A Study of Power and Subjectivity in China Miéville's Kraken

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A Study of Power and Subjectivity in China Miéville's Kraken “The Union of Magicked Assistants”: A study of power and subjectivity in China Miéville’s Kraken, Embassytown and The City and the City Maija Seppänen University of Tampere School of Language, Translation and Literary Studies Master’s Programme in English Language and Literature MA Thesis April 2016 TAMPEREEN YLIOPISTO Kieli-, käännös- ja kirjallisuustieteiden yksikkö Englannin kielen ja kirjallisuuden maisteriopinnot SEPPÄNEN, MAIJA: The Union of Magicked Assistants: a study of power and subjectivity in China Miéville’s Kraken, Embassytown and The City and the City Pro gradu -tutkielma, 84 sivua + lähdeluettelo 3 sivua Huhtikuu 2016 _______________________________________________________________________________________ Tutkielma keskittyy kolmeen China Miévillen romaaniin The City and the City, Kraken ja Embassytown. Tutkielma tarkastelee marxistista tutkimusta fantasia- ja tieteiskirjallisuuden osalta. Tutkimus tarkastelee tutkimuksen historiaa ja syitä siihen, miksi fantasiakirjallisuutta on kritisoitu marxistisesta perspektiivistä ja minkälaisia aukkoja marxistinen kirjallisuuden tutkimus tämän vuoksi sisältää. Tarkoituksena on selvittää, miten fantasiakirjallisuutta voidaan tutkia marxistisesta näkökulmasta ja osoittaa, että teorian aukot tulisi tässä suhteessa ottaa huomioon. Analyysissa tarkastellaan vallan ilmenemistä teoksissa, sekä subjektiivisuuden ilmenemistä ja sen vaikutuksia teosten ideologioissa. Subjektiivisuus liittyy ideologiaan sillä tavoin, että yksilön identiteetti rakentuu ideologian kautta ja päinvastoin. Yksilöiden tarkastelulle on siis perusteet, kun tutkitaan vallan ilmenemistä romaanien yhteiskunnissa. Teoriat, joita tutkielmassa käytetään, perustuvat etenkin Darko Suvinin ajatuksiin fantasia- ja tieteiskirjallisuuden eroista ja syistä tieteiskirjallisuuden suosiolle marxistisessa tutkimusperinteessä. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa otetaan huomioon Fredric Jamesonin ajatukset kirjallisuuden poliittisesta ominaisuudesta, sekä China Miévillen kritiikki marxistista tutkimusperinnettä kohtaan fantasiakirjallisuuden kohdalla. Tarkoituksena on kartoittaa näiden ja muiden teoreetikkojen ajatuksia aiheesta ja selvittää, millä perusteella fantasiakirjallisuutta voisi tutkia samasta tutkimusperinteestä siinä missä tieteiskirjallisuuttakin. Tutkielma jakautuu osiin siten, että teoriaa käsitellään laajemmin ensin, jonka jälkeen teoksia analysoidaan kahdessa kappaleessa. Tutkielman loppupäätelmä on se, että marxistista kirjallisuudentutkimusta tulisi päivittää kahdestakin näkökannasta. Ensinnäkin fantasiakirjallisuus on eittämättä hyvä väline poliittisen keskustelun ylläpitäjänä kirjallisuudessa ja toiseksi fantasiakirjallisuuteen kohdistuva kritiikki keskittyy liiaksi seikkoihin, jotka eivät ole välttämättä oleellisia, saati modernissa fantasiakirjallisuudessa yleisiä ilmiöitä. Tällaisia seikkoja ovat muun muassa maagisten elementtien korostaminen todellisuudesta vieraannuttavina ja eskapistisia piirteitä jotka luovat pakokeinon maailmasta yhteiskunnallisen kritiikin tuottamisen sijaan. Avainsanat: marxismi, fantasia, valta, subjektiivisuus Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Theoretical background .............................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Novels ......................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Marxism and fantasy ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 New Weird ................................................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Theoretical discussion .............................................................................................................. 12 3. Power ............................................................................................................................................. 29 3.1 Main system ............................................................................................................................. 36 3.1.1 Power in split cities ................................................................................................................... 37 3.1.2 Capitalism on an alien planet .................................................................................................... 44 3.1.3 Power of faith ............................................................................................................................ 47 3.2 Subsystems ............................................................................................................................... 50 3.2.1 Resistance in the split cities ...................................................................................................... 51 3.2.2 Social change in Embassytown ................................................................................................. 56 3.2.3 Rebellion in Kraken .................................................................................................................. 60 3.3 Tools and occurrences .............................................................................................................. 63 3.3.1 Faith as a tool of power ............................................................................................................. 64 3.3.2 Language ................................................................................................................................... 67 3.3.3 Faith in god Kraken................................................................................................................... 69 4. Subjectivity .................................................................................................................................... 72 4.1 Subject in a power system ........................................................................................................ 75 4.2 Heroism .................................................................................................................................... 79 5. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 83 6. Bibliography................................................................................................................................... 85 1 1. Introduction Science fiction as a literary genre has been widely used as a platform for studying literature from a Marxist point of view (Freedman 2002, 261). William J. Burling states in his article “Marxism” that the connection is longstanding and complex (2009, 236). Burling quotes Darko Suvin, who has defined the genre as “a literary genre whose necessary and sufficient conditions are the presence and interaction of estrangement and cognition, and whose main formal device is an imaginative framework alternative [i.e., the novum] to the author’s empirical environment” (2009, 238). Fantasy literature, on the other hand, has been widely regarded by Marxists as an ahistorical genre that is unable to make a real connection with reality that could comment or criticise it (Freedman 2002, 261 – 262). As well as being seen as escapist, fantasy is also criticised by Marxist critics for enhancing and idolising pre-industrial idylls, notably J.R.R Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings-trilogy, where the setting is very idyllic and class distinctions are clear and not challenged (Bould 2002, 58). However, the definition of fantasy is in need of updating and redefining, as new literary subgenres appear to exist between science fiction and fantasy. An example of this is New Weird, which is the literary genre as which that the author China Miéville’s novels are most commonly defined (Routledge 2009, 180). Miéville is a London-based politically active author known for his novels that he himself defines as New Weird literature, which is a genre mixing magic or other fantastical elements with science fiction or realistic features (Vandermeer 2008, xvi–xvii). Miéville’s work is very fruitful for research as he is not only a part of a new wave of literature but also an active part in the discussion of the field of fantasy and fantastical literature. He is a theorist and a known Marxist political thinker. When it comes to New Weird or the issue of fantasy in the Marxist literary research, the prominent problem lies in the development of the literary genre and its continuous dismissal of Marxist literary theory. The kind of new fantasy needs to be included in Marxist literary discussion, because the disregard of the literary genre of fantasy is outdated. Mainly the problem lies in the idea that 2 fantastical literature may not be able to reflect reality in a successful manner in order to comment on real issues, but is frozen in its escapist nature, relying on magical elements. Marxist literary theory has stayed in the past unable to adapt to the next waves of literature. Similarly, in 1950s and 1960s Marxist literary theory strongly criticised modernist literature for similar reasons, as they do now fantasy. Georg Lukács wrote in 1957 an article called The Ideology of Modernism where he argued that where
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