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Electronic Spectroscopy of Free Base Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins
Absorption and Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Tetraphenylporphyrin§ and Metallo-Tetraphenylporphyrin Introduction The word porphyrin is derived from the Greek porphura meaning purple, and all porphyrins are intensely coloured1. Porphyrins comprise an important class of molecules that serve nature in a variety of ways. The Metalloporphyrin ring is found in a variety of important biological system where it is the active component of the system or in some ways intimately connected with the activity of the system. Many of these porphyrins synthesized are the basic structure of biological porphyrins which are the active sites of numerous proteins, whose functions range from oxygen transfer and storage (hemoglobin and myoglobin) to electron transfer (cytochrome c, cytochrome oxidase) to energy conversion (chlorophyll). They also have been proven to be efficient sensitizers and catalyst in a number of chemical and photochemical processes especially photodynamic therapy (PDT). The diversity of their functions is due in part to the variety of metals that bind in the “pocket” of the porphyrin ring system (Fig. 1). Figure 1. Metallated Tetraphenylporphyrin Upon metalation the porphyrin ring system deprotonates, forming a dianionic ligand (Fig. 2). The metal ions behave as Lewis acids, accepting lone pairs of electrons ________________________________ § We all need to thank Jay Stephens for synthesizing the H2TPP 2 from the dianionic porphyrin ligand. Unlike most transition metal complexes, their color is due to absorption(s) within the porphyrin ligand involving the excitation of electrons from π to π* porphyrin ring orbitals. Figure 2. Synthesis of Zn(TPP) The electronic absorption spectrum of a typical porphyrin consists of a strong transition to the second excited state (S0 S2) at about 400 nm (the Soret or B band) and a weak transition to the first excited state (S0 S1) at about 550 nm (the Q band). -
Resolving Interference Issues at Satellite Ground Stations
Application Note Resolving Interference Issues at Satellite Ground Stations Introduction RF interference represents the single largest impact to robust satellite operation performance. Interference issues result in significant costs for the satellite operator due to loss of income when the signal is interrupted. Additional costs are also encountered to debug and fix communications problems. These issues also exert a price in terms of reputation for the satellite operator. According to an earlier survey by the Satellite Interference Reduction Group (SIRG), 93% of satellite operator respondents suffer from satellite interference at least once a year. More than half experience interference at least once per month, while 17% see interference continuously in their day-to-day operations. Over 500 satellite operators responded to this survey. Satellite Communications Overview Satellite earth stations form the ground segment of satellite communications. They contain one or more satellite antennas tuned to various frequency bands. Satellites are used for telephony, data, backhaul, broadcast, community antenna television (CATV), internet, and other services. Depending on the application, each satellite system may be receive only or constructed for both transmit and receive operations. A typical earth station is shown in figure 1. Figure 1. Satellite Earth Station Each satellite antenna system is composed of the antenna itself (parabola dish) along with various RF components for signal processing. The RF components comprise the satellite feed system. The feed system receives/transmits the signal from the dish to a horn antenna located on the feed network. The location of the receiver feed system can be seen in figure 2. The satellite signal is reflected from the parabolic surface and concentrated at the focus position. -
Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on Behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1
Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1 1 AT&T, a member of SIA, does not necessarily endorse all conclusions of this study. Page 1 of 75 Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry 1. Table of Contents 1. Table of Contents ................................................................................................ 1 2. Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 4 2.1. What the satellite industry does for the U.S. today ............................................... 4 2.2. What the satellite industry offers going forward ................................................... 4 2.3. Innovation in the satellite industry ........................................................................ 5 3. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 7 3.1. Overview .................................................................................................................. 7 3.2. Spectrum Basics ...................................................................................................... 8 3.3. Satellite Industry Segments .................................................................................... 9 3.3.1. Satellite Communications .............................................................................. -
Infrared Astronomy Break: Sara and Rebeka
Astro 121, Spring 2014 Week 13 (April 24) Topic: Infrared astronomy Break: Sara and Rebeka Reading for this week: As we switch to looking at observing at wavelengths other than visible light, we’re moving beyond what Chromey covers. For this week, I’ve suggested reading from two sources. Glass gives a good introduction to the infrared and covers much of the practical material about filter systems, etc. McLean then fills in more details of practicalities of instrumentation for the infrared and how it is different from the optical. • Chromey briefly discusses the main broadband IR filter system in Section 10.4.3. • Glass, Handbook of Infrared Astronomy. In the same series as the book by Howell, this is a relatively new book with excellent coverage of infrared astronomy. Reading: Chapter 2 (The Infrared Sky); Chapter 3 (Photometry) through 3.2; and Chapter 6 (Instrumentation). You may also want to skim the rest of Chapter 3 and all of Chapter 4; they concentrate on applications of infrared photometry and spectroscopy, respectively. • McLean, Electronic Imaging in Astronomy (second edition). Ian McLean was one of the people most closely involved in the development and use of the early infrared arrays, and this is an area where this book stands out. Read Chapter 11, skipping pp. 400–404 (and in general reading the chapter for understanding of concepts rather than lots of details). One bit of physics that is worth reviewing for this week is the concept from thermodynamics that good absorbers are also good emitters, and correspondingly that the reflectivity R of some object is related to its emissivity ε by ε = 1 – R. -
New Journal of Physics the Open–Access Journal for Physics
New Journal of Physics The open–access journal for physics On the origin of the fast photoluminescence band in small silicon nanoparticles J Valenta1,6, A Fucikova1, I Pelant2,KKusová˚ 2, K Dohnalová2, A Aleknaviciusˇ 2,5, O Cibulka2, A Fojtík3 and G Kada4 1 Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic 2 Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Cukrovarnická 10, 162 53 Prague 6, Czech Republic 3 Faculty of Nuclear Science and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, V Holesoviˇ ckáchˇ 2, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic 4 Agilent Technologies, Mooslackengasse 17, 1190 Vienna, Austria E-mail: [email protected] New Journal of Physics 10 (2008) 073022 (6pp) Received 13 February 2008 Published 11 July 2008 Online at http://www.njp.org/ doi:10.1088/1367-2630/10/7/073022 Abstract. Colloidal suspensions of small silicon nanoparticles (diameter around 2 nm) with fast and efficient ultraviolet–blue photoluminescence (PL) band are fabricated by enhanced electrochemical etching of Si wafers. The detailed study of photoluminescence excitation spectra in a wide range of excitation photon energies (270–420 nm) reveals specific behavior of the Stokes shift of the fast PL band that agrees well with theoretical calculation of optical transitions in small silicon nanocrystals and is distinct from emission of silicon dioxide defects. Efficient photoluminescence (PL) of porous silicon (PSi)—first observed by Canham [1]— provoked intensive research on silicon-based nanocrystalline materials. There are mainly two types of PL emission in Si nanostructures at room temperature. -
