A Siana Cup of Heidelberg Painter from Histria
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doi: 10.2143/AWE.15.0.3167468 AWE 15 (2016) 139-145 A SIaNa CUP OF HeIDeLBeRG PaINTeR FROM HIsTRIa IULiAN BÎRZESCU Abstract This article discusses a fragmentary Siana cup found in the Sacred Area of Histria in 2007. The cup belongs to the Heidelberg Painter and shows a scene with a row of six men in a Dionysian procession. A cup of unknown provenance bearing an almost identical scene appeared in the Bosshard Collection in Basel. Such votaries of Dionysos are a common and original theme in the work of Heidelberg Painter. As inspiration he had the work of the C Painter, one of the earlier masters of Siana cup. Cups of the Heidelberg Painter were found very often in Ionian sanctuaries and it seems to have influenced some Ionian artists. The 2007 excavations in the Sacred Area (Fig. 1) in the north-western part of Histria have yielded 17 fragments of a double-decker Siana cup. They were discov- ered in a layer of yellowish clay near a monumental wall of the late Archaic period (Fig. 2), probably part of the peribolos. The vessel was apparently broken in situ. The cup (Fig. 3) is only partly preserved: the foot, the handles, the greater part of the lip and tondo, as well as more than half of the body are missing. Moreover, the reconstruction left three lacunae in the preserved part. Description. Inv. no. His 07 T 50.1: preserved height 10.7 cm; width between 0.37 and 0.24 cm. The body of the cup is wide and has an estimated diameter of 25 cm. Exterior and interior surfaces are well preserved, except for some scratches on the exterior. The lip is decorated with an ivy frieze with crosses and dots between the leaves. Only the lower parts of four ivy leaves are preserved, one of them painted with red over the black glaze. The jog was marked by a black and red line. The lower body of the cup shows three horizontal lines of between 0.6 and 1 mm width, thickening in its lower part. Below these, traces of decoration are visible, which probably belong to a band with meander hooks. As preserved, the decoration on the interior consists of red and black tongues below two horizontal bands. The body of the cup is decorated with a frieze of six men, only two of whom could be completely restored. With the two leftmost ones, only the lower parts of the bodies are preserved; for the last three, the upper part. Four of them have drinking-horns in their hands, and the others probably had them too. Taking its 140 I. BÎRZescU Fig. 1: Plan of the Sacred Area of Histria in Fig. 2: Late Archaic peribolos(?), view the late Archaic period. from the south; in the background is Monument C (Hellenistic). original form into account, the vessel could accommodate at least one more figure on this side. Thanks especially to Herman Brijder, Siana cups became one of the best-known categories of Attic black-figure pottery. Brijder has produced three volumes in which the painters of Siana cups are discussed in detail, the second of which con- cerns the work of the Heidelberg Painter, to whom the cup from Histria can be attributed.1 With the fourth and fifth figures, the eyes are rendered with small circles between horizontal dashes, while a tiny circle is added in the centre of the eye of the sixth figure, a characteristic of the Heidelberg Painter’s style.2 All the 1 For the Heidelberg Painter, see Beazley 1956, 63–67; Brijder 1991. 2 Brijder 1991, 409. A SIaNa CUP OF HeIDeLBeRG PaINTeR FROM HIsTRIa 141 Fig. 3: Siana cup of the Heidelberg Painter from the Sacred Area of Histria. decorative elements, such as the tondo borders,3 the motif of ivy-wreath on the lip4 or the meander hooks on the lower part of the body,5 have parallels in the cups from the Heidelberg Painter’s middle period, between 560 and 550 BC. Such processions of men are not uncommon on Siana cups. From this point of view the present cup is not an exceptional discovery. What characterises the scene are the almost identical six figures of 8.3 cm height, towards the left, each with drinking-horn in his right hand and an ivy-wreath on his head. The rhytons in their hands and the ivy-wreathes on their heads make the men resemble Dionysos, only their beards being smaller than that of the deity. In view of this particular detail we may surmise that all of the personages depicted are of the same age. A cup with an almost identical scene, its provenance unknown, appeared in the Bosshard Collection in Basel. It too has been allotted to the Heidelberg Painter’s middle period.6 It is complete, but the decoration is poorly preserved. Apart from the men in the main scenes on both sides, another man, looking backwards, is depicted below each handle. The shape, decoration and type of scene closely resem- ble the Histrian cup. We are dealing clearly with a variation on the same theme, i.e. votaries of Dionysos, one of the major subjects of the Heidelberg Painter. The 3 Brijder 1991, 350–51, fig. 89e–f. 4 Brijder 1991, 368, fig. 90k. 5 Brijder 1991, 373, fig. 94a. 6 Brijder 1991, 396. 