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A Survey of a Decennium Than the United States

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A Survey of a Decennium Than the United States UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HAROLD L. ICKES : SECRETARY OFFICE OF EDUCATION : J. W. STUDEBAKER 491 COMM ISSIONER 4. A SURVEY OF ADECENNIUM 1 OF EDUCApONIN COCNTRIES OTHER THAN THE UNITED STATES BEINGCHAPTER VIIOFVOLUME IOFTiff] BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES : 1934-36 ri Ow BULLETIN, 1937, No. 2 [ADVANCE PAGES] r. BY JAMES F. ABEL CHIEF, DIVISION OF COMPARATIVE EDUCATION . OFFICE OFEDÚCATION UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON :1938 4111111111111 I For sale bytbeÌuperintendentof Documents, Washington, D. C.- - Price 15cents CONTENTS Page FOREWORD________ ... MI. =1,. ..4440 0410 VII. SECTION I. EUROPE ________ ________ _ _ _ _ _ .. __ 3' _ _ Marked changes in educationsystems_ i i. _e... MD 3 _ Education and revolution_____ _ _ _ _ _ 410 _ 3 _ Carefully planned changes _ __ _ 4M, 3 Lesser changes _ _ dr Nationalization of education _ .. _ 4 4M Om _ Public and private education__ gm 4M. 5 r National administration andsupport 4. 4.414. .. _ _ ..) Unifying control of differenttypes of education _ m mi. 6 The unity schoolot unified school system____ _ _ 7 Extreme nationalization of education__________ _ 8 Italy - _ 9 Soviet Union____11041.41 .m. m 9 Germany _ _ _ _ 10 Longer training formorepeople_ _ _. _ wm 12 _ Reduction of illiteracy_.. w ... .. m.00 14 Adult education______ __ __ _ _ _ 15 England __ _ _ Ì 4. 4W .M . 16 Belgium _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 Other countries__ _ _ Ms_ _ MD m 4. M. .E. .. .. 1 7 Italy________..... _____ _ __ 17 s Union of Soviet Republics_______ _ _ _ _ _ _ , 17 41 Cermany ___ 4 _____ . 4.el. _ _ _ _ OMP _ _ _ 18 Spain ..... __ ...... __ ___ _ _ _ 18 Care of preschool children_ _ _ _ __________' 19 . Physical education _. - . 19 Germany . _ _ D IMI. 21 FranceFrance__ ______ _M0.04. ..........11. QM_M 0. 22 Technical and vocation'al education..____ _ .. .. ..o _ _ _ 24 France _ _ 25 Belgium _ _ 26 Estonia _ ___ _ ____. _ 26 Bulgaria _____ _ _ _ 27 Irish Free Siate _ _. .0_ . .0 27 SECTION II. ASIA . _ 30 Chem 30 Administration 31 Higher education 32 Secondary education 32 Elementary education , , 33 Statistics ... 33 Compulsory education___ _ _ _ __ ______ ......... __ _ _4.......a.4.. 34 _ _ _ _ Reduction of illiteracy and adulkeducation . 0 4I 34 e Themasseducation movement __________ 35 The status of private education f. - 35 ILL IV CONTESTS 00 , SECnoN II, ASIAContinued. Page India 36 .. IN... Decentralization of administration f 37 Compulsory education 38 Education of girls andwomen _ 38 , Other phases of education____ ___ _ _____ _ _ ..... 40 Iran * , ______ 40 Schools of different kinds andlevels_ _.. 40 Reduction of illiteracy__ _ __ __ ___ _ _ 42 Sending students abroad___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 42 Turkey____, 42 . _ .. 4EW .. Obligatory instruction__ _ _ _ _ 43 _ _ Teacher training _ _ _ _ _ 43 Secondary education___ _ _ _ _ _ _ . M . aw 44 Technical education___ _ ...___________ _ ....1. ,., 44 University instruction _ _ _ _ _ _ 44 Statistics _ _ 45 SECTION III. AFRICA_ ___ _ _ _ ______ 46 Union of South Africa 46 Administration _ _.____ ___ _ _____4,.M 46 Technical education_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47 Thepoorwhites of Southi*rica _ _ , _ _ _ __._.I M . .. M. 48 Native education__ _ _ 50 _ s Languages _ _ 51 Administration _ _ ______- 52 Statistics . 52 Egypt _ 53 Illiteracy and obligatory instruction _ 53 Primary schools _ ,.._ 54 . , Secondary education . 54 Technic* education _ 55 Higher education_ 55 Summary .. r-55 Colonial Africa____ ___.... 56 .. The Intercolonial Congress___ _ _ _____ ________ 57 . The Advisory Committee__ _ _ _.., __ _ ________ 58 SECTION IV. AUSTRALIA__ _ _ _ . m. _ _ _ 60 Administration__... ____ 40 . _ _..-. .m 0... gm.. ..t.,.. 60 Statistics 60 Education by correspondence__ _ ._ 61 , School consolidation___ _ _ ... _ _ 62 Summary_ MP ..... 62 SECTION V. THE WESTERN HEMISPPIERE 64 Canada =1, 64 Administration 64 Statisticalsummary 64 Enrollment 65 School finance 65 Technical education - aNM am* gm. Alo MO MI 66 ..__: Vocational guidance OW a.Om .. MD .... 67 . ,...% --;....--: ..---. Departmental examinations,......_ .... _ NM ./M1,=0 0. MD MD .''' -4 -.., _ .... .- 67 Reorganization of instruction 68 University admission 68 CONTENTS V J. SECTIONV. THE WESTERN IIEMISPHERE-----euntillued. Page Latin America__ _ _ 6S Nationalization of educat ion _ Reduction of illiteracy__ _ 70 The "activity school"._ 71 TeOnlical and%cational education **, 72 Education ofwomen_ 74- Argentina__ _ _ _ 75 Conferenceonilliteracy__ _ _ 76 Survey of secondaryeducation__ 76 PO Statistics____ Brazil_ _ _ _ SO Mexico. _ S3 SECTION VI. INTERNATIONAL CoNGREssESANDCoNFERENcES_ 88 Preschoolcareof thechild___ _ _ 0. 