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Privredavojvodine.Pdf BIBLIOTEKA POSEBNA IZDAWA Realizaciju ove izlo`be i objavqivawe kataloga pomogli su Ministarstvo kulture i Pokrajinski sekretarijat za obrazovawe i kulturu ARHIV VOJVODINE PRIVREDA VOJVODINE 1918–1945 kroz odabranu arhivsku gra|u 80 GODINA ARHIVA VOJVODINE Novi Sad, 2006. O RAZVOJU PRIVREDE VOJVODINE 1918–1945 Privreda Vojvodine stekla je odre|enu i korisnika wi hovih indus trijskih proiz- fizionomiju ve} u XIX veku. Ona je imala voda. izrazito agrarni karakter i po~ivala je na Od ulaska u jugoslovensku dr`avu bit - po qoprivredi, prehrambenoj i pre ra |i va~- nije se mewao ekonomski i socijalni po lo `aj koj industriji, koja se razvila iz ras pro s tra- Vojvodine, jer se wena privreda mora la wene ratarske i sto~arske pro izvodwe. Ova prilagoditi novoj dr`avno-pravnoj i eko- svojstva, nasle|ena iz vremena Austro- nomskoj stvarnosti, prvenstveno pri vre di -Ugarske, uveliko su se zadr`ala i u XX ostalih jugoslovenskih pokrajina, ko ja je, veku. tako|e, imala agrarni karakter, ali znatno Do 1918. godine (do ulaska u jugoslo- nerazvijeniji. Otuda su proce si prila go|a- vensku dr`avu) oko 70% stanovni{tva Voj vo- vawa wene privrede bili zna t no slo`eniji i dine bavilo se poqoprivrednom pro iz vod- ekonomski te`i. Po seb ne te{ko}e imala je wom, u ~ijoj je strukturi domi ni rao ve liki poqoprivredna pro iz vodwa, s obzirom na to posed. S obzirom na to, Vojvodina se uglav- da slabije jugo slo vensko tr`i{te nije moglo nom smatrala agrarnim podru~jem na kojem apsor bo va ti vi{kove poqoprivrednih pro iz- se razvijala i specifi~na agra rna indus tri- voda Voj vodine, koji su najvi{e bili na uda- ja. Wena privreda bila je dubqe integri sana ru makaza cena. Nepovoqnom polo`aju poqo- u ekonomski sistem Austro-Ugar ske, bu du }i pri vrede Vojvodine doprinosila je i koncep- da se razvijala u izvoznika poqo pri vred nih cija industrijalizacije zemqe koja se zasni- vi{kova, na ro~ito `i tar skih i mlinarskih, vala na sistemu protekcionizma i za{titi na raz vijenija sredwo evropska tr`i {ta, ali cena industrijskih proizvoda. 5 pi lo izvo|ewu agrarne re for me i likvida- ciji velikih poseda. Domi nan tni politi~ki, socijalni i nacio na lni mo ti vi u izvo|ewu reforme ne ga tivno su se odrazili na dota- da{wu or ga ni za ci ju po qo pri vredne proiz- vodwe, jer su doveli do usitwavawa poseda (oko 60% gazdinstava bilo je mawe od 5 ha) koji su davani mesnim interesentima, dobro- voqcima, kolo nis ti ma, optantima i drugima. Oni su uglav nom bili nevi~ni ratarskoj proizvodwi i teh ni ~ki slabo oprem qeni za intenzivniji raz voj poqo privrede. Na udaru agrarne refor me na {li su se po sedi koji su ~inili osnovu po qo privredne proizvodwe u Voj vo dini – posedi grofa Ko teka, porodice Lel bah, Kalo~ke biskupije, grofa Se~ewija, grofa ^ekoni}a, grofa Ka ra ~owija, grofa Ba~ awija, kneza Odeska lkija, porodice Dun- |erski, bra}e Lederer, grofa Elcija i drugih. Do kraja 20-ih godina neke od