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Status Taksonomi, Distribusi Dan Kategori Status Konservasi Magnoliaceae Di Indonesia

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Status Taksonomi, Distribusi Dan Kategori Status Konservasi Magnoliaceae Di Indonesia Buletin Kebun Raya Vol. 15 No. 2, Juli 2012 STATUS TAKSONOMI, DISTRIBUSI DAN KATEGORI STATUS KONSERVASI MAGNOLIACEAE DI INDONESIA Taxonomy, distribution and conservation status of Magnoliaceae in Indonesia Andes Hamuraby Rozak Technical Implementing Unit for Plant Conservation Cibodas Botanic Garden, Indonesian Institute of Sciences Sindanglaya, Cianjur, West Java 43253 Indonesia e‐mail: [email protected] Abstract The Family of Magnoliaceae is one of the most primitive taxa in the world. Knowledge of this family is essential for studies on the origin, evolution and systematics of Angiosperms. There are 223 species belongs to this family in the world and 25 of them are found in Indonesia. This paper explains taxonomy, distribution, and conservation status of the family Magnoliaceae in Indonesia. Key words: Magnoliaceae, taxonomy, distribution, conservation status, Indonesia Abstrak Magnoliaceae adalah salah satu suku tumbuhan primitif di dunia. Mengetahui dan mempelajari anggota suku ini merupakan sesuatu yang esensial untuk studi asal‐usul, evolusi, dan sistematika dari Angiosperma. Terdapat 223 jenis yang tercatat sebagai anggota suku ini dan 25 jenis di antaranya dapat ditemukan di Indonesia. Dalam tulisan ini akan dijelaskan mengenai status taksonomi, distribusi dan status konservasi untuk jenis‐jenis dari Suku Magnoliaceae yang ada di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Magnoliaceae, status taksonomi, distribusi, status konservasi, Indonesia | 81 Buletin Kebun Raya Vol. 15 No. 2, Juli 2012 PENDAHULUAN Magnoliaceae merupakan suku tumbuhan Keprimitifan Suku Magnoliaceae telah yang tergolong unik secara morfologi karena menjadikannya sebagai salah satu suku yang strukturnya tidak seperti pada kebanyakan menarik untuk dipelajari. Para ahli botani tumbuhan berbunga lainnya. Bunga jenis‐jenis meyakini bahwa dengan mempelajari suku ini, Magnoliaceae tersusun spiral, sepal dan maka dapat pula dipelajari asal‐usul, evolusi dan petalnya tidak secara jelas terdiferensiasi. sistematika tumbuhan Angiosperma (Cicuzza et Menurut Cicuzza et al. (2007), Magnoliaceae al., 2007). Namun demikian, meskipun para ahli tergolong tumbuhan yang mengalami proses telah banyak mempelajari Suku Magnoliaceae, evolusi yang sudah berjalan jutaan tahun yang hubungan kekerabatan suku ini dengan suku lalu. Sebuah analisis filogenetik molekuler tumbuhan yang lain masih menjadi perdebatan, memperkirakan bahwa suku ini telah ada sekitar baik berdasarkan karakter morfologi (Howard, 42‐36 juta tahun yang lalu di daerah tropis dan 1948; Canright, 1952, 1960; Nooteboom, 1985, subtropis, sedangkan di daerah subtropis‐ 1987, 1988; Chen dan Nooteboom, 1993; van temperate telah ada sejak 28‐25 juta tahun yang Balgooy, 1998) maupun molekuler (Azuma et lalu (Azuma et al., 2001). al., 1999, 2001; Shi et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2001; Li dan Conran, 2003). Potensi dari Suku Magnoliaceae sangat beragam. Beberapa anggota suku ini Figlar dan Nooteboom (2004) merupakan tumbuhan ornamental, penghasil mengungkapkan klasifikasi Suku Magnoliaceae, kayu yang bagus dan memiliki