A Comparison of Five Stakeholders' Perceptions of Governance Under
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A Comparison of Five Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Governance under Ontario Provincial Parks’ Management Model by Windekind C. Buteau-Duitschaever A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Recreation and Leisure Studies Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2009 © Windekind C. Buteau-Duitschaever 2009 I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Governance is widely discussed in various government sectors or agencies such as Health Care and Education and throughout the private sector. Yet, it is only recently that reference to governance with regards to parks and protected areas has come to the for-front within various political and ecological circles. Parks and protected areas are increasingly threatened by climate change and political influences and therefore, there is a current need to assess the design and operations of protected areas so that they can be properly managed for the changes that have and will continue to occur. The current study examined how five stakeholder groups perceived 12 governance factors under Ontario Parks’ management model. Results revealed that Ontario Parks’ management model is perceived as having good levels of governance for all 12 factors by the entire population and within each of the five stakeholder groups. Differences in perception were observed primarily between the Park Staff participants when compared to the Contractor and Local Resident participants iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Paul Eagles for introducing me to this fascinating topic and, for all your assistance, support and encouragement throughout this project. It is because of you that I was able to accomplish this study. I would also like to thank my two committee members Dr. Troy Glover and Dr. Mark Havitz. Troy, you provided insightful comments and recommendations which allowed me to better develop my ideas and make this thesis stronger. Mark, I thank you for the time you took to instruct and guide me through the analysis phase of this study. I would like to thank Ontario Parks and more precisely, Mr. Bruce van Staalduinen for all the assistance he provided when administering the research instrument to Ontario Park Staff, Visitors and Contractors, I do not know what I would have done without you. I would also like to thank all people from the various organizations I contacted for their assisted in advertising and distributing the research instrument on my behalf. If it was not for the assistance of these people, this study would not have been feasible. I would like to thank Mr. Jason Lindo from Strategic Research Innovations for all his assistance throughout the data gathering phase of the study. Thank you to my parks governance counterpart, Bonnie McCutcheon, for all your support throughout this process. I would like to especially thank my parents Carole Buteau and Cyriel Duitschaever for all of their love, support and encouragement. Both of you inspired me at a young age to constantly question the world around me at to always ask ‘why’. Thank you to my sister Boudicca for putting up with me and being supportive throughout this process. I would also like to thank Laura Maple for all her encouragement and support and most importantly, for iv being such a great listener. Finally, I would like to thank my fellow colleagues for the great journey we have had together. v Dedication To my mother Carole Buteau and father Cyriel Duitschaever vi Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... xii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter One Overview of the Thesis .......................................................................................... 1 Chapter Two Introduction ........................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Background ....................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 The Concept of Governance ............................................................................................. 4 2.3 Ontario Provincial Parks ................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Stakeholders in Ontario Provincial Parks ....................................................................... 11 2.4.1 Ontario Parks Staff ................................................................................................... 12 2.4.2 Private Contractors and Licensees ........................................................................... 12 2.4.3 Non-Government Organizations .............................................................................. 13 2.4.4 Ontario Park Visitors ............................................................................................... 15 2.4.5 Local Communities in the Vicinity of the Parks ...................................................... 16 2.5 Purpose Statement ........................................................................................................... 17 2.6 Research Questions ......................................................................................................... 17 2.7 Hypotheses ...................................................................................................................... 18 2.7.1 Hypothesis 1 ............................................................................................................. 18 2.7.2 Hypothesis 2 ............................................................................................................. 18 2.7.3 Hypothesis 3 ............................................................................................................. 19 3.7.4 Hypothesis 4 ............................................................................................................. 20 2.7.5 Hypothesis 5 ............................................................................................................. 20 2.7.6 Hypothesis 6 ............................................................................................................. 21 2.8 Methodological Approach .............................................................................................. 21 Chapter Three Literature Review .............................................................................................. 23 3.1 The Need for Parks and Protected Areas Governance Research .................................... 23 3.2 Governance ..................................................................................................................... 25 3.2.1 Good Governance .................................................................................................... 32 3.3 Ontario Provincial Parks Management Framework ........................................................ 33 3.4 Outsourcing of Government Services ............................................................................. 36 3.5 Parks Governance Group history .................................................................................... 41 3.6 Research Instrument ....................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 4 Methods .................................................................................................................... 47 vii 4.1 The Purpose of Survey Research .................................................................................... 47 4.2 Dealing with Response Rates ......................................................................................... 49 4.3 Population and Sampling Procedures ............................................................................. 51 4.3.1 Sampling Procedures ............................................................................................... 52 4.3.2 Sampling Timeframe ............................................................................................... 53 4.3.3 Ontario Provincial Parks Staff ................................................................................. 54 4.3.4 Ontario Provincial Park Visitors .............................................................................. 54 4.3.5 Nearby Residents to Ontario Provincial Parks ......................................................... 56 4.3.6 Private Contractors within Ontario Provincial Parks ............................................... 61 4.3.7 Non-Government Organizations .............................................................................. 63 4.4 Data Collection Tool ....................................................................................................... 69 4.5 Variables ......................................................................................................................... 70 4.5.1. Responsiveness ....................................................................................................... 71 4.5.2 Effectiveness ............................................................................................................ 71 4.5.3 Equity ......................................................................................................................