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Simulteneous Transmit and Receive (Star) Antennas for Geo- Satellites and Shared-Antenna Platforms

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Simulteneous Transmit and Receive (Star) Antennas for Geo- Satellites and Shared-Antenna Platforms SIMULTENEOUS TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE (STAR) ANTENNAS FOR GEO- SATELLITES AND SHARED-ANTENNA PLATFORMS by Elie Germain Tianang B.S., Yaoundé Advanced School of Engineering, 2007 M.S., University of Colorado, Boulder, 2017 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering 2019 This thesis entitled: Simultaneous Transmit and Receive (STAR) Antennas for Geo-Satellites and Shared-Antenna Platforms written by Elie Germain Tianang has been approved for the Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering Dejan S. Filipovic Mohamed A. Elmansouri Date The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. ii Elie Germain Tianang (Ph.D., Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering) Simultaneous Transmit and Receive (STAR) Antennas for Geo-Satellites and Shared-Antenna Platforms Thesis directed by Professor Dejan S. Filipovic This thesis presents the analysis, design, and experimental characterization of antenna systems considered for shipborne, airborne, and space platforms. These antennas are innovated to enable Simultaneous Transmit and Receive (STAR) at same time and polarization, either at the same, or duplex frequencies. In airborne and shipborne platforms, developed antenna architectures may enhance the capabilities of modern electronic warfare systems by enabling concurrent electronic attack and electronic support operations. In space, and more precisely at geostationary orbit, designed antennas aim to decrease the complexity of conventional phased array systems, thereby increasing their capabilities and attractiveness. All antennas researched are first designed as a standalone radiator, then as entity of a platform having multiple different antennas. An ultrawideband, lossless cavity-backed Vivaldi antenna array for flush-mounting applications is first investigated. Eigen-mode analysis is used to analyze antenna-cavity interaction and to show that the entire structure may resonate within the band of interest resulting in a significant degradation of antenna performance. A simple approach based on connecting the array’s edge elements in E-plane to the cavity walls is proposed to eliminate the deleterious impact of these cavity resonances. The designed antenna is a 3 × 4 array with 3 elements in E-plane and 4 elements in H-plane, fabricated using stacked all-metal printed circuit board technique. Scan performance of the proposed cavity-backed antenna is investigated in two principal planes and is shown to have similar performance compared to iii its free-standing counterpart. A simplified version of this single-polarized antenna, when used for broadside only applications is developed. This antenna, excited with a single coaxial feed is shown to have a smaller aperture than the 3 × 4 array. Isolations between two of these antennas when mounted on a compact shared-antenna platform are investigated through computation and experiments. To extend the capability of systems relying on these designed antennas, frequency reuse is enabled through dual-polarized functionality. A dual-polarized, flush mounted, Vivaldi antenna, directly integrated with an all-metal cavity is introduced as an alternative to coax-fed quad-ridge horns. An approach based on shaping the side walls of the cavity is used to eliminate the occurrence of resonances. The proposed dual-polarized resonant-free antenna has two orthogonal 2 × 1 arrays with two elements in the E-plane, one element in the H-plane. It is fed using two 2-way power dividers that can be easily designed to maintain low amplitude and phase imbalances. The antenna is fabricated as a single piece and experimentally shows a monotonic gain increase with low cross-polarization over 4:1 bandwidth. Phased array antennas operating at geostationary orbit are required to scan within Earth’s field of view, without any grating lobe appearance. For dual-polarized applications, this requirement has limited the widespread and attractiveness of these systems at frequencies such as X-band. The narrow 150 MHz guard range between transmit and receive bands, leads to impractical diplexers in conventional dual-polarized systems. This research introduces a dual-polarized subarray architecture for X-band phased array systems which enables high isolation between closely separated TX and RX bands. The proposed approach either eliminates the need for diplexers, or significantly decreases their required complexity. iv Dedication To my lovely wife Kevine, our son and daughter To my mother and sisters To my father who couldn’t wait to see his doctor son To the memory of my brother v Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Prof. Dejan Filipovic for his endless support, patience, motivation, and guidance. Reaching this point in my education would not have been possible without his immense contribution. Special appreciation also goes to Dr. Mohamed Elmansouri, who has been deeply involved with my research and always provided his assistance whenever needed. I would like to thank the members of my thesis committee: Prof. Barton, Prof. Palo, and Dr. Kefauver for their time, comments, encouragements, and efforts to evaluate my research. I would like to thank all postdoctoral fellows, graduate students, and alumni from the Antenna Research Group and RF Group; especially, Dr. Ignatenko, Dr. Ha, Prof. Lasser, Dr. Jastram, Dr. Altarifi, Dr. Manafi, Dr. Garrido, Dr. Abdelraham, Dr. Pack, Dr. Sanghai, Dr. Rahman, Dr. Walaleprasannakumar, Dr. Hirachandra, Ljubodrag Boskovic, Carlos Hernandez, Aman Samaiyar, Conrad Andrews, Selena Leitner, Merarys Caquias, Karina Hoel, Mauricio Pinto, Abdulaziz Haddab, Laila Marzall, Milica Notoros, Richard Smith, Mattew Arendall, Andrew Kee, Roger Hasse, and Bradley Allen for their fruitful technical conversations. I would like to thank my funding agencies, especially, Dr. Joel Goodman and Dr. Luciano Boglione from Naval Research Laboratory, Dr. Neill Kefauver and Mr. Thomas Cencich from Lockheed Martin Corporation for supporting these projects which improved my knowledge and understanding of electromagnetics and antennas. Last, but most importantly, I would like to show my deepest appreciation to my love, family and friends. My wife Kevine Fonkwa, who has always been on my side and provided the support, love, and patience needed to complete this work. Great thanks to my vi late fathers and brother, whose, spirits are always there to guide me. My mother, who has dedicated her life to provide me with the best possible education. My parents-in-law for their supports, encouragements and their trust. My friend Dr. Violet Mwaffo for proof reading this thesis and his valuable comments. My longtime friend Lois Kamga, my Cameroonian family here in Colorado for their support during the past five years. I would finally like to thank all my friends and family back home. vii Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Elements of EW STAR Systems ..................................................................................... 5 1.2.1 EW Antennas on Shipborne and Airborne Platforms .............................................. 5 1.2.2 EW Antennas for Concurrent S- and C-bands ......................................................... 6 1.3 X-band Phased Array Antennas for Geo-Satellites ........................................................ 7 1.3.1 Scan Array Theory .................................................................................................... 8 1.3.2 Transmit-Receive Isolation in FDD systems: Why .................................................11 1.4 Thesis Organization .......................................................................................................12 2. Single-Polarized STAR Antennas .................................................................................14 2.1 Overview .........................................................................................................................14 2.2 Single-Polarized 3 × 4 Cavity-Backed Vivaldi Antenna Array .....................................16 2.2.1 Antenna Analysis and Design .................................................................................16 2.2.2 Array Fabrication and Measured Performance ......................................................27 2.2.3 Array Scan Performances ........................................................................................32 2.3 Single-Polarized and Single Feed Antenna ...................................................................38 2.4 Isolation Analysis with Single Polarized Antennas ......................................................43 2.4.1 Isolation for 3 × 4 Cavity-Backed Vivaldi Array .....................................................45 2.4.2 Isolation of the Single Feed Cavity-Backed Element .............................................52 2.5 Summary ........................................................................................................................60 3. Dual-Polarized STAR Antennas on Share
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