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International Trade and Invasive Alien Species Standards and Trade Development Facility International Trade and Invasive Alien Species The Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF) is a global partnership in SPS capacity building and technical cooperation established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the World Bank, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). More information is available at: www.standardsfacility.org Printed by the WTO Secretariat For further information, please contact: Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF) World Trade Organization Rue de Lausanne 154 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland Fax: + 41 (0) 22 739 5760 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.standardsfacility.org Cover Image credits: © shutterstock © iStockphoto/Alexander Tivanov © iStockphoto/Thomas Acop © Koen Van Beversluys International Trade and Invasive Alien Species June 2013 The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the STDF or any of its partner agencies or donors. International Trade and Invasive Alien Species Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Invasive Alien Species in the context of the WTO SPS Agreement 3 2.1. Harmonization with international standards 4 2.2. Precautionary approach 4 2.3. Governance and transparency 6 3. Invasive Alien Species in the context of the IPPC 7 3.1. Promoting harmonized language and common terminology 8 3.2. Legislative frameworks for IAS that are quarantine pests 8 3.3. Border control and quarantine 9 3.4. Pest risk analysis 11 3.5. Intentional introduction 12 3.6. Managing the impacts of IAS that are quarantine pests 13 4. Invasive Alien Species in the context of the OIE 15 4.1. Defining animal health as it relates to IAS 15 4.2. Invasive alien animals: A source of introduced pathogens 15 4.3. Animal pathogens, animal disease and IAS 17 4.4. IAS impacts on animal health other than through disease 18 4.5. Measures to control SPS and IAS risks based on OIE standards and recommendations 19 4.6. Identification of gaps in the regulatory framework relevant to the animal kingdom 21 5. Enhancing capacity to control risks related to IAS 22 5.1. Awareness 24 5.2. Policy and legal framework 24 5.3. Assessing needs to enhance strategy development and capacity building 25 5.4. Improving knowledge, expertise and skills 26 5.5. Access to infrastructure and other resources 28 5.6. Promoting cooperation, synergies and inter-disciplinary approaches 28 5.7. Promoting partnerships with the private sector, academia and civil society 30 6. Conclusions and recommendations 31 Annex 1: Relevant international conventions / agreements 35 Annex 2: Relevant international / regional organizations 37 Annex 3: Examples of relevant online resources (including databases, web sites, guidelines, training kits, etc.) 40 References and Literature 43 iii List of boxes Box 1: CBD definitions 1 Box 2: Convention on Biological Diversity, Article 8(h) 2 Box 3: IPPC definitions 2 Box 4: Definition of Sanitary or Phytosanitary Measure in the WTO SPS Agreement 3 Box 5: SPS Agreement, Article 3, Harmonization 4 Box 6: CBD, Guiding principle 1: Precautionary approach 5 Box 7: SPS Agreement, Article 5.7 5 Box 8: SPS Agreement, Annex B, Notification procedures 6 Box 9: Three IPPC recommendations on IAS 7 Box 10: CBD, Excerpts from COP Decision VI/23 9 Box 11: Three IPPC recommendations related to IAS legislation 9 Box 12: CBD, Guiding principle 7: Border control and quarantine measures 10 Box 13: CBD, Guiding principle 10: Intentional introduction 12 Box 14: CBD Guiding Principles that address mitigation 14 Box 15: OIE definitions 19 Box 16: Elements of the OIE 5th Strategic Plan relevant to IAS 20 Box 17: Conventions and guidelines addressing IAS risks associated with ocean transport and ship movement 22 Box 18: Global Invasive Species Programme 25 Box 19: IPPC and OIE Capacity Evaluation Tools 25 Box 20: The IPPC Implementation Review and Support System 26 List of cases Case Study 1: Asian longhorn beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) 10 Case Study 2: Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) 11 Case Study 3: Bio-control agent “goes native” 12 Case Study 4: Controlling the cactus moth in Mexico and the USA 13 Case Study 5: The introduction of cats and rats in the Pacific Islands 16 Case Study 6: The role of trade and travel in spreading zoonotic diseases 17 Case Study 7: Examples of the effects of introduced aquatic species 18 Case Study 8: OIE and FAO collaboration on Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) 20 Case Study 9: Pacific Invasive Initiative (PII) 28 Case Study 10: A regional approach to control water hyacinth in Lake Victoria 29 Case Study 11: Controlling the spread of the fruit fly in West Africa 30 iv International Trade and Invasive Alien Species Abbreviations and Acronyms AAHS Aquatic Animal Health Services ANS Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force (USA) AusAID Australian Agency for International Development APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (United States Department of Agriculture) CABI Centre for Agricultural Bioscience International CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CIRAD Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement CITES Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora COP Conference of Parties (of the CBD) CPM Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (of the IPPC) DAISIE Delivering Alien Species Inventory in Europe FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations EPPO European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization EAC East African Community GEF Global Environment Facility GISD Global Invasive Species database GISP Global Invasive Species Programme GMO Genetically modified organism(s) IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IAS Invasive alien species ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IHR International Health Regulations IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture IMO International Maritime Organization IPPC International Plant Protection Convention IRSS Implementation Review and Support System (of the IPPC) ISPM International standard on phytosanitary measures ISSG Invasive Species Specialist Group (of IUCN) IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources LVEMP Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project NAPPO North American Plant Protection Organization NISC National Invasive Species Council (of the USA) NPPO National Plant Protection Organization OIE World Organisation for Animal Health PCE Phytosanitary Capacity Evaluation PPPO Pacific Plant Protection Organization PRA Pest Risk Analysis PVS Performance of Veterinary Services RPPO Regional Plant Protection Organization SPC South Pacific Commission SPS Sanitary and phytosanitary SPS Agreement Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures STDF Standards and Trade Development Facility v SBSTTA Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (of the CBD) TNC The Nature Conservancy UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNDP United Nations Development Programme USDA United States Department of Agriculture VS Veterinary Services WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization WTO World Trade Organization vi International Trade and Invasive Alien Species Acknowledgements The Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF) would like to express its appreciation to Ralf Lopian (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland) and Craig Stephen (Centre for Coastal Health, Canada and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Faculty Medicine, University of Calgary), the authors of this document. The STDF is grateful to its partners, particularly the IPPC, OIE and WTO, who provided valuable comments and feedback on several draft versions of this document, as well as to other organizations and individuals who provided inputs and guidance. Special thanks are also due to all the speakers and participants who shared their perspectives and expertise during the seminar on international trade and IAS, which was organized by the STDF, in collaboration with the IPPC, the OIE and the WTO, on 12-13 July 2012. Lastly, but not least, we would like to recognize the work of Kenza Le Mentec, in the STDF Secretariat, in organizing the aforementioned seminar and bringing this paper to publication. vii Executive summary 1. Invasive alien species (IAS) – species which may be introduced into new ecosystems via intentional or unintentional introductions – are a major threat to biological diversity. In many cases, they can also have devastating consequences for human health, agricultural productivity and trade. The economic cost of IAS is estimated at hundreds of billions of dollars annually to economies worldwide. 2. Increasing travel, trade, and tourism have facilitated intentional and unintentional movement of species beyond natural geographical barriers. Many of these alien species have become invasive. Trade is one of the main pathways through which IAS can be introduced. Intentional introductions of IAS can occur through trade in new plant species and animals, while unintentional introductions are often linked to trade in agricultural commodities, as well as transportation and shipping. 3. Given the potentially devastating impacts of IAS, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) requires countries, as
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