PREFACE This book is written for enlisted personnel of the U.S. Navy and Naval Reserve who are studying for advancement to the rates of Radio­ man 3 and Radioman 2. Combined with the necessary practical ex­ perience and study of the publications in the reading list, the information in this course will assist the Radioman in preparing for Navywide ex­ aminations for advancement in rating. Those who work in communications know how fast procedures and equipment change. Between revisions of this training course some ob­ solescen ce may be un avo idable. For this reason, it is suggested that the student with access to official communication publications use them as much as possible in his study. As one of the Navy Training Courses, Radioman 3 & 2 was prepared for the Bureau of Naval Personnel by the Training Publications Division of the Naval Personnel Program Support Activity, Washington, D. C. It was reviewed by the Office of the Assistant Chief of Naval Operations (Communications)/Director, Naval Communications; Naval Examining Center, Naval Training Center, Great Lakes, Ill. and the U.S. Naval Schools, Radiomen, Class A, at Bainbridge, Md. and San Diego, Calif. First edition 1950 Revised 1951, 1953 Second edition 1957 Third edition 1961 Fourth edition 1963 Fifth edition 1967 Stock Ordering Number 0500-074-0100 i THE UNITED STATES NAVY GUARDIAN OF OUR COUNTRY The United States Navy is responsible for mamtaining control of the sea and is a ready force on watch at home and overseas, capable of strong action to preserve the peace or of instant offensive action to win in war. It is upon the maintenance of this control that our country's glorious future depends; the United States Navy exists to make it so. WE SERVE WITH HONOR Tradition, valor, and victory are the Navy's heritage from the past. To these may be added dedication, discipline, and vigilance as the watchwords of the present and the future. At home or on distant stations we serve with pride, confident in the respect of our country, our shipmates, and our families. Our responsibilities sober us; our adversities strengthen us. Service to God and Country is our special privilege. We serve with honor. THE FUTURE OF THE NAVY The Navy will always employ new weapons, new techniques, and greater power to protect and defend the United States on the sea, under the sea, and in the air. Now and in the future, control of the sea gives the United States her greatest advantage for the maintenance of peace and for victory in war. Mobility, surprise, dispersal, and offensive power are the keynotes of the new Navy. The roots of the Navy lie in a strong belief in the future, in continued dedication to our tasks, and in reflection on our heritage from the past. Never have our opportunities and our responsibilities been greater. ii CONTENTS CHAPTER Page 1. Your career as a Radioman . 1 2. Naval communications . 9 3. Communication security................................ 25 4. International Morse code ............................... 40 5. The message . 49 6. Radiotelegraph . 71 7. Radiotelephone . 9 5 8. Antennas and radio wave propagation . 113 9. Radio communication equipment . 143 10. Teletypewriter equipment and operation.................. 189 11. Teletypewriter procedure . 227 12. Administration ........................................ 250 13. Safety . 269 14. Maintenance .......................................... 285 INDEX . 311 iii READING LIST {The effective edition of a publication governs in all instances. ) NAVY TRAINING COURSES Radioman 3 & 2, NavPers 10228 Mathematics, Vol. 1, NavPers 10069 Basic Electricity, NavPers 1.0086, chapters 1 through 13, 20, and appendices IV, V, and VI Basic Electronics, NavPers 10087, chapters 1 through 14, 17, and appendix II Basic Handtools, NavPers 10085 OTHER NAVY PUBLICATIONS ACPs 121, 122, 124, 125, 127 DNCs 5, 14, 26 JANAP 128 NWP 16 Handbook of Test Methods and Practices, NavShips 91828 (Sec. 1, 4. 5) NavShips Technical Manual, chapter 9670 Department of the Navy Security Manual for Classified Information, OpNav Inst 5510. 1 USAF! TEXTS United States Armed Forces Institute {USAF!) courses for addi­ tional reading and study are available through your educational services officer. Members of the United States Armed Forces Reserve compon­ ents, when on active duty, are eligible to enroll for USAF! courses, services, and materials, if the orders calling them to active duty specify a period of 120 days or more, or if they have been on active duty for a period of 120 days or more, regardless of the time specified in the active duty orders. iv CHAPTER 1 YOUR CAREER AS A RADIOMAN The fleet needs capable men in all ratings, ENLISTED RATING STRUCTURE because a modern naval force is only as good as the men who man the ships. Even with the The two main types of rating in the present most modern equipment, a naval force !s almost enlisted rating structure are general ratings powerless without competent men to