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Producción De Fresa Sin Suelo: Situación Actual Y Perspectivas

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Producción De Fresa Sin Suelo: Situación Actual Y Perspectivas 2015 Producción de fresa sin suelo: Situación actual y perspectivas Alumno: Rodrigo Barba Quiles Tutor: Carlos G. Hernández Díaz- Ambrona Cotutor: Pedro Hoyos Echevarría ETSIA Agrónomos UPM Supervisor: Boris Duralija Fakulted de Agriculture de Zagreb Defended on the 29th MAY 2015 1 PRODUCCIÓN DE FRESA SIN SUELO: SITUACIÓN ACTUAL Y PERSPECTIVAS AUTOR: RODRIGO BARBA QUILES TUTOR: Dr. CARLOS G. HERNÁNDEZ DÍAZ-AMBRONA Grupo de Sistemas Agrarios Departamento de Producción Agraria COTUTOR: PEDRO HOYOS ECHEVARRÍA SUPERVISOR: BORIS DURALIJA © Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Este documento ha sido impreso pensando en el medio ambiente a doble cara y espacio sencillo. 2 3 TRIBUNAL Presidente Secretario Vocal Fecha de defensa Calificación 4 5 Agradecimientos Antes de comenzar la lectura de este proyecto me gustaría reflejar toda la ayuda prestada por las diversas personas que han influido en él. Este trabajo surgió de la idea de Don Boris Duralija, profesor de horticultura, de la facultad de agricultura de la universidad de Zagreb y gracias a la coordinadora de relaciones internacionales Doña Ivana Prosinecki pudo empezar a hacerse realidad mi matricula de TFC. En septiembre del 2014 iniciaba mi Erasmus en Croacia y tras una asignatura de producción agrícola sostenible él quedó interesado en la información que había podido recoger de los propios apuntes tomados en la ETSIA y me propuso el comenzar este proyecto, de manera que contacté directamente con el que había sido mi profesor de horticultura Don José María Durán, que en paz descanse, del que todos tendremos siempre buenos recuerdos. Él me informó y facilitó diversos contactos de viveristas y empresas las cuales me sirvieron de gran ayuda. Por lo que a la vuelta de las navidades, en enero de 2015, comenzaron las reuniones periódicas con Boris, mientras él me recomendaba artículos, por mi parte continuaba consultando y buscando más información, cada dos semanas se iba haciendo exposiciones a los alumnos y compañeros, de los que también tengo que hacer constancia de su ayuda mostrada a lo largo de todo el erasmus, que sin el confort, ayuda y seguridad proporcionada seguramente no hubiese tomado dicha decisión de comenzar el proyecto en un país extranjero. De manera que llegado junio 2015 una vez terminado, me propusieron el defender el proyecto ante jurado en dicha universidad, lo cual hice consiguiendo la máxima puntuación con un excelente. A mi vuelta a España, por medio de recomendaciones de otros profesores, conseguí contactar con Don Pedro Hoyos Echevarría del cual he de agradecerle todo su esfuerzo y sus periódicas reuniones que me permitieron el traducir, completar y adaptar el proyecto a los objetivos de nuestra universidad. De la misma manera a Don Carlos Gregorio Hernández Díaz- Ambrona del cual estoy agradecido por su ayuda y permitir que esto continuase adelante. Por supuesto todo esto no hubiera sido posible sin apoyo familiar y de amistades que siempre he podido contar con ellos en todo momento. Por todo ello y por lo que supone este trabajo para mi me gustaría dedicarlo a todas estas personas, pero ante todo al profesor José María que a tantos alumnos ha conseguido hacer despertar el espíritu inquieto de ver la agricultura desde otro punto de vista más actual y optimista. Rodrigo Barba Quiles 6 7 Índice 0. Introducción ............................................................................................................................. 0 1. Importancia del mercado de la fresa ....................................................................................... 2 1.1. Producción mundial de fresa ........................................................................................ 2 1.1.1. Evolución de la producción mundial de fresa ....................................................... 2 1.1.2. Situación actual de la producción mundial de fresa ............................................. 3 1.2. Producción de fresa europea ....................................................................................... 4 1.2.1. Desarrollo de la producción fresera europea, por países ..................................... 5 1.2.2. Sur de Europa: Huelva (España) ............................................................................ 9 1.2.3. Desarrollo conjunto de los distintos países......................................................... 14 1.2.4. Situación actual de la producción europea de fresa .......................................... 15 1.3. Exportaciones de fresa ................................................................................................ 19 1.3.1. Exportación mundial de fresa ............................................................................. 21 1.3.2. Exportación española de fresa ............................................................................ 23 1.4. Importaciones de fresa a la UE.................................................................................... 27 1.4.1. Importaciones dentro de la UE ........................................................................... 27 1.4.2. Importaciones de fresa a España ........................................................................ 28 1.5. Consumo de fresa........................................................................................................ 29 2. Desarrollo de sistemas de cultivo sin suelo para fresa .......................................................... 32 2.1. Origen del cultivo sin suelo para fresa ........................................................................ 32 2.2. Prohibición del Bromuro de Metilo ............................................................................. 33 2.3. Evolución de las distintas técnicas de cultivo de la fresa ............................................ 34 2.4. Evolución del cultivo sin suelo en Huelva ................................................................... 39 3. Cultivares de fresa .................................................................................................................. 42 3.1. Sistemática y taxonomía ............................................................................................. 42 3.2. Características botánicas ............................................................................................. 44 3.3. Origen y desarrollo de los cultivares de fresa ............................................................. 47 3.4. Cultivares de fresa en Fragaria x ananassa ................................................................ 49 3.4.1. Cultivares de día corto ........................................................................................ 49 3.4.2. Cultivares de día neutro ...................................................................................... 60 3.4.3. Cultivares más empleados en Huelva ................................................................. 65 3.5. Cultivares de fresa en los países europeos ................................................................. 66 3.6. Innovación varietal para alargar el ciclo de cultivo ..................................................... 68 4. Ciclos de desarrollo de la planta ............................................................................................ 70 8 4.1. Ciclos de cultivo según la instalación .......................................................................... 73 4.2. Ciclos de fresa en las regiones de Europa ................................................................... 73 4.2.1. Norte de Europa .................................................................................................. 73 4.2.2. Centroeuropa ...................................................................................................... 74 4.2.3. Europa del Sur ..................................................................................................... 76 4.2.4. Huelva (sur de España) ........................................................................................ 77 5. Instalaciones para el cultivo de fresa ..................................................................................... 80 5.1. Invernaderos ............................................................................................................... 80 5.1.1. Invernaderos de plástico ..................................................................................... 80 5.1.2. Invernaderos de cristal ........................................................................................ 81 5.2. Túneles de plástico ...................................................................................................... 82 5.2.1. Túneles altos o múltiples ..................................................................................... 82 5.2.2. Tunelillos individuales ......................................................................................... 84 5.3. Producción exterior en verano .................................................................................... 85 5.4. Cultivos protegidos de fresa en Europa ...................................................................... 85 6. Producción de fresa sin suelo ................................................................................................ 88 6.1. Plantones para el trasplante ....................................................................................... 88 6.2. Disposiciones y densidades ......................................................................................... 89 6.3. Sistemas de crecimiento ............................................................................................
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