Geohydraulic Characterisation of Fractured Rock Flow Regimes

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Geohydraulic Characterisation of Fractured Rock Flow Regimes Geohydraulic Characterisation of Fractured Rock Flow Regimes Regional Studies in Granite (Lindau, Black Forest, Germany) and Dolomite (Tsumeb Aquifers, Northern Namibia) Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften an der Fakultät für Bauingenieur-, Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften der Universität Karlsruhe (TH) genehmigte DISSERTATION von Dipl.-Hydrol. Roland Bäumle aus Kehl Karlsruhe 2003 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 05. Feb. 2003 Referent: Prof. Dr. Heinz Hötzl, Universität Karlsruhe (TH) Korreferent: PD Dr. Thomas Himmelsbach, BGR Hannover Geohydraulic Characterisation of Fractured Rock Flow Regimes Regional Studies in Granite (Lindau, Black Forest, Germany) and Dolomite (Tsumeb Aquifers, Northern Namibia) Doctorate Thesis by Roland Bäumle Windhoek, 05 February 2003 Page II SUMMARY The fundamental problem related to the characterisation of the regional groundwater flow in fractured rock is based on the difficulties in identifying and characterising hydraulically significant fractures on a regional scale. In this thesis, various geohydraulic approaches were applied in order to investigate the regional groundwater flow regime in two different fractured rock aquifers. The synthesis of the results from different geohydraulic methods is an important aspect and constitutes the principal methodological approach of this investigation. The case studies include fractured rock aquifers in Southwest Germany and Namibia. The Lindau fractured rock test site is situated within the north-eastern part of a granitic pluton in the Southern Black Forest. The Tsumeb Aquifers are located in the Otavi Mountainland, a dolomite rock massif that hosts one of the most valuable groundwater resources of northern Namibia. The following five different geohydraulic methods were applied in the regional case studies: well hydrograph recession analysis, hydraulic tests, groundwater tracer techniques, hydrochemical investigations and groundwater modelling. The thesis includes a description of the state-of-the-art for each method and suggestions for further improvement of the analysis techniques. The applicability of each method to describe the flow pattern was assessed separately for each investigation area. The investigations resulted in the development of conceptual hydrogeological models for the fractured aquifers. The study focuses on the assessment of the hydraulic impact of dominant fault and dyke structures, the regional distribution of different aquifer systems and the quantification of groundwater flow parameters. As the aquifers in both studies are characterised by a low primary porosity of the host rock the groundwater flow is mainly restricted to fractures, which are only abundant along dykes, faults and contact zones. The role of intrusive dykes and faults as conduits of groundwater flow could be demonstrated for both sites. A highly permeable vertical dyke zone largely influences the groundwater flow pattern at Lindau. The ore dyke intersects the surrounding granite that has a much lower permeability. A drainage experiment was carried out in order to assess the hydraulic impact of the dyke on the regional groundwater flow. The groundwater system was artificially drained over a period of almost 14 months by opening a tapped borehole located in the observation tunnel. This borehole intersects the dyke some 80 m below the ground surface. The analysis of the hydraulic response at the observation wells was combined with the results of hydrochemical investigations and tracer tests. The results of the investigations were used to delineate the subterranean catchment of the dyke. In addition, a well hydrograph recession analysis was performed at Lindau. This analysis, originally developed for streamflow and subsequently adopted for the evaluation of spring discharge and groundwater levels in karst aquifers, was for the first time applied to groundwater level data from wells in granitic rock. The analysis proved to be an effective tool to obtain a regional distribution of the mean residence time and the permeability of the rock from groundwater level data. The presented study of the Tsumeb Aquifers included hydraulic testing and the development of a numerical groundwater flow model. It was an integral part of the comprehensive hydrogeological investigation program carried out in the framework of the Tsumeb Groundwater Study. The Tsumeb Aquifers proved to be one of the potential additional sources to meet the growing water demand of the Central Area of Namibia. The 3-D Tsumeb groundwater model has been established as a tool for the assessment of the groundwater resources and provided essential information for the establishment of environmentally sustainable groundwater management. As a result of this study, the regional groundwater potential of the area could be quantified for the first time. The groundwater model revealed the eminent importance of the dolomitic outcrops of the Otavi Mountainland for the replenishment of the groundwater resources. Page III KURZFASSUNG Eines der Hauptprobleme bei der Charakterisierung der Grundwasserströmung im Festgestein beruht auf der Schwierigkeit, hydraulisch wirksame Klüfte zu identifizieren und deren räumliche Verbreitung und physikalische Eigenschaften zu ermitteln. