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Fluid Flow Systems Analysis on Geological Timescales in Onshore and Offshore Netherlands

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Fluid Flow Systems Analysis on Geological Timescales in Onshore and Offshore Netherlands Fluid flow systems analysis on geological timescales in onshore and offshore Netherlands With special reference to the Broad Fourteens Basin Hanneke Verweij October 2003 Netherlands Institute of Applied Geoscience TNO – National Geological Survey Fluid flow systems analysis on geological timescales in onshore and offshore Netherlands The research reported in this thesis was largely carried out at the Netherlands Institute of Applied Geoscience TNO – National Geological Survey Lay-out Jos Rietstap Vormgeving, Schiedam Printing Drukzaken, Rotterdam Netherlands Research School of Sedimentary Geology (NSG) contribution No. 2003.09.05 CIP-DATA Verweij, Johanna Maria Fluid flow systems analysis on geological timescales in onshore and offshore Netherlands. With special reference to the Broad Fourteens Basin. – Doctoral Thesis Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam – with ref. – with summary in Dutch Subject headings: fluid flow systems, groundwater systems, petroleum systems, paleo fluid flow, pore pressures, temperatures, basin analysis ISBN 90-5986-035-7 ©2003 J.M.Verweij, Delft Published by the Netherlands Institute of Applied Geoscience TNO – National Geological Survey, Utrecht, the Netherlands VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Fluid flow systems analysis on geological timescales in onshore and offshore Netherlands With special reference to the Broad Fourteens Basin ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. T. Sminia, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de faculteit der Aard- en Levenswetenschappen op woensdag 19 november 2003 om 15.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Johanna Maria Verweij geboren te ’s-Gravenhage promotoren: prof.dr. S.A.P.L. Cloetingh prof.dr. J.J. de Vries voor Hessel Fluid flow systems analysis on geological timescales in onshore and offshore Netherlands Contents Contents 1 General introduction | 1 1.1 Introduction | 1 1.2 Fluid flow systems in sedimentary basins: general concepts | 2 1.3 Analysis of fluid flow on geological timescales | 13 1.4 Objectives of this thesis | 14 1.5 Organisation | 14 Part 1 Overview of the post-Carboniferous hydrogeohistory of onshore and offshore Netherlands 2 Introduction to Part 1 | 17 3 Geological history of onshore and offshore Netherlands | 18 3.1 Pre- and Early rift phase | 19 3.2 Main syn-rift phase | 23 3.3 Post-rift phase | 23 3.4 Syn-inversion phase | 24 3.5 Post-inversion phase | 25 4 Factors controlling the hydrogeohistory of onshore and offshore Netherlands | 33 4.1 Tectonic control | 34 4.2 Sedimentary loading | 35 4.3 Erosional unloading | 35 4.4 Glacial loading/unloading | 35 4.5 Topography of the water table | 36 5 Present-day hydrogeological framework of onshore and offshore Netherlands | 38 6 Present-day indicators of fluid flow conditions in onshore and offshore Netherlands | 41 6.1 Overview of indirect indicators derived from published studies | 41 6.2 Identified periods of active fluid flow | 44 7 Present-day overpressures and fluid flow in onshore and offshore Netherlands | 45 7.1 Distribution of overpressures | 45 7.2 Factors controlling present-day distributions of overpressure | 48 7.3 Overpressures and fluid flow in Cenozoic sedimentary units | 48 7.4 Overpressures and fluid flow in pre-Tertiary sedimentary units: general observations | 49 7.5 Overpressures and fluid flow in Cretaceous units | 50 7.6 Overpressures and fluid flow in Upper Jurassic and Lower Triassic units | 50 7.7 Overpressures and fluid flow in Upper Rotliegend units | 51 Fluid flow systems analysis on geological timescales in onshore and offshore Netherlands i Contents 8 Hydrochemistry and temperatures in onshore and offshore Netherlands | 53 8.1 Hydrochemistry | 53 8.2 Temperatures | 66 9 The present-day hydrodynamic setting of onshore and offshore Netherlands | 79 9.1 Topography-induced fluid flow systems | 79 9.2 Artificial fluid flow systems | 80 9.3 Fluid flow systems induced by sedimentary loading and associated burial-related processes | 80 10 Discussion and conclusions Part 1 | 83 Part 2 Fluid flow systems analysis of the Broad Fourteens Basin: Conceptual model of its geodynamic and fluid dynamic evolution 11 Introduction to Part 2 | 85 12 Regional tectonic setting | 86 12.1 Variscan phase | 86 12.2 Triassic and Early Jurassic extension and thermal subsidence | 87 12.3 Middle Jurassic domal uplift | 87 12.4 Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous extensional tectonics | 88 12.5 Late Cretaceous to Earliest Tertiary closure of the Tethys Ocean and the creation of the Alpine fold chain | 88 12.6 Tertiary creation of the Atlantic Ocean and seafloor