88 Public education__ __ 89 4118 Technical education__ _ 90 Commercial education_ 93 ct. Teachers' Associations_ . 94 Theneweducation___ _ 95 Adult education_ .Y . 96 Ge a 4a 'e it C. a J. 411 7 ihta FOREWORD ;14 Thepurposeof the Biennial Survey".o.f Education in the. United States isto present tothe people of this Nationapicturesas com- plete andaccurate aspossible, of themany typesof education they finance, administer, andmaintain.But this isolated picture is not enough. The worth, activity,andprogressofany systemof schools arerelativemattersandmusttie shown along with like phasesof othersystems toprovidesaneconceptions and sound bases for judg- ments. afforil slich bases for comparisons theOffice of Education has throughout its exiAencepublished in its annualreports,biennial surveys.bulletins, andpa4h1ets,aZTounts of education inother r countries.This chapter of the Biennial Survey for 1934-311is in 4 c ation of that policy.Itattempts4topointoutthe differing Il d rections in which educationin other countries has been going in thePastdecade in the hope that from themwein the United States maybe better able to select the educational paths that will leadin thiscountry tothe strengthening and perpetuation of goodwaysof living. BESS GOODTKOONTZ 4 Assistant Commissioner of Education, ',Pr .0.:4, A cHAPTER VII , A SURVEY OF A DECENNIUMOif''EDUCATION IN 'NTRI ES OTHER THAN THE UNITED .,,11.1:1'E4 gor Asurveyofthe trendS Of education in otlubr_count vies for'theyears 1924 to 19.26, whichinchlidedto some extent1mi:4-warhappeningsto those (hues,wasprepared and published bythe Office of 11vcation in 1 The intention theti.wastoissue' similar account; regularly with each biennialburveyof education in the United States.Many .other dut ies andsomedifficulties intevenedto) preventcarrying(mt. the plan and itasnotuntil alumt. 1936 that thewayseemed clear topickupthe thread of tlub earlieraccountand againweave*into the fabric of educational documentation iii the United Statibasketch of education movements abroad. , This study isanattempt_ todo that.It is presented in the hope thatatintervals corresimndingto the larger swings ofworld affairs, thestorymaybe continued in sucha way astopr9videaprogressive historicalvnunaryof etlwa- Clout trends and events. The decade here dealt withwas astirtingOne.In iis first 3years human life seenled everywhereontheasce.mitant.Intercourseamong nations,-manufactuf.ing. conunerce.tTade, exploration,re- search, and investigationweremoving Kapidly.tolevels not beT(we knoNtn in human experience. Thencalm;3-ealof &climbs()severe that by 1932 the only peoples notseriously ¿Lille ledwerethose few sofar removed fromparticipatioVn tile general life of the world that they had felt nothing of the precedingupsurge.In th6 last 4 yearsthe economic swing has agqin bklen upward. Coincident with these economic changesNylererevolutionspeace- ful andotOrwisebut important in eithercase. manychanges in forms of government, the application ofdifferent philosophies of life, andageneral questioning of the worth of much that had&ben heldtobe fundamental in all iruman relations. Organized education felt the impact of all these movements prob- ablymorethan iteverhas before because education hi recentyears has beenmorecloselyconnectMwith lifeout of the schools than it has forsomecenturies andwasconsequentlymoresusceptible of being influenced. To presentabroad view of/fhe larger effects of those impacts,orresistance to themastbe-casimayhave been, is the purpogeof this bulletin.'The immec.bge .re.sultsof the depression arenotlitre emphasized; tlwyarethe,.subject'otanearlier publi- Abel,lamesF.Major trends ofeducation in other countries. ashington. C. S. Department of the Interior, Office of Education,Bulletin 1928, No'. 134.. 2 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1934-36 -% cation.'Curtailed budgets, reduced salaries and personnel, smaller c'apital outlays for schools,areall important ofcourse,butiheyare notsosignificantaschanges in thepncept of history and how it is tobetáughttoyoungpeople, whether education isto- be usedas a meansof making good human beingsor aparticulartype of thinker which those in control of the State desireatthe time,or whether the administration and direction of education istobe strondy centralized inasmallgroupof people whocanéasily have amistaken conception of what is best for the Natian.It is these ,vital questions which inoneformoranother have been,connected with organized education sinceits begihning, thataremainly considered in thefolloWingpages. 2 Abel, James F.The effectsZifthe economic depressi,e,su education in othercountries. Witshington, Ç. S. Department of the Interior, Office of Education. Bulletin 1933, No. 14. .$ a AO . -le e A 1.4 SECTION I. EUROPE MARKED CHANGES IN EDUCATION SYSTEMS Twenty-one European countries changed their education systems niarkedly duringthe'decennium under review. Theywere:Albania . in 1933; Austria,- 1934;
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