓN EN ESPAÑA: LA PERSECUCIÓN DEL GENOCIDIO, LOS CRÍMENES DE GUERRA Y LOS CRÍMENES CONTRA LA HUMANIDAD POR LOS TRIBUNALES NACIONALES ANTONI PIGRAU SOLÉ PRÓLOGO DE JOSÉ MARÍA MENA RxDH COL·LECCIÓ RECERCA PER dreTS HUMANS Dades Biblioteca de Catalunya - CIP Esta obra está sujeta a licencia Creative Commons Pigrau Solé, Antoni de Reconocimiento – No comercial – Sin obra La Jurisdicción universal y su aplicación en España: derivada 2.5. España la persecución del genocidio, los crímenes de guerra Consúltese la licencia en http://creativecommons. y los crímenes contra la humanidad por los tribunales org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/es/deed.es_CL nacionales. – (RxDH : col·lecció recerca per drets humans; 3) ISBN 9788439381709 I. Catalunya. Oficina de Promoció de la Pau i dels Drets Humans II. Títol III. Col·lecció: RxDH. Castellà; 3 RxDH COL·LECCIÓ RECERCA PER DRETS HUMANS 1. Jurisdicció penal 2. Delictes internacionals 3. Processos – Genocidi – Espanya 4. Processos – El estudio está disponible en formato electrónico en Crims de guerra – Espanya 5. Processos – el web de la Oficina de Promoción de la Paz y de Crims contra la humanitat – Espanya los Derechos Humanos. Se puede copiar, distribuir, 343:341(460) comunicar públicamente, traducir y modificar esta obra siempre y cuando no se realice un uso comercial Colección “Recerca x Drets Humans”, 3 y se reconozca su autoría con la cita siguiente: Barcelona, diciembre de 2009 © Autoria PIGRAU , A. La Jurisdicción Universal y su aplicación Antoni Pigrau en España: la persecución del genocidio, los crímenes de guerra y los crímenes contra la © Edición humanidad por los tribunales nacionales. 03 Generalidad de Catalunya Barcelona: Oficina de Promoción de la Paz y de Departamento de Interior, Relaciones Institucionales los Derechos Humanos, Generalitat de Cataluña, y Participación 2009. (Recerca x Drets Humans, 3). LA JURISDICCIÓN Oficina de Promoción de la Paz y de los Derechos Humanos Av. Diagonal 409, 08008 Barcelona Las opiniones expresadas en esta publicación no Tel.: 93 552 60 00 representan necesariamente las de la Oficina de Promoción de la Paz y de los Derechos Humanos. [email protected] UNIVERSAL Y www.gencat.cat/dirip Este trabajo de investigación ha sido encargado a: Universitat Rovira i Virgili SU APLICACIÓN Carrer de l’Escorxador, s/n 43003 Tarragona Coordinación de la colección EN ESPAÑA “Recerca x Drets Humans”: Eulàlia Mesalles LA PERSECUCIÓN DEL GENOCIDIO, Corrección lingüística: Incyta LOS CRÍMENES DE GUERRA Y LOS Diseño y maquetación: CRÍMENES CONTRA LA HUMANIDAD Aleix Artigal y Carla Bahna POR LOS TRIBUNALES NACIONALES Impresión y encuadernación: Futurgrafic Papel Impreso en papel ecológico y 100% reciclado ISBN 9788439381709 ANTONI PIGRAU SOLÉ DL PRÓLOGO DE JOSÉ MarÍA MENA B-47163-2009 6 Abreviaturas 9 Prólogo José María Mena 16 Introducción 21 A. LA JURISDICCIÓN UNIVERSal Y SU apliCACIÓN A LOS CRÍMENES INTERNACIONALES MÁS GRAVES 22 A1. El concepto y el fundamento de la jurisdicción universal 32 A2. La jurisdicción universal en relación con el genocidio, los crímenes de guerra y los crímenes contra la humanidad en las leyes nacionales 39 A3. La práctica de los tribunales nacionales en el ejercicio de la jurisdicción universal en relación con el genocidio, los crímenes de guerra y los crímenes contra la humanidad 60 A4. Algunos condicionantes de la aplicación de la jurisdicción universal 60 A4.1. Márgenes de discrecionalidad en el ejercicio de la jurisdicción universal 62 A4.2. Jurisdicción universal e inmunidad penal 65 A4.3. La cuestión de la prescripción de los crímenes internacionales 68 A4.4. Jurisdicción universal y presencia del acusado en el territorio 72 A4.5. La jurisdicción universal como jurisdicción subsidiaria 76 A4.6. El impacto jurídico de las medidas de amnistía adoptadas en el país de comisión de los hechos 85 B. LA ApliCACIÓN DE la JURISDICCIÓN UNIVERSal EN ESpaÑA 87 B1. El artículo 23.4 de la Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial de 1985 89 B2. La tipificación en España de los crímenes internacionales más graves 93 B3. Los casos relativos a la persecución penal del genocidio, los crímenes de guerra y los crímenes contra la humanidad 110 B4. El proceso de restricción del alcance de la jurisdicción universal en España 128 B5. Las decisiones de los tribunales españoles (1996-2009): elementos esenciales 137 C. REFLEXIONES FINalES ABREVIATURAS a) Instituciones AGNU Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas GYIL German Yearbook of International Law CDH Comité de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas Int’l Crim. L. Rev. International Criminal Law Review CDI Comisión de Derecho Internacional de las Naciones Unidas Int’l LFDI International Law FORUM du droit international Comissió IDH Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos ILM International Legal Materials Cort IDH Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos ILR International Law Reports CPI Corte Penal Internacional ILSA J. Int’l & Cia. L. ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law IDI Institut de Droit International InDret InDret, Revista para el Análisis del Derecho ILA International Law Association Int’l L. International Lawyer, The ONU Organización de las Naciones Unidas IRRC International Review of the Red Cross TEDH Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos JICJ Journal of International Criminal Justice TPIY Tribunal Penal Internacional para la antigua Yugoslavia Jueces Jueces para la Democracia TPIR Tribunal Penal Internacional para Ruanda Jura Falconis Jura Falconis. Juridisch Wetenschappelijk Studententijdschrift. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven b) Revistas y publicaciones periódicas Man. LJ Manitoba Law Journal Minn. L. Rev. Minnesota Law Review AFDI Annuaire Français de Droit International McGill LJ McGill Law Journal AFDUC Anuario da Facultade de Dereito da Universidade da Coruña NILR Netherlands International Law Review ADI Anuario de Derecho Internacional New Eng. L. Rev. New England Law Review AJIL American Journal of International Law NYIL Netherlands Yearbook of International Law ALR Australian Law Reports NYU J. Int’l. L. & Pol. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics AMDI Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional REDC Revista Española de Desarrollo y Cooperación Ann. IDI Annuaire de l’Institut de Droit International RCADI Recueil des Cours de l’Académie de Droit International AYIL African Yearbook of International Law de La Haye BOCG Boletín Oficial de las Cortes Generales - España RDIPDPI Revue de Droit International Privé et de Droit Pénal International BOE Boletín Oficial del Estado - España RDPC Revista de Derecho Penal y Criminología BYIL British Yearbook of International Law RECPC Revista Electrónica de Ciencia Penal y Criminología Cal. L. Rev. California Law Review REDI Revista Española de Derecho Internacional Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law REDM Revista Española de Derecho Militar CJIL Chinese Journal of International Law REEI Revista Electrónica de Estudios Internacionales Colum. J. Transnat’l L. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law RIDP Revue Internationale de Droit Pénal CLR Commonwealth Law Reports RP Revista Penal CLF Criminal Law Forum SACJ South African Journal of Criminal Justice DOUE Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea Sydney L. Rev. Sydney Law Review Duke LJ Duke Law Journal Stan. J. Int’l L. Stanford Journal of International Law Emory Int’l L. Rev. Emory International Law Review SYIL Spanish Yearbook of International Law Eur. J. Crime Crim. L. & Crim. Just. European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Tex. L. Rev. Texas Law Review EJIL European Journal of International Law UNTS United Nations Treaty Series ERPL European Review of Public Law Va. J. Int’l L. Virginia Journal of International Law Fordham Int’l LJ Fordham International Law Journal YIHL Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law For. Aff. Foreign Affairs YILC Yearbook of the International Law Commission Ga. J. Int’l & Cia. L. Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law Yale LJ Yale Law Journal, The 6 LA JURISDICCIÓN UNIVERSAL Y SU APLICACIÓN EN ESPAÑA ABREVIATURAS 7 PRÓLOGO José María Mena Fiscal jefe del Tribunal Superior de Justícia de Cataluña Presidente de la Associació Catalana de Juristes Demòcrates En estos tiempos de confusión y ambigüedades, conforta encontrar un trabajo tan especialmente lúcido, didáctico y coherente como este. Debería ser de lectura necesaria, y de disponibilidad y relectura fre- cuente, para cualquier persona interesada por los derechos humanos sin fronteras, para cualquier verdadero demócrata. El trabajo es científicamente exhaustivo, casi contundente, colmado de información, de datos, de tal modo que, en adelante, ya nadie podrá aventurar argumentos sobre, o contra, la jurisdicción universal, tergi- versando las referencias al derecho comparado e internacional, o al sentido, o los sentidos, de las sentencias de los tribunales nacionales, extranjeros o internacionales. Pero el autor no es, tan solo, un excelente proveedor de información. Su trabajo es, además, explícitamente comprometido. Ya en la intro- ducción, acogiéndose al magisterio de Victoria Abellán, recuerda la obligación de los Estados de juzgar y castigar a los responsables de crímenes de derecho internacional, y, asimismo, recuerda que la Corte Penal Internacional está orientada a impedir la impunidad. Su explíci- to compromiso tiene, en ocasiones, verdadero carácter de denuncia, al referirse a la reforma del precepto que acogía la plena vigencia
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