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Micrc5films International 300 N MULTIPLE OBJECT SPECTROSCOPY: THE MX SPECTROMETER DESIGN. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors HILL, JOHN MILTON. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 23:12:57 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187696 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. 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Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI4B106 8415068 Hill, John Milton MULTIPLE OBJECT SPECTROSCOPY: THE MX SPECTROMETER DESIGN The University of Arizona PH.D. 1984 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way fror:n the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark_-I_. 1. Glossy photographs or pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print __ 3. Photographs with dark background ~ 4. Illustrations are poor copy __ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy __ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page __ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages __ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements __ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine __ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print __ 11. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. 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Curling and wrinkled pages __ 15. cnher___________________________________ _ University Microfilms International MULTIPLE OBJECT SPECTROSCOPY: THE MX SPECTROMETER DESIGN by John Milton Hill A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ASTRONOMY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 198 4 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by ________~J~o~h~n~~~i~l~t~on~H--il-l~------------------- entitled ____________~M~u~l~t~i~p~l~e-~Ob~J~·e~c~t~S~r~e~c~t~r~o~s~c~o~p~y~: ______________________ __ The MX Spectrometer Design and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ~----------~l~----~~-------------------------------- Date Date Date 4)l(Jf4. Q Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this disse~tation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation Date r I STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledge of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate Coll ege when in his judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. 1 f..... 0)/,'1 .. iJ. /; Signed:~r/VV"-n /11 t#t':~{{ 'vI DEDICATION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dedication I would like to dedicate this work to Howard Milton Hill, July 1,1924 to December 12,1970, a father who shared his love of science and instrumentation with me; and to Daniel John Frederick, February 19, 1957 to April 13, 1977, a friend who stimulated my interest in astronomy and building telescopes. For he delivered us from the domain of darkness, and transferred us to the kingdom of His beloved Son, in whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins. And He is the image of the invisible God, the first-born of all creation. For in Him all things were created, both in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities -- all things have been created through Him and for Him. And he is before all things, and in Him all things hold together. Colossians 1:13-17 NASV Acknowledgements I would like to thank the gang of three advisors who have guided the development of the Medusi and the MX. Roger Angel has been a never ending source of inspiration and great ideas. Perhaps this dissertation should have been titled "Extraction of Ideas from an Angel with High Efficiency". John Scott has been a great source of scientific and personal motivation. Creative proposal writing while bass fishing is an art every astronomer should master. John pOinted out years ag~ and still believes that the MX will produce "big science". Pete Stockman provided an operational CCD camera and has been a continuous reminder iii iv never to sacrifice the quantum efficiency. My other collaborators and friends, Paul Hintzen, Del Lindley, Mike Wenz, Dave Silva, and Jon Eisenhamer should also be credited for doing much of the work required to successfully measure redshifts of galaxies in clusters. I express my gratitude to the members of my prel iminary ( R. Angel, D. Dearborn, A. Pacholczyk, R. Williams, and N. Woolf) and doctoral ( R. Angel, J. McGraw, M. Rieke, and P. Strittmatter) examination committees for their thoughtful comments and advice. I would also like to thank the Steward Observatory scientific and technical staff for their efforts toward making many of these ideas reality. Specific thanks to R. Allen, R. Cromwell, J. Fletchall, R. Goff, D. Harvey, G. Hagedon, K. Johnson, A. Koski, R. Leach, C. Lynn, B. McClendon, G. McGlaughlin, R. Miller, M. Miller, S. Mileski, D. Mitchell, C. Poland, D. Sackenheim, V. Schiano, D. Skillman, L. Steen, J. Stocke, W. Stone, S. Tumia, L. Ulrickson, L. Wilson, R. Young, and others. Not to be forgotten are my fellow graduate students the "Not Ready for Dark Time Players", past and present, who have made it all bea rab 1e and somet i mes even fun. No names will be ment i oned to avoi d recriminations. You know who you are! And perhaps most important, Shirley Hill and Alice Hill, my mother and sister who have baked countless dozen cookies to keep me going through long hours of research. The development and use of the Medusa spectrograph has been supported by NASA grants NAGW-121 and NAGW-124. The MX Spectrome~er is being constructed under grant AST-8116965 from the National Science Foundation. I would like to acknowledge support from the University of Arizona Summer Research Support Program. I would also like to thank the v Quartz Products Corporation for their assistance in providing information and fiber samples. I would also like to thank J. R. Powell of the Royal Greenwi'ch Observatory for permission to reproduce his fiber measurements. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . x LI ST OF TABLES . xi ABSTRACT ••• . · . xii . - 1. INTRODUCTION TO MULTIPLE OBJECT FIBER OPTIC SPECTROSCOPY · . 1 Photons for Spectroscopy • • • • • • • •• 2 Telescopes •••• • • • • • • 2 Detectors • • • • • • • • • • • •• 4 Multiplex Advantage. • • • • • • • • • • • •• 5 Overview of Multiple Fiber Spectroscopy • • • • • •• 7 2. STATISTICAL AND DYNAMICAL PROBLEMS IN ASTRONOMY • · . 11 Clusters of Galaxies . · . 11 Dynamics . 13 Structure • • • • 16 Superclusters ••••••••• 19 Clusters of Stars •••• . 22 Spectroscopic Surveys •••• · '. 25 3. MEDUSA RESULTS FOR CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES • 28 Dynamics •• ••••••••••••• 28 Velocity DisperSions .
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