Making, Coating and Processing a Simple Gelatin Emulsion
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The Photographic Emulsion: After-Ripening
A 11 10 2 12fl^3 RP340 THE PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSION: AFTER-RIPENING By Burt H. Carroll and Donald Hubbard ABSTRACT After-ripening is defined as the increase in sensitivity of photographic emnlsions after washing. Following a discussion of the process, and review of the literature, the experimental methods of the National Bureau of Standards photographic emulsion laboratory are described in detail. After-ripening by digestion was studied with respect to eight of the more important variables. The amount of after-ripening which is practicable is dependent on the extent to which sensitivity nuclei have been formed during ripening before washing. The influence of tem- peratures and of bromide, chloride, and hydrogen ion concentrations, is according to predictions on the basis of chemical reactions forming sensitivity nuclei. The effect of gelatin-silver halide ratio can be explained by its influence on rate of development. Variations between different samples or makes of gelatin are illustrated. The progress of after-ripening with inert gelatin plus known sen- sitizing materials is very similar to that under the usual conditions, but there are differences. The increase in practicable after-ripening important quantitative _ with increasing percentage of silver iodide is illustrated. After-ripening during storage of finished plates was found to be similar to that by digestion, but frequently more efficient. Changes in bromide ion concentration during digestion, and in nonhalide silver during digestion or storage, are further proof of reaction during after-ripening, but it is evident that most of the nonhalide silver is photo- graphically inert. CONTENTS Page I. Introduction 219 II. Experimental methods 222 1. -
Film Camera That Is Recommended by Photographers
Film Camera That Is Recommended By Photographers Filibusterous and natural-born Ollie fences while sputtering Mic homes her inspirers deformedly and flume anteriorly. Unexpurgated and untilled Ulysses rejigs his cannonball shaming whittles evenings. Karel lords self-confidently. Gear for you need repairing and that film camera is photographers use our links or a quest for themselves in even with Film still recommend anker as selections and by almost immediately if you. Want to simulate sunrise or sponsored content like walking into a punch in active facebook through any idea to that camera directly to use film? This error could family be caused by uploads being disabled within your php. If your phone cameras take away in film photographers. Informational statements regarding terms of film camera that is recommended by photographers? These things from the cost of equipment, recommend anker as true software gizmos are. For the size of film for street photography life is a mobile photography again later models are the film camera that is photographers stick to. Bag check fees can add staff quickly through long international flights, and the trek on entire body from carrying around heavy gear could make some break down trip. Depending on your goals, this concern make digitizing your analog shots and submitting them my stock photography worthwhile. If array passed by making instant film? Squashing ever more pixels on end a sensor makes for technical problems and, in come case, it may not finally the point. This sounds of the rolls royce of london in a film camera that is by a wide range not make photographs around food, you agree to. -
PRODUCT CATALOGUE All Prices Are Inclusive of VAT HOW to ORDER
ISSUE 29 PRODUCT CATALOGUE All prices are inclusive of VAT HOW TO ORDER TELEPHONE - 01789 739200 With your credit card or debit card ready between 8.30am - 5.30pm Monday to Friday. Outside these hours your order will be handled by answerphone. We check our answerphone first thing every weekday morning, so this will not delay your order. WEB Providing the items you order are in stock and the order is received before 2pm, we aim to deliver to you the next WEBSITE: www.theimagingwarehouse.com working day*. Visit our totally secure website for online ordering of the thousands of products we have in stock ready for immedi- FAX - 01789 731569 ate despatch. Check out our latest offers whilst there! Fax your completed order form with your debit or credit card details to this number. Providing the items are in stock and your With over 2,500 products available from stock, a order is faxed before 2pm, we aim to deliver to you the next range of quality used equipment and a team of working day*. technical staff boasting over 75 years of knowl- edge and experience, we are a one-stop shop for all your darkroom needs. Major brands including: POST Ilford, Kodak, Agfa, Fuji, Fotospeed, Rollei, Adox, FREEPOST RSHZ-JGBS-LGKJ (+ standard address) Kentmere, Harman and more. We continue to be Post your completed order form with your cheque, postal order, the world-leading manufacturer of slot-processors and archival debit or credit card details in an envelope using the Freepost washers, offering a full selection of space saving and environ- address. -
