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PHASE 1 RESERVOIR WATER QUALITY and MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT

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PHASE 1 RESERVOIR WATER QUALITY and MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT Rivanna Water & Sewer Authority PHASE 1 RESERVOIR WATER QUALITY and MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT June 2016 Acknowledgements In November 2014, DiNatale Water Consultants and Alex Horne Associates were retained by the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority to develop a comprehensive reservoir water quality monitoring program. This proactive approach is a revision from historic water quality management by the Authority that tended to be more reactive in nature. The Authority embraced the use of sound science in order to develop an approach focused on reservoir management. Baseline data were needed for this scientific approach requiring a labor-intensive, monthly sampling program at all five system reservoirs. Using existing staff resources, the project kicked-off with training sessions on proper sampling techniques and use of sampling equipment. The results and recommendations contained within this report would not have been possible without the capable work of the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority staff: • Andrea Terry, Water Resources Manager, Phase I Reservoir Water Quality and Management Assessment Project Manager • Stuart Wilson, Laboratory Director • Tom Frederick, Former Executive Director • Lonnie Wood, Interim Executive Director • Dr. Richard Gullick, Director of Operations • David Tungate, Water Manager • Jennifer Whitaker, Chief Engineer • Konrad Zeller, Water Treatment Plant Supervisor • Patricia Defibaugh, Lab Chemist • Debra Hoyt, Lab Technician • Bryan Balsley, Water Operator • Peter Jasiurkowski, Water Operator • Guy Maupin, Relief Operator • Michael Webb, Relief Operator • Ken Holley, Water Operator DINATALE WATER CONSULTANTS 2 RESERVOIR WATER QUALITY Contents 1: Introduction 19 2: Raw Water System Overview 21 2.1 : Watersheds .................................................23 2.1.1 : Sugar Hollow Reservoir....................................23 2.1.2 : South Fork Rivanna Reservoir ..............................24 2.1.3 : Ragged Mountain Reservoir................................25 2.1.4 : Beaver Creek Reservoir ...................................26 2.1.5 : Totier Creek Reservoir ....................................27 2.2 : Physical Data ...............................................28 2.2.1 : Physical Characteristics of Reservoirs........................28 2.2.2 : Sugar Hollow Reservoir...................................30 2.2.3 : South Fork Rivanna Reservoir..............................32 2.2.4 : Ragged Mountain Reservoir ...............................33 2.2.5 : Beaver Creek Reservoir ..................................35 2.2.6 : Totier Creek Reservoir....................................36 2.3 : Land Use...................................................37 2.3.1 : Sugar Hollow Reservoir ...................................38 2.3.2 : South Fork Rivanna Reservoir..............................40 2.3.3 : Ragged Mountain Reservoir ...............................42 2.3.4 : Beaver Creek Reservoir...................................44 2.3.5 : Totier Creek Reservoir....................................46 2.4 : Hydrology . 48 2.4.1 : Watershed Area Weighted Estimation of Reservoir Inflows .......49 2.4.2 : Modeled Reservoir Inflows ................................53 2.4.3 : Sugar Hollow Reservoir...................................54 2.4.4 : South Fork Rivanna Reservoir..............................56 2.4.5 : Ragged Mountain Reservoir ...............................58 2.4.6 : Beaver Creek Reservoir...................................58 2.4.7 : Totier Creek Reservoir ....................................60 2.5 : Water Treatment Plants . .62 2.5.1 : South Rivanna Water Treatment Plant........................62 2.5.2 : Observatory Water Treatment Plant .........................63 2.5.3 : Crozet Water Treatment Plant..............................63 2.5.4 : Scottsville Water Treatment Plant ..........................64 3: Historical Water Quality 65 3.1 : Recent History of the Reservoirs and Drainage Basins Regulations ....65 3.2 : Water Quality . .67 3.2.1 : Sugar Hollow Reservoir ...................................67 3.2.2 : South Fork Rivanna Reservoir..............................68 3.2.3 : Ragged Mountain Reservoir ...............................69 3.2.4 : Beaver Creek Reservoir...................................69 3.2.5 : Totier Creek Reservoir....................................70 RESERVOIR WATER QUALITY 3 DINATALE WATER CONSULTANTS Contents, 4: Monitoring Program 71 4.1 : Sampling Locations .......................................... 