potensi sebagai khususnya di kawasan Malesia yang didasarkan tanaman obat. Menurut Heyne (1987), anggota pada kombinasi karakter molekuler dan Suku Magnoliaceae yang merupakan tumbuhan morfologinya. Berdasarkan klasifikasi tersebut, ornamental, antara lain Magnolia champaca Suku Magnoliaceae dibagi menjadi dua anak (bunga cempaka, bunga kantil), penghasil kayu suku yaitu Liriodendroideae dan Magnolioideae. contohnya M. montana sebagai kayu substitusi Anak suku Liriodendroideae terdiri atas 1 dari kayu Jati dan M. blumei (Baros, Manglid). marga, yaitu Liriodendron, sedangkan marga Jenis yang telah dikenal berpotensi sebagai yang termasuk dalam anak suku Magnoliaceae, tumbuhan obat sejak 2000 tahun yang lalu seperti Elmerrillia, Manglietia, Michelia dan adalah M. officinalis (jenis endemik di China) (Yu Pachylarnax bergabung menjadi satu marga et al., 2011). yaitu Magnolia. KLASIFIKASI MAGNOLIACEAE SEBARAN MAGNOLIACEAE DI DUNIA Jumlah jenis Suku Magnoliaceae Suku Magnoliaceae merupakan salah satu berdasarkan checklist yang dipublikasikan oleh suku tumbuhan primitif di dunia (Cicuzza et al., Kew Botanic Gardens adalah 223 jenis (Frodin 2007; Nie et al., 2008; Yu et al., 2011). 82 | Buletin Kebun Raya Vol. 15 No. 2, Juli 2012 dan Govaerts, 1996). Sekitar 2/3 dari jenis Suku sampai batasnya berada di Brazil bagian selatan Magnoliaceae terdapat di Asia, mulai dari (Azuma et al., 2001). Gambar 1 merupakan Korea, Jepang, China, India, Srilanka, Indochina sebaran Magnoliaceae yang berdasarkan pada dan Malesia. Sedangkan 1/3 dari jenis Suku Azuma et al. (2001). Magnoliaceae lainnya terdapat di Amerika Utara bagian timur, Meksiko dan Amerika Tengah, Gambar 1. Sebaran Magnoliaceae di dunia (Azuma et al., 2001). Ekologi: Tumbuh pada tanah berpasir JENIS‐JENIS MAGNOLIACEAE DI INDONESIA kekuningan dari dataran rendah sampai 500 m dpl. Indonesia merupakan salah satu pusat keanekaragaman jenis‐jenis dari Suku Magnolia banghamii (Noot.) Figlar & Noot. Magnoliaceae. Menurut Nooteboom (1985, (Sinonim: Michelia banghamii Noot.) 1987, 1988), Frodin dan Govaerts (1996), Figlar Distribusi: Endemik di Aceh (Takigeum, Trilit). dan Nooteboom (2004) dan Cicuzza et al. (2007), di Indonesia terdapat 25 jenis Magnolia Ekologi: Tumbuh pada ketinggian 1.000 m dari 223 jenis yang ada di dunia, yaitu: dpl. Magnolia ashtonii Dandy ex Noot. Magnolia bintuluensis (Agostini) Noot. Distribusi: Sumatera (Riau, Indragiri), Borneo Distribusi: Sumatera (Indragiri, Belitung), (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, Kalimantan Barat). Semenanjung Malaya (Johor), Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, Kalimantan). | 83 Buletin Kebun Raya Vol. 15 No. 2, Juli 2012 Ekologi: Tumbuh di daerah pesisir yang Distribusi: Endemik di Sumatera Barat berawa dan hutan kerangas. Di Kalimantan (Pesisir Barat, Gunung Kerinci). Timur, jenis ini tumbuh di hutan Agathis pada tanah berpasir sampai ketinggian 1.000 Ekologi: Tumbuh di hutan primer pada m dpl. ketinggian 2.000 – 2.200 m dpl. Magnolia blumei Prantl (Sinonim: Manglietia glauca Blume) Magnolia carsonii Dandy ex Noot. var. blumei var. drymifolia Noot. Distribusi: Sumatera (Aceh, Gunung Distribusi: Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah, Crocker Ketambe; Sumatera Utara, Pesisir Timur dan Range, Kinabalu, Kalimantan Barat, Tengah, Tapanuli; Pesisir Barat; Lampung, Gunung Timur, Gunung Palimasan). Tanggamus), Jawa (hutan pegunungan di Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur), Ekologi: Tumbuh di hutan pegunungan Kepulauan Sunda Kecil (Bali, Sumba, Flores), primer dan sekunder pada ketinggian 1.000 – Sulawesi (Malili; Gunung Nokilalaki). 