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Crocus Baalbekensis K. Addam & M. Bou Hamdan Sp. Nov and Its Three Forms

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Crocus Baalbekensis K. Addam & M. Bou Hamdan Sp. Nov and Its Three Forms MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences Research Article Open Access Crocus baalbekensis K. Addam & M. Bou Hamdan sp. Nov and its three forms (IRIDACEAE), new endemic species and forms from Lebanon, joined the Lebanese Flora Abstract Volume 4 Issue 2 - 2019 Crocus baalbekensis K. Addam & M. Bou Hamdan sp. Nov is nominated as a novel species Khodr Addam,1 Mounir Bou-Hamdan,2 in addition to its three forms from Baalbek District, northeast of Lebanon. The new species Nisreen Sabbagh,2 Jihad Takkoush,3 Kamal resembles Crocus aleppicus and Crocus hyemalis but varies in terms of phytogeography, 4 phenology, and some taxonomic structures such as (corm, tunic, leaves, and shape Hout 1 of the perianth, segment and others). Thousands of this new species were perceived in Head, Integrative and Environmental Research Center, AUL Beirut, Lebanon countless villages in the northern city of Baalbek. It grows in cold semi-arid climates in ²Integrative Research and Environmental Center, AUL Beirut, stony grasslands, tundra where trees are absent. Plant material and morphological analyses Lebanon were done, measurements, colors, and other details given in the description are based on 3Dean of Business Research Center, AUL Beirut, Lebanon both herbarium and fresh materials. Morphological data were taken from more than 10 4Department of PG Studies & Scientific Research, Global specimens. University Beirut, Lebanon The flower is 1-6, 30-40mm tall, white, fragrant (Fresia smell), corm oblong conical about Correspondence: Khodr Addam, Head, Integrative and 20-26mm x 14-20mm in diameter. Corm tunic 4-10 layers, brown, extended neck 10- Environmental Research Center, AUL Beirut, Lebanon, Tel 20mm, great build-up of old tunics, coarse parallel fibers, not glued together, with cross- 009613204930, Email links. Leaves 4-12 (present at flowering), green, glabrous, white stripe about 1/4 of leaf keels, Spathe, 3-4, membranous white to pale yellow pipe. Outer perianth segment, 3, Received: March 16, 2019 | Published: April 05, 2019 oblanceolate, abaxial side is colored by yellow, mottled by dark blue–violet, middle (1 to 3) stripe of dark violates veins continue to the segment, filament, 3, deep yellow, Anther, wide, arrow shape, longitudinally striped in black and yellow. Style 1, deep yellow to orange, sometimes striped by thinner black lines, divided to 3 stigmas, equal or longer than the stamen. Stigma (each one) is branched to 3-6 short strands. Voucher specimen (Holotype) is deposited in K. Addam’s Herbarium Arts, Sciences and Technology University in Lebanon, Accession No.: 22-1-17-58-001. The three forms resemble Crocus baalbekensis but differ in the color of the tepals. Keywords: crocus baalbekensis, crocus baalbekensis f. assiensis, bella, ornata, iridaceae, taxonomy, Baalbek region, Lebanon, Mediterranean Introduction Phytogeographically, most Crocus species belong to and are distributed in the Mediterranean floristic basin including (Turkey, Iridaceae is a family of plants in order of Asparagales, which is Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine), South Western named by a reference to irises, which means a rainbow that denotes Europe, South-Western parts of Asia, Western part of China and an array of colors. There are 92 (66 accepted) genera with a total of Irano-Turanian phytochorion.9–13 2244 species worldwide. It embraces a plethora of other renowned cultivated plants, such as Iris, Freesias, Gladiola and Crocus.1,2 The Genus Crocus (Iridaceae) comprises 235 taxa,14 221 species, and genus Crocus Linnaeus is a scientifically challenging genus that 97 subspecies15 distributed in the Mediterranean region. The most belongs to the huge family of Iridaceae (1753:36) that is designated essential monographic treatments of the genus Crocus Linnaeus by its sophisticated and stylish flowers.3,4 The name of the genus (1753: 36) was published by Mathew (1982), “A Revision of the originates from the Latin word crocatus which means saffron yellow.5 Genus Crocus”, in which he divided it into two subgenera, two Crocus taxa have a central place among the geophyte plants. Due to sections and 15 series.16 The two subgenera are subgenus Crocus with their extravagant flowers, they are utilized as ornamental plants in the extrose anthers and subgenus Crociris with introse anthers. Crociris balconies, terraces and roof gardens (especially, C. baytopiorum, ssp. encompasses only Crocus banaticus and the subgenus Crocus includes mazziaricus, ssp. lycius and ssp. damascenus).6 Crocus is a vital plant all the remaining species. The subgenus Crocus is also divided into used since thousands of years7 whereby it owes to its high demand two sections: section Crocus and section Nudiscapus, and each is in dye, perfumery, pharmaceutical and flavoring industries.8 It is also again divided into Series a–f and g–o, respectively.17 used in some countries as a main ingredient in making cheese and as The Genus crocus is systematically problematic.3 The taxonomy a spice used in cooking. The extract of Crocus taxa has antitumor, of Crocus is tremendously intricate due to the lack of vibrant antimutagenic and cytototic activities and it is recently used for idiosyncratic characters, the extensive variety of habitats, and the treating Behçet and gut diseases, treatment of joint pains, and cancer. heterogeneity of the morphological traits and cytological data.18 6 It was used also in Unani and Arabic medicine long time ago. Detailed field, morphological, and molecular genetic studies on the Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com MOJ Eco Environ Sci. 2019;4(2):75‒83. 