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A Geographical Study of Intra-Urban Shopping Behaviour in Greater Swansea

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A Geographical Study of Intra-Urban Shopping Behaviour in Greater Swansea _________________________________________________________________________Swansea University E-Theses A geographical study of intra-urban shopping behaviour in greater Swansea. Penny, Nicholas J How to cite: _________________________________________________________________________ Penny, Nicholas J (1984) A geographical study of intra-urban shopping behaviour in greater Swansea.. thesis, Swansea University. http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42861 Use policy: _________________________________________________________________________ This item is brought to you by Swansea University. Any person downloading material is agreeing to abide by the terms of the repository licence: copies of full text items may be used or reproduced in any format or medium, without prior permission for personal research or study, educational or non-commercial purposes only. The copyright for any work remains with the original author unless otherwise specified. The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder. Permission for multiple reproductions should be obtained from the original author. Authors are personally responsible for adhering to copyright and publisher restrictions when uploading content to the repository. Please link to the metadata record in the Swansea University repository, Cronfa (link given in the citation reference above.) http://www.swansea.ac.uk/library/researchsupport/ris-support/ A GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF INTRA-URBAN SHOPPING BEHAVIOUR IN GREATER SWANSEA NICHOLAS J. PENNY, B.A. THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF WALES FOR THE DEGREE OF PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR MAY 1984 ProQuest Number: 10821251 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10821251 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 DECLARATION I declare that this work, unless otherwise stated, is the result of my own independent investigation. It has not already been accepted in substance for any degree and it is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed: Date: Director of Studies: Date: (i) SUMMARY This thesis is a study of intra-urban consumer spatial behaviour in Greater Swansea. A review was undertaken of previous geographical and marketing approaches to the subject, highlighting certain deficiences and identifying an approach whereby advances in the overall understanding of consumer spatial behaviour could occur. The spatial behaviour of selected consumer groups was investigated via a sample design which permitted the precise determinants of behaviour to be identified. An areal sampling framework was developed from census material and the local retail hierarchy, to select areas of known social composition with access to a similar shopping environment. This enabled the research to control for the fundamental influence of social and spatial differentiation. Initially, the general characteristics of shopper behaviour were analysed before identifying a nomenclature of convenience shopping goods. Three product types were identified for further consideration: grocery, meat and bread. The characteristics of grocery purchases were described prior to the patterns of overt spatial behaviour. Centre choice for grocery purchases was disaggregated for the influence of social and spatial differentiation and simultaneously, for the effect of a number of consumer sub-groups. These were defined in terms of personal mobility, demographic variables, household characteristics and time availability. Centre choice for supplementary grocery, major meat and major bread purchases was subsequently disaggregated by the major influences identified. The integration of a cognitive approach encompassed two methods. The major characteristics of trip motivation and the relationship with overt spatial behaviour were identified. Consumer attitudes to shop types, city centre shopping, and economic, geographical and social attributes were analysed and the relationship between attitude and behaviour demonstrated. The discussion returned to an empirical analysis of durable goods behaviour and the relationship with convenience behaviour. Finally, the contribution of the overall approach was evaluated and the implications for future study developed. (ii) CONTENTS PAGE Declaration (i) Summary (ii) Contents (iii) List of Figures (vii) List of Tables ( ix) List of Photographic Plates (xiv) Acknowledgements (xv) INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1; APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Introduction 4 PART ONE:- A Review of the Previous Approaches to the Study of Consumer Behaviour, 6 1. Introduction. 