2.850 m dpl. Ekologi: Tumbuh di hutan pada ketinggian Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre 500 – 2.400 m dpl. (Sinonim: Michelia champaca L.) var. sumatrana Dandy var. champaca Distribusi: Endemik di Sumatera Barat Distribusi: India sampai China, Malesia (Gunung Singgalang, Gunung Talang, Gunung (Sumatera, Semenanjung Malaya, Jawa, Marapi, Gunung Silit dan Padang Panjang). Kepulauan Sunda Kecil) Ekologi: Tumbuh di hutan pada ketinggian var. pubinervia (Blume) Miq. 600 – 1.300 m dpl. Distribusi: Sumatera (Aceh, Bengkulu, Danau Magnolia borneensis Noot. Ranau), Semenanjung Malaya (Kedah, Pulau Langkawi, Bukit Kayu Hitam, Kelantan, Distribusi: Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah, Dataran Tinggi Cameron), Jawa, Kepulauan Kalimantan Timur), Filipina (Palawan). Sunda Kecil (Sumbawa). Ekologi: Tumbuh di hutan primer pada tanah Ekologi: Tumbuh di hutan primer pada lempung berpasir atau tanah ultrabasic di ketinggian 250 – 1.500 m dpl. Di Jawa dataran rendah sampai ketinggian 1.800 m biasanya ditemukan pada ketinggian 1.000 – dpl. 1.200 m dpl. Magnolia calophylloides Figlar & Noot. Magnolia elegans (Blume) H.Keng (Sinonim: Manglietia calophylla Dandy) 84 | Buletin Kebun Raya Vol. 15 No. 2, Juli 2012 Distribusi: Sumatera, Bangka, Semenanjung Ekologi: Tumbuh di hutan primer, sekunder, Malaya (Penang, Selangor, Perak, Singapura), payau dan kerangas pada ketinggian 950 – Jawa Barat. 1.100 m dpl. Ekologi: Ditemukan pada hutan hujan Magnolia liliifera (L.) Baill. (Sinonim dengan dataran rendah sampai ketinggian 1.200 m Magnolia candollii (Blume) H.Keng) dpl. Di Aceh (Gunung Leuseur), jenis terdapat sampai ketinggian 1.850 m dpl. dan var. angatensis (Blanco) Noot. di Jawa sampai ketinggian 1.200 m dpl. Distribusi: Filipina (Luzon, Mindanao, Pulau Magnolia gigantifolia (Miq.) Noot. Busuanga, Pulau Camiguin, Pulau Dalupiri, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Provinsi Capiz, Distribusi: Sumatera (Padang, Palembang, Samar), Kepulauan Sulu, Pulai Tawi, Maluku. Lampung, Bangka), Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah, Sandakan, Tawao, Kalimantan Timur, Blu‐u, Ekologi: Tumbuh di hutan primer dataran Nunukan, Berau). rendah pada ketinggian 0 – 200 m dpl. Ekologi: Tumbuh di hutan primer pada tanah var. beccarii (Ridley) Noot. berpasir (liat) di bawah ketinggian 300 m dpl. Distribusi: Serawak (Divisi Pertama, Ketiga, Magnolia koordersiana (Noot.) Figlar (Sinonim Distrik Kapit, Divisi Keempat, Marudi), Sabah, dengan Michelia koordersiana Noot.) Lahad Datu, Kalimantan Timur (Berau), Pulau Sangkuliran, Kalimantan Barat, Amai Ambit. Distribusi: Sumatera (Pesisir barat, Padang, Pesisir timur, Palembang), Semenanjung Ekologi: Tumbuh di hutan pada ketinggian 0 Malaya (Selangor). – 800 m dpl. Ekologi: Tumbuh di hutan primer dataran var. liliifera (sinonim dengan var. candollii) rendah sampai ketinggian 1000 m dpl. Distribusi: Sikkim, Assam, Thailand, Kamboja, Magnolia lanuginosoides Figlar & Noot. Pulau Andaman, Indonesia (Gunung Salak, (Sinonim dengan Michelia lanuginosa Wall.) Nusa Kambangan,
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