'Biogeographic Evolution of Madagascar's Microendemic Biota'

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'Biogeographic Evolution of Madagascar's Microendemic Biota' ’Biogeographic Evolution of Madagascar’s Microendemic Biota’ : analyse et déconstruction Lucienne Wilmé To cite this version: Lucienne Wilmé. ’Biogeographic Evolution of Madagascar’s Microendemic Biota’ : analyse et décon- struction. Sciences agricoles. Université de Strasbourg, 2012. Français. NNT : 2012STRAG050. tel-01124053 HAL Id: tel-01124053 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01124053 Submitted on 6 Mar 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG ÉCOLE DOCTORALE Sciences humaines et sociales – Perspectives européennes EA 4437 THÈSE présentée par : [ Lucienne WILMÉ ] soutenue le : 17 septembre 2012 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’université de Strasbourg Discipline/ Spécialité : Géographie ‘BIOGEOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF MADAGASCAR'S MICROENDEMIC BIOTA’. ANALYSE ET DECONSTRUCTION THÈSE dirigée par : Monsieur MERCIER Jean-Luc Professeur émérite, Université de Strasbourg RAPPORTEURS : Monsieur GIRARDIN Philippe Directeur du Parc Naturel des Ballons des Vosges, Dr de Recherche INRA Monsieur SCHWARTZ Dominique Professeur pédologie, Université de Strasbourg AUTRES MEMBRES DU JURY : Monsieur JELTSCH Jean-Marc Professeur, Vice-président Université de Strasbourg Madame HAUG Danielle Directrice du service VAE, Université de Strasbourg Monsieur GANZHORN Jöerg Professeur d'Écologie, Université de Hambourg Monsieur SORG Jean-Pierre Professeur de Foresterie, École Polytechnique – ETH – de Zurich "Biogeographic Evolution of Madagascar's Microendemic Biota" Analyse et déconstruction Lucienne Wilmé Document III Strasbourg 2012 "Biogeographic Evolution of Madagascar's Microendemic Biota" : analyse et déconstruction. 2012 Lucienne Wilmé [email protected] "Biogeographic Evolution of Madagascar's Microendemic Biota" : analyse et déconstruction. Table des matières Remerciements ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Le milieu naturel .................................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1. Géologie ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 2.1.1. Position de Madagascar depuis le Mésozoïque ...................................................................................... 7 2.1.2. Aspects géologiques (Besairie 1964) ..................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2.1. Socle précambrien et terrains sédimentaires ................................................................................... 8 2.1.2.2. Volcanisme ...................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Géomorphologie .......................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1. La topographie ..................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.2. Organisation des reliefs ........................................................................................................................ 11 2.2.3. Les formations superficielles et les sols ............................................................................................... 12 2.2.3.1. Les formations superficielles, les sols et l’eau .............................................................................. 12 2.2.3.2. Équilibre morphoclimatique et évolution du relief ........................................................................ 14 2.2.3.3. Rupture d’équilibre morphoclimatique ......................................................................................... 16 2.2.3.4. Interaction, rétroaction : substrat, climat, eau disponible, plantes, animaux ................................. 16 2.3. Climatologie ................................................................................................................................................ 17 2.3.1. Sud-ouest de l’océan Indien ................................................................................................................. 17 2.3.2. La circulation atmosphérique dans le sud-ouest de l’océan Indien ...................................................... 18 2.3.3. Variabilité et imprévisibilité................................................................................................................. 19 2.3.4. Variabilité et causes prévisibles : les oscillateurs ENSO et l’IOD ....................................................... 19 2.3.5. Influence du relief sur le climat ............................................................................................................ 20 2.3.6. Essai de cartographie des précipitations et réserves en eau à Madagascar ........................................... 20 2.3.7. Les bioclimats ...................................................................................................................................... 22 2.4. Hydrologie .................................................................................................................................................. 24 2.4.1. Le réseau hydrographique .................................................................................................................... 24 2.4.2. Les Captures ......................................................................................................................................... 25 2.5. Paléoclimats ................................................................................................................................................ 26 2.5.1. Les changements climatiques depuis le Paléocène .............................................................................. 26 2.5.2. Les changements climatiques du Plio-Quaternaire .............................................................................. 27 2.5.3. Évolution géomorphologique et paléoclimats ...................................................................................... 28 2.6. La Biodiversité ............................................................................................................................................ 30 2.6.1. Flore ..................................................................................................................................................... 30 2.6.2. La couverture forestière et les milieux anthropiques............................................................................ 30 2.6.3. Faune .................................................................................................................................................... 31 2.6.3.1. Invertébrés ..................................................................................................................................... 31 2.6.3.2. La faune vertébrée fossile et subfossile ......................................................................................... 31 2.6.3.3. Vertébrés terrestres actuels ............................................................................................................ 32 3. Les données ........................................................................................................................................................ 34 3.1. L’avifaune ................................................................................................................................................... 34 3.1.1. État des connaissances de l’avifaune à la fin du XXe siècle ................................................................. 34 2012 Lucienne Wilmé [email protected] 2 "Biogeographic Evolution of Madagascar's Microendemic Biota" : analyse et déconstruction. 3.1.2. Composition ......................................................................................................................................... 35 3.1.3. Niches écologiques............................................................................................................................... 36 3.1.4. Distribution spatiale ............................................................................................................................. 37 3.1.5. Distribution altitudinale sur le versant humide oriental ....................................................................... 37 3.1.6. Influence des fleuves sur la distribution des oiseaux forestiers ............................................................ 38 3.1.7. Les oiseaux des biomes secs du versant occidental .............................................................................. 39 3.2. Mammifères terrestres actuels
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