Qatar National Frequency Allocation Plan and Specific
Communications Regulatory Authority 2 Table of Contents Qatar National Frequency Allocation Plan and Specific Assignments Table of Contents Part 01. GENERAL INFORMATION .............................................................................................................. 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................5 2. Principals of Spectrum Management .................................................................................................5 3. Definition of terms used ..........................................................................................................................7 4. How to read the frequency allocation table .................................................................................. 11 5. Radio Wave Spectrum ............................................................................................................................ 12 Part 02. FREQUENCY ALLOCATION PLAN ............................................................................................... Qatar Frequency Allocation Plan ............................................................................................................ 15 Part 03. QATAR’S FOOTNOTES ................................................................................................................... Footnotes Relevant to Qatar................................................................................................................. -
1 Distinct Band Reconstructions in Kagome Superconductor Csv3sb5
Distinct band reconstructions in kagome superconductor CsV3Sb5 Yang Luo1,#, Shuting Peng1,#, Samuel M. L. Teicher2,#, Linwei Huai1,#, Yong Hu1,3, Brenden R. Ortiz2, Zhiyuan Wei1, Jianchang Shen1, Zhipeng Ou1, Bingqian Wang1, Yu Miao1, Mingyao Guo1, M. Shi3, Stephen D. Wilson2 and J.-F. He1,* 1Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China 2Materials Department and California Nanosystems Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA 3Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland #These authors contributed equally to this work. *To whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected] The new two-dimensional (2D) kagome superconductor CsV3Sb5 has attracted much recent attention due to the coexistence of superconductivity, charge order, topology and kagome physics [1- 33]. A key issue in this field is to unveil the unique reconstructed electronic structure, which successfully accommodates different orders and interactions to form a fertile ground for emergent phenomena. Here, we report angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) evidence for two distinct band reconstructions in CsV3Sb5. The first one is characterized by the appearance of new electron energy band at low temperature. The new band is theoretically reproduced when the three dimensionality of the charge order [21-23] is considered for a band-folding along the out-of-plane direction. The second reconstruction is identified as a surface induced orbital-selective shift of the electron energy band. Our results provide the first evidence for the three dimensionality of the charge order in single-particle spectral function, highlighting the importance of long-range out-of-plane electronic correlations in this layered kagome superconductor. -
Design of an Orthomode Transducer in Gap Waveguide Technology Master of Science Thesis in the Program Communication Engineering
Design of an Orthomode Transducer in Gap Waveguide Technology Master of Science Thesis in the program Communication Engineering ALI IMRAN SANDHU Antenn Group, Department of Signals & Systems Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg, Sweden, September 2010 The Author grants to Chalmers University of Technology the non-exclusive right to publish the Work electronically and in a non-commercial purpose make it accessible on the Internet. The Author warrants that he/she is the author to the Work, and warrants that the Work does not contain text, pictures or other material that violates copyright law. The Author shall, when transferring the rights of the Work to a third party (for