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NATO UNCLASSIFIED Releasable to North Macedonia, Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and Switzerland NATO UNCLASSIFIED Releasable to North Macedonia, Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and Switzerland 02 August 2019 DOCUMENT NIAG-D(2019)0015 (INV) AC/225-D(2019)0003 (INV) NATO INDUSTRIAL ADVISORY GROUP (NIAG) NATO ARMY ARMAMENTS GROUP (NAAG) JOINT CAPABILITY GROUP VERTICAL LIFT (JCGVL) FINAL REPORT OF NIAG STUDY GROUP 227 ON ROTORCRAFT MANNED/UNMANNED TEAMING Note by the NIAG Secretary 1. Enclosed is the Final Report of NIAG study on Rotorcraft Manned/Unmanned Teaming, as conducted by NIAG SG.227, which is now published to the Sponsor. (signed) Nathalie Van Donghen 1 Enclosure Original: English NATO UNCLASSIFIED -1- NHQD137898 NATO UNCLASSIFIED Releasable to the Invitee, North Macedonia, Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and Switzerland ENCLOSURE TO NIAG-D(2019)0015 (INV) AC/225-D(2019)0003 (INV) NIAG SG.227 On Rotorcraft Manned/Unmanned Teaming (29 June 2019) The work described in this report was carried out under the provisions of the NIAG Study Order for Study Group 227. Disclosure, utilization, publication or reproduction of this report by industry is subject to pre-approval by NATO until such time as NATO may have released such work to the public NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED Releasable to North Macedonia, Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and Switzerland ENCLOSURE TO NIAG-D(2019)0015 (INV), Multi References EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background NATO faces an increasingly complex, sophisticated and lethal operating environment. The re-emergence of peer and near-peer potential adversaries, with high-end Anti Access / Area Denial (A2/AD) capabilities, drives NATO into investigating candidate technologies that will permit future air operations to be conducted at acceptable risk, with minimal attrition of both platforms and operating crews. Manned / Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) is one such set of technologies, offering the promise of enhanced combat operations, increased platform survivability and improved decision making with networked assets. MUM-T promises significant improvements to Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) functions, and the opportunity to dramatically reduce the number of manned aircrafts required to sustain a high operational tempo. An excellent opportunity exists for force multiplication with unmanned aircrafts by leveraging technology advances in Autonomy, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Augmented Reality. Technical Summary The SG-227 study effort was divided into four areas - Overall Concept & Operations, Architecture and Concept of Integration, Human Machine Interface (HMI) / Automation, Data link/Networking/Cyber-Electronic Warfare (EW). The Overall Concept & Operations area developed representative operational scenarios, derived from both ATP-49G and user input. Other areas exploited these scenarios to define the critical technical and integration issues that effective MUM-T would need to mature in order to deliver genuine capability. SG-227 took a medium to long term view of MUM-T, identifying candidate technologies that could be fielded on legacy rotorcraft (in the next 10 years) and influencing the design strategy for Next Generation Rotorcraft (NGR) as postulated by the output of SG-219. , The SG-227 team has met the objectives of the “Study Order” identifying: MUM-T military utility, critical enabling technologies, option for launch/recovery, system integration issues, HMI related issues and outlining viable representative technology development programs. The team addressed the specific issues enumerated in the study order in the appropriate sections in the report. Conclusions The following provides key conclusions and recommendations; more detailed information is available in the Chapter-6 of the report. • SG-227 Developed five operational scenarios. With minimum modifications, the Group believes these can support further work in influencing and maturing MUM-T studies in the future. • SG-227 concluded the three most important options in terms of mission effectiveness are: 1. Escort UAV (E-UAV); 2. Air Launched Effector UAV (ALE-UAV) and 3. Optionally Manned Rotorcraft (OMR) (including the OMR version of the proposed NGR). Airborne recovery for selected UAVs is assessed as viable, though complex, and requiring further detailed analysis. NATO UNCLASSIFIED -2- NATO UNCLASSIFIED Releasable to North Macedonia, Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and Switzerland ENCLOSURE TO NIAG-D(2019)0015 (INV), Multi References • Open system standards including Modular Open System Architecture (MOSA) will be required to support high-speed processing and modular construction for legacy and NGR platforms. • SG-227 determined that airborne UAV release and recovery is a major technical challenge. • The additional tasks needed for advancing MUM-T, such as increased planning, can only be accomplished by significant improvements in HMI, a significant ‘easing’ to the manned platform pilotage task, a sharing of mission management duties and the adoption of AI/Automation technologies. • A rapidly growing threat to data link performance is Cyber EW attacks that detect and jam RF operations. Operating in a hostile electromagnetic environment is critical to mission success. Two key features to consider influencing low probability of detection / anti-jamming (LPD/AJ) performance are the waveform and antenna. • SG-227 determined NATO does not have a standardized cryptographic solution. This disrupts the ability of collaboration between countries to operate securely. A commonly agreed upon cryptographic solution is needed for interoperability between NATO member countries. • The networking concept supporting MUM-T has some unique challenges that need to be considered. Current Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) or Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANET) may need to evolve in a hybrid solution to accommodate those challenges. Recommendations • NATO should develop Training, Tactics, and Procedures (TTP) and Doctrine for MUM-T operation and validate suitable testing scenarios for further use. • The modular multinational MUM-T subsystems architecture developed in this study should be demonstrated by simulation or demonstration. • NATO should consider Implementing and maturing Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms and data for the MUM-T. • Next generation aircraft should be designed to include advanced MUM-T requirements from their conceptual stage. • The combination of multimodal HMI technologies, decision support tools, data fusion capabilities and autonomous behavior requires further development to provide an optimized mix for changing conditions, including system failure cases. • MUM-T C2 links should operate in either Ka or E-band frequencies to take advantage of wider available bandwidths, less congestion, and smaller components. • Further study should be devoted to advancing the evolution of Low Probability of Detection (LPD) waveforms to defeat energy, structure, and feature detectors and hide the signal below the noise floor. Build a living library of field updateable countermeasures to defeat the latest jammer threats. • A commonly agreed upon cryptographic solution is needed for interoperability between NATO member countries. NATO UNCLASSIFIED -3- NATO UNCLASSIFIED Releasable to North Macedonia, Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and Switzerland ENCLOSURE TO NIAG-D(2019)0015 (INV), Multi References TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF PARTICIPANTS REPORT Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 8 1.2 The study objectives and scope .............................................................................. 8 1.3 Study Organisation .................................................................................................. 9 1.4 Participants ............................................................................................................. 9 1.5 Meetings Schedule ................................................................................................ 10 Chapter 2: Overall Concept of MUM-T Operations ....................................................... 10 1. Identify & assess the military utility of advanced MUM-T; ..................................... 10 2.3 Methodology.......................................................................................................... 11 2.4 Identify & assess the military utility of advanced MUM-T ...................................... 12 2.5 Development of representative mission scenarios ................................................ 13 2.6 Identify unique platform capabilities required for each scenario and Define the various manned rotorcraft and unmanned options ................................................ 13 2.7 Place in priority order the three best options based on mission effectiveness, technology challenges, near term (5-10 years) implementation and cost. ............ 14 2.8 Technical Constraints. ........................................................................................... 16 Chapter 3: Architecture And Concept Of Integration ................................................... 17 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 17 3.2 Capabilities and Technologies ................................................................................
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