ovih slabosti postepeno su prevladane, ali se vojvo|anski posed suo~avao i sa pre velikim poreskim optere}ewem, koje ga je stavqalo u neravnopravan polo`aj sa pose dima iz dru- gih krajeva zemqe. Wegovo pores ko opte re- }e we dostizalo je i 50% uku pne dr`av ne zemqa rine, {to je zna~ajno umawi valo doho- Решење Жупанијског аграрног уреда у Новом Саду, dak Vojvodine i usporavalo wen privredni 1923, којим се добровољцу Милунки Савић додељује razvoj. парцела за кућни плац Agrarna reforma dovela je do odre |e- nih dru{tvenih i ekonomskih promena, pose- Do dubqih promena u privredi Voj vo di- bno u posedovnim odnosima i pre vla da va wu ne do{lo je ve} 1919. godine kada se pristu- imovinskih disproporcija, ali ni je re {i la 6 Транспорт робе 1937, фирме „Fuchs Josef“ из Сенте socijalne i ekonomske pro ble me se qa{tva, grad skih slojeva i bogatih seqaka, koji su niti stvorila uslove za inten zi vniji razvoj ekonomski sve vi{e ja~ali. poqoprivrede. Otu da se kra jem 20-ih godina Uporedo sa agrarnom reformom, spro- seqa{tvo na{lo u izuzetno te{kim ekonom- vedena je i kolonizacija, koja je zna~ajnije pro - skim prilikama. Usled preza du`enosti, menila etni~ku i socijalnu strukturu Vojvo- seqa ci su po~eli prodavati ili gubiti zem- dine. Kolonizacija je obu hva tila do bro voq ce qu, koja je odlazila u vlasni{tvo boga tih iz Prvog svetskog rata, optante i izbeglice. 7 Понуда „Штефана Фајта, механичне стројне радионице“ за патентирану сејачицу за кукуруз са три реда 8 Dobrovoqci su imali privi lego van polo`aj, 40 odsto. Najvi{e se razvijalo sviw a r stvo i s obzirom na to da im je do de la zemqe Zako- kowa rstvo, a ma we govedarstvo i ov ~ars tvo. nom garantovana i omo gu}ena fina n sijska po- Razvoju ribarstva pridavana je, tako |e, mo} za izgradwu ku}a, nabavku oru|a za odgovaraju}a pa`wa. Postojale su broj ne proizvodwu i osta lo. Nase qenici su ug- ribar ske zadruge koje su imale svo je rib- lavnom bili siro ma{ni seqaci iz dinar skih wake, ali je u Vojvodini veliki ribwak pos- krajeva, sklo ni ekstenzivnom pri vre |i va wu. tojao samo u E~koj. Uglavnom su se lo vi li: U razvoju poqoprivrede posle 1918. go- {aran, {tuka, ke~iga, som i dr. Zad ru ge su di ne, dominantno mesto imala je ratarska vodile brigu o proizvodwi ribqeg mla |a, pro iz vodwa – naro~ito `itarica. Iako je bi- ali i o poribqavawu. Svoj rad su obje di wa- la najobimnija u zemqi, u pore|ewu sa zem- va le u centralnoj zadruzi ~ije se sedi{te qa ma Evrope i znatno nerazvijenija. Najvi{e nalazilo u Novom Sadu. su se proizvodili: p{enica (30%) i kukuruz Lovstvo se uglavnom razvijalo kao sport - (40% prose~ne jugoslovenske proizvodwe), ska disciplina i pod upravom Saveza lova~- indus trijsko biqe – {e}erna repa i posebno kih dru{tava Vojvodine. konopqa (koja je ~inila 50% jugoslovenske [umarstvo je u Vojvodini bilo slabo raz vi- pro izvodwe), zatim pap rika (koja je pod mi- jeno. Nalazilo se pod upravom dveju direk cija – rivala celokupne dr`avne potrebe i obez be- u Apatinu (kasnije u