example a publisher or a company), acknowledge the third party about this agreement. If the Author has signed a copyright agreement with a third party regarding the Work, the Author warrants hereby that he/she has obtained any necessary permission from this third party to let Chalmers University of Technology store the Work electronically and make it accessible on the Internet. Design of an Orthomode Transducer in Gap Waveguide Technology ALI IMRAN SANDHU c ALI IMRAN SANDHU, 2010 Examinar: Prof. Per-Simon Kildal Technical report no 2010:xx Antenna Group, Department of Signals & Systems Chalmers University of Technology SE-41296 Gteborg Sweden Telephone +46 (0) 31-772 1000 Cover: Picture shows the 3D OMT strucuture with magnitude E field inside, simu- lated in HFSS Antenna Group, Department of Signals & Systems Gteborg, Sweden September 2010 I would like to dedicate my work to my family. I believe that I have made it possible merely due to the prayers and great moral support from my parents throughout my stud- ies. -
Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Properties of Ka/Q Band Earth-Space Radio Channel Across Europe Using Alphasat Aldo Paraboni
Received: 28 February 2018 Revised: 19 April 2019 Accepted: 27 April 2019 DOI: 10.1002/sat.1313 SPECIAL ISSUE PAPER Assessment of spatial and temporal properties of Ka/Q band earth‐space radio channel across Europe using Alphasat Aldo Paraboni payload Spiros Ventouras1 | Antonio Martellucci11 | Richard Reeves1 | Emal Rumi1 | Fernando P. Fontan2 | Fernando Machado2 | Vicente Pastoriza2 | Armando Rocha3 | Susana Mota3 | Flavio Jorge3 | Athanasios D. Panagopoulos4 | Apostolos Z. Papafragkakis4 | Charilaos I. Kourogiorgas4 | Ondrej Fiser5 | Viktor Pek5 | Petr Pesice5 | Martin Grabner6 | Andrej Vilhar7 | Arsim Kelmendi7 | Andrej Hrovat7 | Danielle Vanhoenacker‐Janvier8 | Laurent Quibus8 | George Goussetis9 | Alexios Costouri9 | James Nessel10 1 STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, RAL Space, Oxford, UK Summary 2 Escola de Enxeñaría de Telecomunicación, The upcoming migration of satellite services to higher bands, namely, the Ka‐ and University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain Q/V‐bands, offers many advantages in terms of bandwidth and system capacity. 3 Dep. Elect. Telec. e Informática, Instituto de However, it poses challenges as propagation effects introduced by the various atmo- Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal 4 School of Electrical and Computer spheric phenomena are particularly pronounced in these bands and can become a Engineering, National Technical University of serious constraint in terms of system reliability and performance. This paper presents Athens, Athens, Greece the goals, organisation, and preliminary results of an ongoing large‐scale European 5 Meteorological Department, Institute of Atmospheric Physics ASCR, Prague, Czech coordinated propagation campaign using the Alphasat Aldo Paraboni Ka/Q band sig- Republic nal payload on satellite, performed by a wide scientific consortium in the framework 6 TESTCOM, Czech Metrology Institute, Prague, Czech Republic of a European Space Agency (ESA) project. -
Full Waveguide Q-Band Low Noise Amplifier AFB-Q20LN-0X
www.ducommun.com Full Waveguide Q-Band Low Noise Amplifier AFB-Q20LN-0X The AFB series low noise amplifiers are constructed with MMICWT-A-7 PHEMT devices and provide state-of-the-art broadbandWT -A-8 performances. 0.096 DIA x THRU WR-28 W/UG599/U FLANGE 4PLS OR WR-42 W/UG595/U FLANGE 1 PLS Application • Telecommunication D M S D/ M S / /C / N N: / / N: C: N: : : X X X X X X X X X X X XX X / X XX • Test instrumentation X / X X X X X X X X X X • Transceiver subassemblies Specifications SIZE L W LM 0.096 DIA x THRU WR-28 W/UG599/U FLANGE SMALL 1.73 1.20 1.63 OUTPUT CONNECTOR CAN BE VARIED ON CUSTOMER'S REQUEST • Frequency: 33.0 -4 PL45.0S GHz OR WR-42 W/UG595/U FLANGE LARGE 2.53 1.30 2.43 K BAND ONLY APPLY TO SMALL SIZE SIZE L WLM • Gain:SMAL L 201.73 dB nominal1.20 1.63 LARGE 2.53 1.30 2.43 Dimensions are in inches Dimensions are in inches • Gain flatness: +/- 2.0 dB WT-A-9 WT-A-10 • Noise figure: 3.5 dB (typ) / 5.0 dB (max) WR-28 W/UG599/U FLANGE • I/O VSWR: 2.0:1 (typ) 2 PLS Features • DC bias: 8-12 V / 100 mA nominal • Broadband performance across entire Q-band • I/O