operate and and service ratings. maintain that equipment. Good men are plenti­ General ratings identify broad occupational ful, but their capability depends chiefly upon fields of related duties and functions. Some their training. general ratings include service ratings; others This book contains the knowledge you need do not. Both Regular Navy and Naval Reserve for advancement in rating. Skills in practical personnel may hold general ratings. factors are also required. These can be de­ Service ratings identify subdivisions or spe­ veloped only through directed practice and cialties within a general rating. Although ser­ experience. vice ratings can exist at any petty officer lev/el, As a part of the Navy's training program, they are most common at the P03 and/P02 this self-study Navy Training Course is written levels. Both Regular Navy and Naval Reserve for the purpose of aiding you in your prepara­ personnel may hold service ratings. tion for advancement in rating. The course is designed to help you meet the professional RADIOMAN RATING (technical) qualifications for advancement to Radioman 3 and Radioman 2. Within the enlisted rating structure, ratings This training course consists of 14 chapters. are divided into a total of 12 groups, with The first chapter is nontechnical in nature and ratings in each particular group related occupa­ introduces you to the course. Remaining chap­ tionally. The Radioman rating is a general ters deal with the technical aspects of your rating in group V, commonly called the admin­ rating. The remainder of this introductory istrative and clerical group. At present, there chapter gives information on the enlisted rating is no provision for service or emergency ratings structure, the Radioman rating, requirements in the Radioman rating. and procedures for advancement in rating, and Your responsibilities as a petty officer in the references that will help you in working for Radioman rating break down into two types of advancement and also in performing your duties duties: your professional duties and your mil­ as a Radioman. It is strongly recommended, itary duties. therefore, that you study this chapter carefully As a Radioman Third or Second Class, your before beginning intensive study of the remain­ professional duties may vary slightly, depending der of this training course. upon the activity to which you are assigned. Throughout this training course, the term The Radioman is primarily an operator, but "cycles," or "cycles per second," or the abbre­ he does have duties as a technician. You will viation cps is used to express electrical fre­ be required to fulfill certain qualifications that quency in cycles per second. In effecting require you to know what makes your equip­ worldwide standardization of various units of ment work, as well as how to operate it. measurement, the term "hertz" (abbreviated H) recently was adopted to express cycles per Radiomen are used in all important segments second and will be used in later revisions of of the naval establishment-from large com­ this training course. munication centers to small stations, from 1 RADIOMAN 3 & 2 attack carriers to the smallest patrol craft. may have to instruct. Your attitudes will have Radiomen keep vital information flowing. a definite effect upon the attitudes and the ac­ Ashore, most Radiomen are found in com­ tions of these men. munication centers. Here, they are concerned When you become a petty officer, you be­ with getting messages to and receiving them come a link in the chain of command between from ships of the fleet, and also monitoring your officers and your men. Your responsi­ other circuits. Additionally, Radiomen operate bilities are more than merely giving orders teletype and facsimile equipment. and seeing that work is done. You likewise Afloat, a Radioman is a "jack of all trades" have a responsibility for sharing your knowl­ in the communication business. His assign­ edge with others. When the Navy promotes ments include a little bit of everything, su ch as you, it expects you to bear some of the burden manning radiotelephone circuits, copying fleet of training othersJ broadcasts, or operating teletype equipment. Be competent in your instruction of others; Along with operating his equipment, a Radio­ the opportunity to acquire knowledge and to man must be prepared to keep it in operation master new skills was not given to you solely and perform maintenance when necessary. for your own benefit, but also for the benefit Now that you have a general idea of your of the Navy as a whole. As new types of professional duties as a Radioman, let's dis­ communication equipment become available or cuss some of your military duties as a petty changes in communication procedures evolve, officer. you should be the first to learn about them. Often, the difference between a "good" petty But do not be grudging in passing on this in­ officer and a ''bad" petty officer is leadership.