6 2. Urban Modelling Approaches. 10 3. Behavioural Modelling Approaches. 14 (i) The Theoretical Behavioural Approach. 15 (ii) The Empirical Behavioural Approach. 17 (iii) The Cognitive Behavioural Approach. 26 4. The Marketing Approach. 32 5. Concluding Remarks. 35 PART TWO:- Towards an Integrated Approach to the Study of Consumer Behaviour. 36 Research Aims 41 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY Introduction. 48 1 . The Study Area: A Social and Retail Geography of Greater Swansea. 50 2. Sample Selection. 78 2.1 The Theory of Sample Selection. 78 2.2 Urban Sub-Area Analysis. 81 2.3 The Choice of Technique, Data Source and 82 Selection of Input Variables. 2.4 The Principal Components Analysis. 86 2.5 The Cluster Analysis: Patterns of Residential 98 Differentiation in Greater Swansea. 2.6 The Selection of Sample Areas and 103 Respondent Households. (iii) 3. Data Collection. 129 3.1 Interviewing and Questionnaire Design: 130 The Need for Rigour and Caution. 3.2 Questionnaire Design: The Special Requirements 134 of Consumer Motivational and Attitude Research. 3.3 The Questionnaire Employed. 142 4.1 Details of the Survey. 145 4.2 The Random Sample of Consumers: The Classification of Consumer Sub-Groups. 145 CHAPTER 3: PROFILES OF CONVENIENCE GOODS SHOPPING BEHAVIOUR Introduction. 164 1. General Traits of Shopper Behaviour. 165 (i) Profiles of General Shopper Behaviour. 165 (ii) Persons involved in the Shopping Trip. 169 (iii) Holistic Aspects of Convenience 173 Shopping Behaviour. 2. Towards a Nomenclature of Convenience 178 Goods Shopping Behaviour. 3. Characteristics of Grocery Behaviour. 183 4. Summary 188 CHAPTER 4: SPATIAL PATTERNS OF CONVENIENCE GOODS SHOPPING BEHAVIOUR. Introduction. 191 1. Spatial Patterns of Grocery Behaviour. 192 1.1 Major Centre Choice. 193 (i) The Influence of Socio-Spatial 194 Differentiation. (ii) The Influence of Personal Mobility. 202 (iii) The Influence of Demographic Variables. 213 (iv) The Influence of Household 225 Characteristics. (v) The Influence of Time Availability. 228 1.2 Supplementary Centre Choice. 233 1.3 Interim Conclusion. 243 2. Spatial Patterns of Meat Behaviour. 247 3. Spatial Patterns of Bread Behaviour. 261 4. Conclusion. 271 (iv) CHAPTER 5: CONSUMER MOTIVATIONS Introduction. 275 1. Consumer Motivation Research. 277 2. Characteristics of Consumer Motivations. 27 9 3. The Principal Components Analysis of 294 17 Motivational Statements. 4* The Influence of Consumer Sub-Groups 296 on Food Motivations. (i) The Influence of Socio-Spatial 297 Differentiation. (ii) The Influence of Personal Mobility. 301 (iii) The Influence of Pre-School Children. 306 5. The Relationship Between Overt Spatial Behaviour and Consumer Motivations. 312 6. Conclusion. 324 CHAPTER 6: CONSUMER ATTITUDES. Introduction. 328 1. The Reliability of the Attitude Scale. 331 2. The Characteristics of Consumer Attitudes. 335 (i) Shop Types. 335 (ii) Consumer Attitudes to City 342 Centre Shopping. (iii) Consumer Attitudes to 345 Economic Attributes of Shopping. (iv) Consumer Attitudes to Geographical 348 Attributes of Shopping. (v) Consumer Attitudes to 355 Social Attributes of Shopping (vi) Summary: The Characteristics 358 of Consumer Attitudes. 3. The Relationship Between Consumer 364 Attitudes and Overt Spatial Behaviour. 4. Conclusion. 371 (v) CHAPTER 7: SPATIAL PATTERNS OF HIGHER ORDER GOODS BEHAVIOUR Introduction. 373 1. Durable Nomenclature 373 2. Patterns of Overt Clothing Behaviour. 375 (i) A General Profile. 375 (ii) Patterns of Overt Spatial Behaviour. 378 3. Shopping Trips to the Sub Regional 381 City Centre. 4. Conclusion. 387 CONCLUSIONS 391 APPENDICES: 406 Appendix 1: The Questionnaire. Appendix 2: Classification of Family Life Cycle. 421 Appendix 3: Classification of Household 421 Composition. Appendix 4: Deep Freeze Ownership. 422 Appendix 5: Statistical Note on the 423 Chi Square Test. Appendix 6: The Influence of Respondent Age on 426 Major Bread Centre Choice. Appendix 7: Attitude Statement: Comparative Mean 427 Score: Trallwn/Treboeth/Tycoch. Appendix 8: Principal Components Analysis 430 of the 26 Attitude Statements. BIBLIOGRAPHY 433 (vi) LIST OF FIGURES PAGE 1.2 The Interrelationship Between Alternative 7 Approaches to the Study of Intra-urban Consumer Behaviour. 1.2 The Variety of Approaches to the Study 9 . of Consumer Behaviour. 1.3 Huff's Conceptualisation of the Consumer 16 Decision Making Process. 1.4 Recognition of the Various
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