connectors: 2.4mm(F) or WR-22 with UG383/U flange • Ultra-low noise with gain choice • Operating temperature: -40˚C to +50˚C M/N: XXXXX S/N: XXXXX • Single DC power supply/internal regulated D/C: XX/XX sequential biasing • Compact size and light weight WR-15 W/UG385/U FLANGE 4-40 x 0.20 DP OR WR-10 W/UG387/U MOD FLANGE 2 PLS 2 PLS • Variable I/O interface options 0.096 DIA x THRU 8 PLS Outline Drawings Dimensions are in inches Dimensions are in inches WT-A-1 WT-A-2 WT-A-11 WT-A-12 0.089 DIA X THRU 4 PLS M/N: XXXXX 4-40 x 0.20 DP S/N: XXXXX WR-10 W/UG 387/U-MOD FLANGE M/N: XXXXX D/C: XX/XX S/N: XXXXX 4 PLS OR WR-15 W/UG 385/U FLANGE D/C: XX/XX 4-40 x 0.20 DP 2 PLS 4 PLS M/N: XXXXX S/N: XXXXX D/C: XX/XX BAND L HW V,E, & W 1.50 1.00 0.75 M/N: XXXXX Q & U 1.80 1.13 1.13 S/N: XXXXX D/C: XX/XX Dimensions are in inches Dimensions areDimensions in inches are in inches Dimensions are in inches AllWT specifications-A-3 are subject to change without notice. -
Design and Feasibility Study of an Orthomode Transducer for the FAST Experiment
Design and Feasibility Study of an Orthomode Transducer for the FAST Experiment Thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the Degree of Masters of Astrophysics Jodrell Bank Centre for Astronomy. September 2012 Louis Smith School of Physics and Astronomy 2 Design and Feasibility Study of an Orthomode Transducer for the FAST Experiment Contents List of Figures 7 List of Tables 9 Abstract . 11 Declaration . 12 Copyright Statement . 13 Dedication . 14 1 Introduction 17 1.1 Overview . 17 1.2 Design Requirements . 18 1.3 Basic Theory . 19 1.3.1 Maxwell’s Equations . 19 1.3.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum . 19 1.3.3 Plane Waves and Polarization . 21 1.3.4 Linear Polarization . 21 1.3.5 Circular Polarization . 22 1.3.6 Isolation . 23 1.3.7 Cross Polarization . 23 1.3.8 Return Loss . 24 1.4 Waveguides . 24 1.4.1 Boundary Conditions . 27 1.4.2 Coordinate Systems and Dominant Modes . 28 Louis Smith 3 CONTENTS 1.4.3 Cut-off Frequency (Fc).......................... 30 1.4.4 Operating Bandwidth . 31 1.4.5 Binomial Rule . 32 1.4.6 Reflection and Scattering Parameters . 32 1.5 Computational Electromagnetism . 33 I Research and Development 39 2 Current state of OMT Research 41 2.1 Overview . 41 2.2 OMT Typologies . 44 2.3 Planar OMTs . 44 2.4 Waveguide OMTs . 48 2.4.1 B;ifot Classification, Class I . 50 2.4.2 B;ifot Classification, Class II . 51 2.4.3 B;ifot Classification, Class III . 56 2.5 Finline . 63 3 Detailed Development of a Turnstile Junction, appropriate for the FAST Experi- ment 67 3.1 The Turnstile Junction Waveguide OMT . -
Simulteneous Transmit and Receive (Star) Antennas for Geo- Satellites and Shared-Antenna Platforms
SIMULTENEOUS TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE (STAR) ANTENNAS FOR GEO- SATELLITES AND SHARED-ANTENNA PLATFORMS by Elie Germain Tianang B.S., Yaoundé Advanced School of Engineering, 2007 M.S., University of Colorado, Boulder, 2017 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering 2019 This thesis entitled: Simultaneous Transmit and Receive (STAR) Antennas for Geo-Satellites and Shared-Antenna Platforms written by Elie Germain Tianang has been approved for the Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering Dejan S. Filipovic Mohamed A. Elmansouri Date The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. ii Elie Germain Tianang (Ph.D., Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering) Simultaneous Transmit and Receive (STAR) Antennas for Geo-Satellites and Shared-Antenna Platforms Thesis directed by Professor Dejan S. Filipovic This thesis presents the analysis, design, and experimental characterization of antenna systems considered for shipborne, airborne, and space platforms. These antennas are innovated to enable Simultaneous Transmit and Receive (STAR) at same time and polarization, either at the same, or duplex frequencies. In airborne and shipborne platforms, developed antenna architectures may enhance the capabilities of modern electronic warfare systems by enabling concurrent electronic attack and electronic support operations. In space, and more precisely at geostationary orbit, designed antennas aim to decrease the complexity of conventional phased array systems, thereby increasing their capabilities and attractiveness.