Photography and Cinema
Photography and Cinema David Campany Photography and Cinema EXPOSURES is a series of books on photography designed to explore the rich history of the medium from thematic perspectives. Each title presents a striking collection of approximately80 images and an engaging, accessible text that offers intriguing insights into a specific theme or subject. Series editors: Mark Haworth-Booth and Peter Hamilton Also published Photography and Australia Helen Ennis Photography and Spirit John Harvey Photography and Cinema David Campany reaktion books For Polly Published by Reaktion Books Ltd 33 Great Sutton Street London ec1v 0dx www.reaktionbooks.co.uk First published 2008 Copyright © David Campany 2008 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. Printed and bound in China by C&C Offset Printing Co., Ltd British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Campany, David Photography and cinema. – (Exposures) 1. Photography – History 2. Motion pictures – History I. Title 770.9 isbn–13: 978 1 86189 351 2 Contents Introduction 7 one Stillness 22 two Paper Cinema 60 three Photography in Film 94 four Art and the Film Still 119 Afterword 146 References 148 Select Bibliography 154 Acknowledgements 156 Photo Acknowledgements 157 Index 158 ‘ . everything starts in the middle . ’ Graham Lee, 1967 Introduction Opening Movement On 11 June 1895 the French Congress of Photographic Societies (Congrès des sociétés photographiques de France) was gathered in Lyon. Photography had been in existence for about sixty years, but cinema was a new inven- tion. -
UK Photography Activity Badge
making a start in photography Jessops is proud to support The Scout Association and sponsor the Scout Photographer Badge know your camera! welcome to the Single use cameras SLRs Digital cameras Single use cameras offer an inexpensive and ‘Single lens reflex’ cameras, often called SLRs, Digital cameras come in both compact and SLR exciting world of risk-free way to take great photos. They are built come in two main types - manual and auto-focus. formats. Rather than saving an image to film, complete with a film inside and once this is used SLRs give you greater artistic control as they can digital cameras save images onto memory cards. photography! up, the whole camera is sent for processing. They be combined with a vast range of interchangeable They have tiny sensors which convert an image are perfect for taking to places where you may lenses and accessories (such as lens filters). You electronically into ‘pixels’ (short for picture To successfully complete the Photographer Badge, be worried about losing or damaging expensive can also adjust almost every setting on the camera elements) which are put together to make up the you will need to learn the basic functions of a equipment (Scout camp for example) and you can yourself - aiding your photographic knowledge complete image. camera, how to use accessories, and how to care even get models suitable for underwater use - and the creative possibilities! for your equipment. You will also need to Capturing images this way means that as soon as perfect for taking to the beach! understand composition, exposure and depth of With manual SLRs, the photographer is in complete the picture is taken, you can view it on the LCD field, film types, how to produce prints and control - and responsible for deciding all the screen featured on most digital cameras. -
[1C Darkroom Equipment Processing Equipment Ph-406
Ir TM 11-405 [1C DARKROOM EQUIPMENT PROCESSING EQUIPMENT PH-406 May 12, 1943 Generated on 2015-10-08 20:23 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3243829 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google TM 11-405 Cl TECHNICAL MANUAL PHOTOGRAPHIC DARKROOM EQUIPMENT PROCESSING EQUIPMENT PH-406 CHANGES) (J^J> DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY J No. 1 J WASHINGTON 25, D. C., 14 October 1948 TM 11-405, 12 May 1943, is changed as follows: 1. Purpose * * * Processing Equipment PH—406 from these negatives. Note (Added). Processing Equipment PH-406 procured on Order No. 11426- Phila-47-77 is identical to the equipment described in this manual, except as noted. 2. Components The components of Processing Equipment PH-406 are — * * * * * * * 1 Timer PH-126, automatic, electric; 1 Timer PH-426-A on Order No. 11426-Phila-47-77. *******2 11 14 3 Trays PH-161-A, stainless steel, by inches; Trays PH-161-A on Order No. 11426-PhiIa-47-77. 2 Trays PH-164-A, stainless steel, 14 by 17 inches; 1 Tray PH-164-A on Order No. 11426-Phila-47-77. *******12 Plates PH-152 or PH-152-A, ferrotype. *******1 1 Siphon PH-244; Siphon PH-244-A on Order No. 11426- Phila-47-77. * * * * v,T*fv" iT1-'5'*^ * . ^y.*! - v/^ 1 Accessory Group consisting of-— 2 Tongs PH-373-A, print, 8 inches; 2 tweezers, photo graphic, print, plastic, ?6 inches, on Order No. 11426- Phila-47-77. '--J \V/- ***** *f.-\ ,- * 3. Printer The projection printer * * * two enlarging lenses. -
FILM FORMATS ------8 Mm Film Is a Motion Picture Film Format in Which the Filmstrip Is Eight Millimeters Wide