spreading | 89 13 Geological history | 91 13.1 Variscan sequence of Westphalian and Stephanian age | 93 13.2 Pre-rift and Early-rift sequence of Late Permian to Mid Jurassic age | 93 13.3 Main syn-rift sequence of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age | 95 13.4 Post-rift sequence of Aptian-Albian to Late Cretaceous age | 95 13.5 Syn-inversion sequence of Late Cretaceous age | 97 13.6 Post-inversion sequence of Tertiary and Quaternary age | 99 14 Hydrogeohistory | 101 14.1 Tectonic control | 101 14.2 Sedimentary loading | 104 14.3 Erosional unloading | 104 14.4 Glacial loading/glacial unloading | 104 14.5 Topography of the water table | 104 14.6 Overview of factors controlling the hydrogeohistory | 106 14.7 Present-day hydrogeological framework | 107 ii Fluid flow systems analysis on geological timescales in onshore and offshore Netherlands Contents 15 Indicators of present-day and paleo fluid flow conditions | 110 15.1 Pressures | 110 15.2 Temperatures and steady-state heat flow | 110 15.3 Hydrochemistry | 113 15.4 Geochemistry | 115 15.5 Characteristics of petroleum fluid systems | 118 15.6 Identified periods of active fluid flow | 120 16 Conceptual model of geodynamic and fluid dynamic evolution | 124 16.1 Conceptual model of geodynamic and hydrodynamic evolution | 124 16.2 Conceptual model of hydrodynamic evolution in relation to the evolution of petroleum systems | 125 17 Discussion and conclusions Part 2 | 129 Part 3 Fluid flow systems analysis of the Broad Fourteens Basin: results of integrated 2D basin modelling 18 Introduction to Part 3 | 131 18.1 Principles of integrated 2D basin modelling | 131 18.2 Input data and boundary conditions | 132 18.3 Modelling procedure | 132 19 History of sedimentation, uplift and erosion | 135 19.1 Reconstructed geological history | 135 19.2 Predicted history of sedimentation, uplift and erosion | 135 20 Thermal history | 139 20.1 Selection of boundary conditions and input data | 139 20.2 Temperature and heat flow history | 141 20.3 Conclusions | 145 21 History of maturation and petroleum generation | 149 21.1 Maturation and petroleum generation in the Limburg Group source rock | 149 21.2 Maturation and petroleum generation in the Jurassic source rocks | 153 21.3 Conclusions | 157 22 Permeability history | 158 22.1 Evaluation of the modelling scenarios | 158 22.2 Conclusions | 160 23 History of pore pressures and groundwater flow | 161 23.1 History of pore pressures | 161 23.2 History of groundwater flow | 166 23.3 Discussion and conclusions | 175 Fluid flow systems analysis on geological timescales in onshore and offshore Netherlands iii Contents 24 History of petroleum expulsion, migration and accumulation | 181 24.1 Expulsion, migration and accumulation of gas | 183 24.2 Expulsion, migration and accumulation of oil | 188 24.3 Conclusions | 194 25 Relations between the groundwater flow system and the petroleum system | 199 25.1 Influence of the groundwater flow system on the petroleum system | 201 25.2 Influence of the petroleum system on the groundwater flow system | 204 25.3 Influence of the groundwater and petroleum systems on permeability evolution | 204 26 Conclusions Part 3 and continued analysis of fluid flow systems on geological timescales | 205 26.1 Conclusions | 205 26.2 Continued analysis of fluid flow systems on geological timescales in sedimentary basins in onshore and offshore Netherlands | 207 Summary | 210 Samenvatting | 219 Acknowledgements | 227 References | 228 Appendices | 239 1 Calculated bulk conductivities for offshore Netherlands | 239 2 Temperature differences, temperature gradients and steady-state heat flows between successive temperature measurements in wells in the Broad Fourteens area | 248 3 Water analyses data from nine wells in the Broad Fourteens Basin | 254 4 Conceptual model of basin history along the regional cross-section: input parameters and boundary conditions | 256 iv Fluid flow systems analysis on geological timescales in onshore and offshore Netherlands Introduction 1 General introduction 1.1 Introduction Knowledge of the present-day fluid flow systems in the sedimentary fill of onshore and offshore Netherlands, and the related pore pressure distributions in its reservoirs and seals, is important for safe and economic drilling, oil and gas field exploration and exploitation, as well as for safe subsurface storage of energy and energy residues. Process-based understanding and prediction of present-day distributions of the characteristics of the rocks and geofluids, such as the distributions of the excess pore pressures, the diagenetic cements, and the oil and gas fields, require knowledge on the evolution of fluid flow systems on geological timescales. To date there has only been very limited, non-proprietary information available on present-day physico-chemical characteristics of geofluids and fluid flow systems
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