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit beschreibt die Unter- suchung der regionalen Grundwasserströmungsverhältnisse zweier Festgesteinsaquifere mittels unter- schiedlicher geohydraulischer Ansätze. Die Synthese der Ergebnisse anhand der verschiedenen Me- thoden bildet den Schwerpunkt der Studie. Als Modellgebiete wurden Festgesteinsaquifere im nördlichen Teil Nambias und Südwestdeutschland ausgewählt. Dabei handelt es sich um das im südlichen Schwarzwald gelegene Felslabor Lindau, das sich im nordöstlichen Teil eines Granitplutons befindet, sowie das Tsumeb-Karstgebiet, ein dolomitisches Bergmassiv, das eines der bedeutendsten Grundwasservorkommen Namibias beherbergt. In dieser Arbeit wurden fünf verschiedene geohydraulische Methoden angewandt: Grundwassergang- linienseparation, hydraulische Versuche, Grundwassermarkierungstechniken, hydrochemische Untersuchungen sowie eine Grundwassermodellierung. Die Arbeit enthält eine Zusammenfassung über den Stand der Forschung der Methoden und Vorschläge zur Optimierung der Auswertetechniken. Die Eignung der jeweiligen Methode zur Beschreibung der Strömungsverhältnisse wurde für beide Untersuchungsgebiete getrennt bewertet. Anhand der Ergebnisse der einzelnen Methoden erfolgte für jedes Modellgebiet eine geohydraulische Charakterisierung der Grundwasserfliessysteme innerhalb des geklüfteten Gesteins. Diese diente als Basis für die Entwicklung konzeptioneller hydrogeologischer Modelle für die Aquifere. Schwerpunkte der Untersuchungen lagen in der Bewertung des hydraulischen Einflusses von dominie- renden Störungssystemen und Gangstrukturen und in der Bestimmung der regionalen Verteilung ver- schiedener Grundwasserleiter. Da das Gebirge in beiden Untersuchungsgebieten eine geringe primäre Porosität besitzt, ist die Grundwasserströmung im wesentlichen auf Klüfte begrenzt, die hauptsächlich entlang von Erzgängen, Störungszonen und Kontaktbereichen auftreten. In beiden Fallstudien fungieren die intrusiven Erzgänge und Störungszonen nachweislich als präferentielle Fliesswege. Die Grundwasserströmung in Lindau wird maßgeblich durch einen hochdurchlässigen vertikalen Erz- gang beeinflusst, der in das weitaus geringer durchlässige Granitgestein intrudierte. Mit Hilfe eines Drainage- Experimentes wurde der hydraulische Einfluss dieser Störungszone auf die Grundwasser- strömung untersucht. Der Grundwasserleiter wurde dabei über einen Zeitraum von annähernd 14 Monaten durch Öffnen eines im Beobachtungstunnel gelegenen Bohrlochs künstlich drainiert. Dieses Bohrloch erschließt den Erzgang in ungefähr 80 m unterhalb der Geländeoberfläche. Die Auswertung der hydraulischen Reaktion an den Beobachtungsbohrlöchern wurde mit den Resultaten der Grund- wassermarkierungsversuche und hydrochemischer Untersuchungen kombiniert. Anhand dieser Ergeb- nisse konnten die Grenzen des hydraulischen Einflusses des Erzganges bestimmt werden. Darüber hinaus wurden in Lindau Rezessionsanalysen an Grundwasserganglinien durchgeführt. Dieses Verfahren, das ursprünglich für Oberflächenabfluss entwickelt und später auf die Auswertung von Trockenwetterfalllinien von Quellschüttungen und Grundwasserganglinien im Karst ausgedehnt wurde, wurde erstmalig für die Auswertung von Grundwasserganglinien in Granitgestein eingesetzt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich das Verfahren zur Bestimmung der regionalen Verteilung der mittleren Ver- weilzeiten des Grundwassers und der Gebirgsdurchlässigkeit eignet. Die vorgestellte Studie der Tsumeb- Grundwasserleiter umfasst hydraulische Versuche und die Ent- wicklung eines numerischen Grundwassermodells. Die Untersuchung war Bestandteil eines umfassen- den hydrogeologischen Untersuchungsprogramms im Rahmen der sogenannten Tsumeb Groundwater Study. Die Tsumeb- Grundwasserleiter haben sich als einer der potentiellen zusätzlichen Quellen her- ausgestellt, die den wachsenden Bedarf an Wasser in den zentralen Regionen Namibias in Zukunft decken könnte. Im Rahmen dieser Studie konnte das Grundwasserdargebot dieses Gebietes zum ersten Mal quantifiziert werden. Das entwickelte dreidimensionale Grundwassermodell ermöglicht eine nachhaltige Bewirtschaftung des Grundwasservorkommens. Es verdeutlicht zudem die herausragende Bedeutung der anstehenden Dolomite innerhalb des Otavi- Berglandes in Bezug auf
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