FILM FORMATS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 mm film is a motion picture film format in which the filmstrip is eight millimeters wide. It exists in two main versions: regular or standard 8 mm and Super 8. There are also two other varieties of Super 8 which require different cameras but which produce a final film with the same dimensions. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Standard 8 The standard 8 mm film format was developed by the Eastman Kodak company during the Great Depression and released on the market in 1932 to create a home movie format less expensive than 16 mm. The film spools actually contain a 16 mm film with twice as many perforations along each edge than normal 16 mm film, which is only exposed along half of its width. When the film reaches its end in the takeup spool, the camera is opened and the spools in the camera are flipped and swapped (the design of the spool hole ensures that this happens properly) and the same film is exposed along the side of the film left unexposed on the first loading. During processing, the film is split down the middle, resulting in two lengths of 8 mm film, each with a single row of perforations along one edge, so fitting four times as many frames in the same amount of 16 mm film. Because the spool was reversed after filming on one side to allow filming on the other side the format was sometime called Double 8. The framesize of 8 mm is 4,8 x 3,5 mm and 1 m film contains 264 pictures. -
US Army Photography Course Laboratory Procedures SS0509
SUBCOURSE EDITION SS0509 8 LABORATORY PROCEDURES US ARMY STILL PHOTOGRAPHIC SPECIALIST MOS 84B SKILL LEVEL 1 AUTHORSHIP RESPONSIBILITY: SSG Dennis L. Foster 560th Signal Battalion Visual Information/Calibration Training Development Division Lowry AFB, Colorado LABORATORY PROCEDURES SUBCOURSE NO. SS0509-8 (Developmental Date: 30 June 1988) US Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon Fort Gordon, Georgia Five Credit Hours GENERAL The laboratory procedures subcourse is designed to teach tasks related to work in a photographic laboratory. Information is provided on the types and uses of chemistry, procedures for processing negatives and prints, and for mixing and storing chemicals, procedures for producing contact and projection prints, and photographic quality control. This subcourse is divided into three lessons with each lesson corresponding to a terminal learning objective as indicated below. Lesson 1: PREPARATION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMISTRY TASK: Determine the types and uses of chemistry, for both black and white and color, the procedures for processing negatives and prints, the procedures for mixing and storing chemicals. CONDITIONS: Given information and diagrams on the types of chemistry and procedures for mixing and storage. STANDARDS: Demonstrate competency of the task skills and knowledge by correctly responding to at least 75% of the multiple-choice test covering preparation of photographic chemistry. (This objective supports SM tasks 113-578-3022, Mix Photographic Chemistry; 113-578-3023, Process Black and White Film Manually; 113-578-3024, Dry Negatives in Photographic Film Drier; 113-578-3026, Process Black and White Photographic Paper). i Lesson 2: PRODUCE A PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINT TASK: Perform the procedures for producing an acceptable contact and projection print. -
To Boldly Go: a Starters Guide to Hand Made and D-I-Y Films to Boldly Go: a Starters Guide to Hand Made and D-I-Y Films
To Boldly Go: a starters guide to hand made and d-i-y films To Boldly Go: a starters guide to hand made and d-i-y films What is most exciting about this type of filmmaking is not knowing exactly what will result. One then needs the lyrical, musical and cinematic taste to sculpt the result into a film which best demonstrates, exploits and celebrates the results of the experiments. If you stick with good ingredients you will in- evitably have happy results. Then again, not all experiments work but what you learn there can often be employed in a new direction or experiment to actually work. It’s also very important to have fun in and a love of the process. (Jeff Scher) It’s fun to handle film as a celluloid canvas rather than as a fragile This is a booklet for both those eager to begin in hand made film and carrier of images only to be handled by lab technicians. those who already started but are keen to know more. It signifies a hope You can experiment and create the most beautiful images ever. Helen Hill (1970 - 2007) and commitment to making sure these techniques, tricks and handy tips remain openly available to all who might need them. Let’s not keep any Recipes for Disaster: a handcrafted film cookbooklet secrets! These (chemical) receipts, printing processes, after dev. Effects, http://www.angoleiro.com/cine texts/recipes for disaster hill.pdf emulsion extras and celluloid experiments should be absolutely public. Let’s make hand-made d-i-y films! Let’s make a lot! Images and texts have been gathered, harvested, illegally used, replenished and inspired by a plethora of found sources including those of David Leis- ter, Greg Pope, Dirk De Bruyn, Maia Cybelle Carpenter, Frank Bruinsma, Steve Sanguedolce, Rebecca Moran, Jurgen Reble, Ben Russell, Jeff Scher and many many others. -