448, cat. 361, pls. 117–118. Another very fragmentary cup of Heidelberg Painter found in Corinth shows probably a similar procession (see Brownlee 1987, 88–89, cat. 25, pl. 15). 142 I. BÎRZescU Bosshard cup also shows that the missing figure on the Histrian cup is most likely a double-aulos player. The fringed himation with a shawl-like flap is the common attire for males in the Heidelberg Painter’s oeuvre.7 Here, however, the Histria cup differs from the Bosshard in some details of the male clothing. The first man has incised triangles on the shawl-like flap, the third incised crosses, the fifth painted rosettes, the last two wavy lines on the neck. The fact that each figure has a differently decorated costume is also characteristic of the Painter, who liked to render embellished garments. Furthermore, the Bosshard cup shows another decoration of the lower part of the cup, with two lines instead of three, and lacking the painted crosses and dots between the ivy-leaves on the lip. Its tondo shows Heracles’ fight with the Nemean lion, which may well have figured on the Histrian cup as well. As other cups of middle period of Heidelberg Painter suggest, one may suppose that the Histrian cup had a similar scene on the reverse to that on the obverse. Votaries of Dionysos are a common and original theme in the work of the Heidelberg Painter, who brought more than ten new subjects to the exterior of his cups.8 He may have found inspiration in the work of the C Painter, who was active a little earlier. Two cups of the C Painter, found at Taranto and Borysthenes respec- tively, show that such scenes with six identical men following a seventh one towards an altar were common in his workshop.9 Even though the two painters differ in the context of the procession scenes, one being the sacrifice of a bull, the other a sympo- sion, the Histrian cup shows the clear and direct influence of the C Painter on the work of the Heidelberg Painter.10 As in the case of the six figures on the cup from Taranto, the men on the cups from Histria and Basel are similar and have the same age. The C Painter’s men stand still and do not show an interest in motion, while the Heidelberg Painter’s seem to perform a ceremony with songs for Dionysos, a scene that becomes common in the following period, as shown in the work of the Amasis Painter, who was directly influenced by the Heidelberg Painter.11 Undoubtedly, the Heidelberg Painter’s work was appreciated in the Ionian milieu, as demonstrated by the finds from Ionia12 and from other cities on the 7 Brijder 1991, 336. 8 Brijder 1991, 336. 9 On the cup from Taranto, see Gebauer 2002, 683, fig. 1, cat. P1, and Brijder 1983, 12, cat. 23, pl. 12; also ThesCRA 1, 2004, 18, pl. 6, Gr. 117. The other cup was discovered in Borysthenes (modern Berezan), and was considered a later work of the C Painter, being dated between 570 and 560 BC (Smith 2010, 183, cat. 13). 10 Even though the C Painter had many imitators, Brijder (1991, 337) considers negligible his influence on the Heidelberg Painter. 11 von Bothmer 1985, 78, fig. 58. 12 A fragment from Smyrna (see Tuna-Nörling 1995). A SIaNa CUP OF HeIDeLBeRG PaINTeR FROM HIsTRIa 143 western coast of Asia Minor,13 as well as from Ionian colonies such as Borysthenes.14 Moreover, his works have mainly come to light in Ionian sanctuaries,15 at Gravisca in Etruria,16 the sanctuary of Aphrodite in Miletus,17 and especially in Thasos, where 37 cups (three-quarters of his cups) have been uncovered.18 Apart from the cup under discussion, another of his cups was discovered in the Sacred Area of Histria.19 Also a third cup belonging to him came from Histria, but lacking a properly known context.20 The recently found cup from Histria has an additional value in showing that the popularity of its subject, the ‘votaries of Dionysos’, started in the middle period of the Heidelberg Painter’s activity.