Novom Sa du) za Banat i |i vala znatne vi{kove za izvoz), lekovito Ba~ku i u Vinkovcima za Srem. Najve}e {um sko biqe i mnoge povrtarske kulture. gazdinstvo bila je Direkcija {uma Pet ro vara- Vo}arstvo je imalo sporedni karakter u dinske imo vne op{tine u Sremskoj Mit ro vici. strukturi poqoprivredne proizvodwe, izu- [umar stvo je po~ivalo na nekoliko vrs ta zev vinogradarstva, koje je bilo zastu pqe no drve}a – bagremu, boru, topoli, vrbi, hras tu, na podru~ju Fru{ke gore, Vr{ ca i pe{~anih lipi i jasenu. predela Subotice i okoline. Vino gra darstvo Vodoprivreda je zauzimala posebno me- je imalo i dugu tradiciju. sto, s obzirom na to da se Vojvodina nala zi- Razvoju sto~arstva pridavan je veliki la na va`nom hidrografskom sre di{tu i ve- zna~aj, ali je ono agrarnom reformom, pose b- li kim vodenim tokovima – Dunavu, Tisi, no likvidacijom velikog poseda, za palo u Savi, Tami{u, Begeju, brojnim kanalima koji ozbi qne te{ko}e, budu}i da je usled ras pro- su izgra |eni za potrebe regulacije vodnih daje, izvoza i sporog obnavqawa znat no uni- toko va i stvarawe no vih obradivih povr {i- {ten sto~ni fond. Opadawe sto ~nog fo n da na. O razgranatom hidrotehni~kom sistemu zahvatilo je pojedine gra ne sto~arstva i do Voj vo di ne, koji je nasle|en iz vremena Au- 9 stro-Ugarske, brinule su se brojne vodne je cena naglo padala. Duboku krizu zadruge koje su imale jedinstven sistem poqoprivrede Vojvodine, jugoslo venske organizacije, od osnovnih do centralnih. vlasti poku{ale su da re{e putem dr`av ne Izvori wihovog finansirawa bili su vodni intervencije (privilegovanog otkupnog predu- doprinosi koje su pla}ali zadru`ni ze }a – Prizada) u politici cena i monopoli za- interesenti. Zadruge su se najvi{e bavile cijom otkupa `itarica. Ti napori nisu dali izgradwom odbram be nih nasipa, za{titom rezultate, budu}i da je kretawe cena `ita- od unutra {wih voda, borbom protiv rica i daqe bilo pod ja ~im utica jem tr`i- poplava, odvod wavawem i tako daqe. {ta, a ne dr`avnih inge ren cija. S obzi rom na Va`no mesto u razvoju poqoprivrede to da su poqo priv redni proiz vodi otvo reno Vojvodine imalo je poqoprivredno zadr u gar- bili u makazama cena, seqa{ tvo Voj vo dine za- stvo, koje je, tako|e, nasle|eno iz vremena palo je u velike dugove. Wihovo pro se~no Austro-Ugarske. Ono je bi lo razvijeno i uglav- zadu`ewe izno silo je oko 25.000 dinara, {to nom motivisano eko no mskim razlozima, iako im je slabilo kupovnu mo} i mogu}nost se, u orga ni zacionom smislu, pojavquje i pod otplate dugova. Sve to je uslo vilo dono{ewe et ni~ kim nazivima, kao Savez srpskih zemqo- Zakona (1932) o za{titi zemqo rad nika, pozna- radni~kih zadruga, ili ma|arskih i slo va~- tog pod ime nom Zakon o seqa ~ kom moratori- kih, kao Agrarija koju su osnovali voj vo - jumu, kojim se odlagala naplata, posebno pri- |anski Nemci sa ciqem da osna`e svoje eko- nudna prodaja du`ni ko vih imawa, dos pelih nomske i nacionalne pozicije u Vojvodini.
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