Reproducibility of Silver-Silver Halide Electrodes
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS RESEARCH PAPER RP1183 Part of Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Volume 22, March 1939 REPRODUCIBILITY OF SILVER.SILVER HALIDE ELECTRODES 1 By John Keenan Taylor and Edgar Reynolds Smith ABSTRACT Tests of the reproducibility in potential of the electrolytic, thermal-electrolytic, and thermal types of silver-silver chloride, silver-silver bromide, and silver-silver iodide electrodes, in both acid and neutral solutions, are reported. All of these silver-silver halide electrodes show an aging effect, such that freshly prepared electrodes behave as cathodes towards electrodes previously aged in the solution. They are not affected in potential by exposure to light, but the presence of oxygen disturbs the potentials of the silver-silver chloride and silver-silver bromide elec trodes in acid solutions, and of the silver-silver iodide electrodes in both acid and neutral solutions. Except in the case of the silver-silver iodide electrodes, of which the thermal-electrolytic type seems more reliable than the electrolytic or the thermal type, the equilibrium potential is independent of the type, within about 0.02 mv. CONTENTS Page I. Introduetion_ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 307 II. Apparatus and materials_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ 308 III. -
Holographic Photochemistry, a Summary
Holographic photochemistry, a summary MAS 450/854 Introduction In holography class, we use “silver halide” plates exclusively as our photosensitive medium. “Silver halide” (sometimes referred to as AgH) is a term that includes silver chloride (AgCl) and, most commonly and also for our plates, silver bromide (AgBr). These plates are coated with an emulsion of gelatin (animal renderings, just like Jelloª) in which is suspended grains of silver halide crystals. These silver halide grains are sensitive to light. When a plate is exposed to light, a photons from the light source stream through the emulsion. Once in a while, a photon bumps into a silver grain. If a certain number of photons hit a grain, a small site of metallic silver is formed on that grain. Think of this site as being a mark on a silver halide grain. The chances of a grain being marked depends on the size (surface area) of the grain, the amount of light, and the length of exposure. In holographic emulsions, the grains are very fine (have a small surface area) in order to reproduce small fringes, so they aren’t very likely to be marked and thus such emulsions aren’t very sensitive. Collectively, the marked grains form a “latent” image: an invisible yet recorded pattern in the emulsion. Developers All of our plate processing begins with development. Developers are responsible for turning marked silver grains completely to metallic silver, which looks black when it is very small. Developers “amplify” the effect of exposure and make pho- tography as we know it possible. -
Photodecomposition and Luminescence of Silver Halides
IS&T's 1999 PICS Conference Photodecomposition and Luminescence of Silver Halides Vitaliy M. Belous, Nina A. Orlovskaya, Alexander Yu. Akhmerov, Irina G. Zenkevich and Sergey A. Zhukov Research Institute of Physics, Odessa State University, Odessa, Ukraine Abstract the case of microcrystals of photographical emulsions they can be localized by a surface layer of gelatin adsorbed on Photodecomposition of silver halides occurs into silver and MC. halogen. Impurity centers appearing at this process influence Some products of photochemical decomposition of sil- on the luminescent and photographic properties of silver ha- ver halides can be centers of luminescence at low tempera- lide. It was shown that created under light absorption iodine, tures or influence the luminescent properties of silver halides. bromine and bromiodine (BrI) mole-cules determines typical Therefore luminescent method can be used for the study of luminescent bands. The same centers are able to localize elec- photochemical decomposition of silver halides.3,4 tron and create addi-tional recombination channel which act on the rise kinetics of different luminescence bands (green 1. Luminescence of Some Products of Silver emission in AgBrI and orange emission in AgBr), and deter- Halides Photochemical Decomposition mines the effect of “luminescence fatigue”. Localized by io- dine and bromiodine (BrI) molecules electrons during heat- Low temperature luminescence of silver halides can be ob- ing of a samples can be neutralized by movable silver ions. served in the wide range of wavelengths. At this condition This effect inhibit recombination of holes with these elec- emission in the same spectral region can be caused by lumi- trons which conditions ionic mechanism of quench-ing of lu- nescent centers of different nature.