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CAPSTONE 19-4 Africa Field Study Subject Page US Africa Command ................................................... 3 Angola ......................................................................... 45 Nigeria ........................................................................ 85 Algeria ......................................................................... 133 National Security Strategy .......................................... 175 1 This page intentionally blank 2 U.S. Africa Command Subject Page General Stephen J. Townsend...... .............................. 5 2019 Posture Statement to SASC.............................. 7 3 This page intentionally blank 4 General Stephen J. Townsend Commanding General, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command Fort Eustis, Virginia General Stephen J. Townsend assumed duties as Commander, United States Army Training and Doctrine Command on March 2, 2018, after serving as Commander, XVIII Airborne Corps, the U.S. Army’s rapid deployment contingency corps, and Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Raised in an Army family, General Townsend calls Griffin, Georgia, his hometown. He commissioned into the Infantry upon graduating from North Georgia College in 1982. General Townsend has led and commanded troops at every echelon from platoon to corps and combined joint task force. He has soldiered with four regiments, the 505th Parachute Infantry, the 21st Infantry, the 31st Infantry, and the 75th Ranger Regiment, and with five divisions, the 82d Airborne Division, the 7th Infantry Division (Light), the 10th Mountain Division (Light), the 2d Infantry Division, and the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault). His key staff assignments include service as a planner and operations officer at battalion, brigade, division and joint task force levels. At U.S. Pacific Command, he was the J-5 strategy and plans officer for China and later Special Assistant to the Commander. At U.S. Central Command, he was the Executive Officer to the Commander. On the Joint Staff, he was the Director of the Pakistan-Afghanistan Coordination Cell. General Townsend’s combat and operational experience include Operation Urgent Fury, Grenada; Operation Just Cause, Panama; and Operation Uphold Democracy, Haiti. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, he led 3-2 Stryker Brigade, Task Force Arrowhead, on offensive operations across Iraq during “the Surge.” He served four tours in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom culminating as Commander, 10th Mountain Division (Light). Most recently, General Townsend led all U.S. and multi-national troops fighting the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria as Commander, Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve. General Townsend holds a bachelor’s degree, two master’s degrees, the Air Assault Badge, the Master Parachutist Badge, the Ranger Tab, the Combat Action Badge and the Combat Infantryman’s Badge with star. General Townsend and his wife, Melissa, also from Georgia, have two grown children, one an Army Captain and the other an Army veteran and university student, as well as two large and unruly dogs. 5 This page intentionally blank 6 STATEMENT OF GENERAL THOMAS D. WALDHAUSER, UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS COMMANDER UNITED STATES AFRICA COMMAND BEFORE THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES 7 FEBRUARY 2019 A secure, stable, and prosperous Africa is an enduring American interest. 1 7 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 3 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................... 6 U.S. AFRICA COMMAND STRATEGIC APPROACH ...................................................................... 11 FOUNDATIONAL STRATEGIES ........................................................................................................ 11 U.S. AFRICA COMMAND CAMPAIGN PLAN .................................................................................. 13 Strengthen Partner Networks .............................................................................................................. 14 Enhance Partner Capability ................................................................................................................. 14 Develop Security in Somalia ............................................................................................................... 15 Contain Instability in Libya ................................................................................................................ 15 Support Partners in the Sahel and Lake Chad Regions ....................................................................... 16 Set the Theater .................................................................................................................................... 16 IMPLEMENTING THE U.S. AFRICA COMMAND STRATEGIC APPROACH ........................... 17 ACHIEVING AND MAINTAINING INFLUENCE ............................................................................. 17 EAST AFRICA ....................................................................................................................................... 20 NORTH AFRICA ................................................................................................................................... 25 SAHEL AND LAKE CHAD REGIONS ................................................................................................ 27 GULF OF GUINEA AND CENTRAL AFRICA ................................................................................... 32 SOUTHERN AFRICA ............................................................................................................................ 33 ENSURING STRATEGIC ACCESS ..................................................................................................... 34 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................... 38 2 8 INTRODUCTION Chairman Inhofe, Ranking Member Reed, and distinguished members of the committee, I am honored to represent the men and women of U.S. Africa Command and share with you their accomplishments over the past year. Since I last updated the committee, the new National Security, Defense, and Military Strategies, the U.S. Strategy Toward Africa, the National Strategy for Counterterrorism, the Department of Defense Strategy for Africa, and a new U.S. Africa Command Strategy and Campaign Plan have shaped our efforts on the continent. Each of these foundational documents acknowledges and underscores the strategic importance of Africa and the command’s mission: U.S. Africa Command, with partners, strengthens security forces, counters transnational threats, and conducts crisis response in order to advance U.S. national interests and promote security, stability, and prosperity. Africa is an enduring interest for the United States, and security is a pre-requisite for economic growth and development. As a partner-based command, U.S. Africa Command assists African nations in building capable and professional militaries subordinate to elected civilian authority and respectful of human rights, the laws of armed conflict, and international humanitarian law. By making deliberate investments in defense institutions, the U.S. can assist African partners in meeting the basic conditions needed for good governance, economic development, and stability. During 2018, U.S. Africa Command commemorated its tenth year as a geographic combatant command, reaffirming Africa’s importance to the U.S. global strategy for defending and ensuring the economic well-being of the U.S. homeland. Our network continues to focus on shared goals of a secure, stable, and prosperous Africa, which benefits not only our African partners and the U.S., but also the international community. 3 9 Headquarters U.S. Africa Command employs a team of military, civilian, interagency, and contract professionals to fulfill the mission. Moreover, U.S. Africa Command is supported by families who bring with them the spirit of community and teamwork, without which the command could not succeed. U.S. Africa Command has partnerships with the Department of State, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and other interagency organizations who all work towards providing stability and prosperity on the continent. Globally, we collaborate with our European allies, the United Nations, the African Union and regional mechanisms, the European Union, non-governmental organizations, and other groups to pursue stability and security in Africa. By employing a partner-centric approach, U.S. Africa Command complies with the specific direction in the National Defense Strategy to “support relationships to address significant terrorist threats in Africa.” To address this directive, U.S. Africa Command builds on two strategic principles. First, very few, if any, of Africa’s challenges can be resolved using only military force. Consequently, U.S. Africa Command emphasizes military support to diplomacy and development efforts. Our activities directly complement Department of State and USAID efforts to reduce the spread of harmful ideologies, strengthen governments who protect their citizens and foster security and economic successes. Second, persistent pressure on terrorist networks—whether it be operational, financial, or political—is necessary to prevent the destabilization of our African partner nations. Our principal

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