71 cont. 4.2 : Sampling Methods ...........................................72 4.3 : Analysis....................................................74 4.4 : Monitoring Schedule .........................................75 4.5 : Monitoring program Value.....................................75 5: Water Quality Monitoring Results 76 5.1 : Sugar Hollow Reservoir . 76 5.1.1 : Temperature and Thermal Stratification.......................78 5.1.2 : Dissolved Oxygen........................................78 5.1.3 : Nutrients . 80 5.1.4 : Phytoplankton: Algal Chlorophyll & Water Clarity...............83 5.1.5 : Phytoplankton: Algal Species ..............................86 5.1.6 : Conclusions for the July 2015 Anabaena bloom ...............86 5.2 : South Fork Rivanna Reservoir .................................89 5.2.1 : Temperature and Thermal Stratification ......................90 5.2.2 : Dissolved Oxygen .......................................92 5.2.3 : Nutrients ..............................................94 5.2.4 : Phytoplankton: Algal Chlorophyll & Water Clarity ..............100 5.2.5 : Phytoplankton: Algal Species..............................105 5.2.6 : Spatial Variability........................................107 5.2.7 : Effects of Precipitation....................................107 5.2.8 : Data from Older Documents...............................109 5.3 : Ragged Mountain Reservoir ...................................110 5.3.1 : Dissolved Oxygen........................................112 5.3.2 : Nutrients ..............................................113 5.3.3 : Phytoplankton: Algal Chlorophyll & Water Clarity ..............113 5.3.4 : Phytoplankton: Algal Species ..............................115 5.3.5 : Effects of Recent Reservoir Expansion.......................116 5.4 : Beaver Creek Reservoir ......................................117 5.4.1 : Temperature and Thermal Stratificaiton ......................118 5.4.2 : Dissolved Oxygen .......................................120 5.4.3 : Nutrients ..............................................121 5.4.4 : Phytoplankton: Algal Chlorophyll & Water Clarity..............133 5.4.5 : Phytoplankton: Algal Species ..............................134 5.4.6 : Spatial Variability........................................138 5.5 : Totier Creek Reservoir .......................................139 5.5.1 : Temperature and Thermal Stratification ......................139 5.5.2 : Dissolved Oxygen .......................................140 5.5.3 : Suspended Solids .......................................141 5.5.4 : Nutrients ..............................................142 5.5.5 : Phytoplankton: Algal Chlorophyll & Water Clarity ..............145 DINATALE WATER CONSULTANTS 4 RESERVOIR WATER QUALITY Contents, 5.5.6 : Phytoplankton: Algal Species ..............................147 6: Reservoir Management Strategies 148 cont. 6.1 : General Methods of Lake and Reservoir Management...............149 6.2 : Methods Not Recommended for Further Study ....................150 6.3 : Methods Recommended for further Evaluation ....................151 6.4 : Evaluation of Sonication . 152 6.5 : Descriptions of Recommended Methods .........................154 6.5.1 : Nitrogen and Phosphorus Remediation ......................154 6.5.2 : Vigorous Epilimnetic Mixing, Desctratification and Lake Mixing ..154 6.5.3 : Wetland Algae Filters ....................................154 6.5.4 : Algaecides and Herbicides ................................155 6.5.5 : Oxygenation or Aeration..................................156 6.5.6 : Sediment Phosphorus Immobilization .......................156 6.5.7 : Fish grazers on Macrophytes ..............................157 6.5.8 : Biomanipulation ........................................157 7: Management Strategies For Each Reservoir 159 7.1 : Evaluation of Potential Management Strategies ....................160 7.2 : Beaver Creek Reservoir .......................................161 7.2.1 : Expanded Description of Hypolimnetic Oxygenation, HOS .......164 7.2.2 : Further Data Needs ......................................167 7.2.3 : Potential Watershed Methods ..............................168 7.3 : South Fork Rivanna Reservoir and watershed .....................169 7.3.1 : Expanded Description of the Main Chosen method .............172 7.3.2 : Expanded Description of the Main Alternatives to HOS Method...172 7.3.3 : Further Data Needs for SFRR...............................175 7.3.4 : Potential Watershed Methods ..............................176 7.4 : Ragged Mountain Reservoir ....................................181 7.4.1 : Further Data Needs for Ragged Mountain Reservoir.............182 7.4.2 : Potential Watershed Methods for Ragged Mountain ............183 7.5 : Sugar Hollow Reservoir Recommended Strategies .................185 7.5.1 : Further Data Needs for Sugar Hollow Reservoir ................187 7.5.2 : Potential Watershed Methods ..............................188 7.6 : Totier Creek Reservoir.........................................189 7.6.1 : Further Data Needs for Totier
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