75 © 2019 Addam et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Copyright: Crocus baalbekensis K. Addam & M. Bou Hamdan sp. Nov and its three forms (IRIDACEAE), new endemic 76 species and forms from Lebanon, joined the Lebanese Flora ©2019 Addam et al. genus, particularly in Turkey, have recently doubled the number of The climate of Lebanon is Mediterranean but with some taxa.19 Additionally, they demonstrate that there are several difficulties particularities caused mainly by the topography. Predominantly at the infraspecific level. Genetic divergences between the known westerly winds bring plentiful rain—principally in winter—while the subspecies exposed that most of the subspecies must be categorized as summers are mainly dry. Coastal areas receive over 800mm of rain species.20 This problem is still unsettled among the scientists and the p.a., and most mountain areas over 1000mm. Most rain falls on the number of accepted taxa differs between different botanical scholars western slopes of the Lebanon range with the summits receiving less in this domain. than lower areas. The Beqaa valley that is a part of the African Rift complex and Anti-Lebanon commonly receive less than 700mm and Lebanon is one of the most stirring spots of conservation in the the Hermel semi-desert in the northern Beqaa less than 250mm which world. It is a fundamental region in the Mediterranean basin where make these two regions (due to its geomorphology and microclimate) it boasts one of the uppermost densities of floral diversity. One of the boast the biological wealth and survival of these new very rare most implausible features about this country is the presence of such crocuses.23 biodiversity in a very restricted area. Lebanon occupies 0.007 % of the world’s land surface area (10452km2) and is a home to 1.11% of the By and large, most species of this genus occur in Mediterranean world’s verified and classified plant species. Its unique Mediterranean climate described by a chilly or cold winter, rainy spring and autumn, climate, geological breading and topographical diversity are the and hot and dry summer. The developmental activity of the plant can main aspects that portray it as a momentous reserve for innumerable be witnessed from autumn to spring; it survives the summer heat sporadic, native and endemic species (predominantly some of the very beneath the soil with its compact corm underground. Copious species rare endemic21 which makes it one of the world’s most prodigious begin to grow their aerial parts during the autumn rains and flower spots for conservation.22 afterwards. Some flower simultaneously with leaf growth or soon thereafter, while others flower in the spring when it is warmer.3 The topography of the country executes various micro- environments for both terrestrial and fresh water biodiversity. Most Few are the scientists that worked on the Lebanese flora24–26 and ecosystems, though, have narrow ranges and their biotypes are had cited the genus crocus in general.27–30 Pierre Edmond Boissier, struggling for existence against a varying environment. There are a Swiss botanist, mentioned Crocus gaillardotii (Boiss. & Blanche) five geomorphological regions in Lebanon: Coastal zone (up to Maw and Crocus hyemalis var. gaillardotii Boiss. & Blanche Gard. 250m), Mount Lebanon range (above 250m to 3088m), Beqaa plain, Chron. Anti-Lebanon range (peaks at 2600m) and South Lebanon. The All the Crocuses that exist in Lebanon and were mentioned by phytogeography of new crocuses is associated to the habitat, climate, them were: Crocus aleppicus Baker, C. graveolens Boiss. & Reut., C. and location of these two emblematic Mediterranean Lebanese regions kotschyanus K. Koch, C. thiebautii Mouterde, C. hyemalis Boiss. & (in Beqaa plain and Anti-Lebanon Range where the new species Blanche., C. pallasii subsp. pallasii., C. pallasii subsp.haussknechtii Crocus baalbekensis and all its related forms were found). Beqaa is (Boiss. & Reut. ex Maw) B.Mathew., C. ochroleucus Boiss. & Gaill., a plain separating the Mount Lebanon and Anti- Lebanon ranges. C. vitellinus Wahlenb., C. haussknechtii (Boiss. & Reut. ex Maw) It covers an 8-12km wide fertile corridor and is about 120km from Boiss., C. cancellatus Herb., C. cancellstus damascenus (Herb.) North to South. The Anti-Lebanon range covers the Lebanese-Syrian Mont,C. cancellatus subsp.
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