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PREFACE ERWIN, UNICOI COUNTY, TENNESSEE (Data Compiled by Toney Insurance Agency)

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PREFACE ERWIN, UNICOI COUNTY, TENNESSEE (Data Compiled by Toney Insurance Agency) INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA UIVII 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy availabie. UMI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. MIDDLE TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY ERWIN, TENNESSEE; TRANSFORMATION OF WORK AND PLACE IN AN APPALACHIAN COMMUNITY, 1900-1960 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO TFIE FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF ARTS IN HISTORY WITH A CONCENTRAHON IN HISTORIC PRESERVAHON DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY MARGARET DUNCAN BINNICKER MURFREESBORO, TENNESSEE DECEMBER 1999 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 9950331 Copyright 1999 by Binnicker, Margaret Duncan All rights reserved. UMI UMI Microform9950331 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. 50x1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright ® 1999 by Margaret Duncan Binnicker All rights reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Erwin, Tennessee; Transformation of Work and Place in an Appalachian Community, 1900-1960 Margaret Duncan Binnicker Approved: Carroll Van West, Major Professor Mary Si Hoffschwelle, Reader ce M. Leone, Reader Robert Love Taylor Jr., Reader y /J^ c e O. Hayes, Reader ^ ? iy y L iA - : > Thaddetis M. Smith, Department Chair Donald L. Curry, Dean, College p i Graduate Studies Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT ERWIN, TENNESSEE; TRANSFORMATION OF WORK AND PLACE IN AN APPALACHIAN COMMUNITY, 1900-1960 Margaret Duncan Binnicker Erwin, Tennessee, county seat of Unicoi County, grew to exemplify the New South era in the early twentieth century when the Carolina, Clinchfield and Ohio Railway, as masterminded by George L. Carter, opened this Appalachian area to development, encouraged the expansion of industrialization, and provided Erwin its economy. The railroad's management also hired New York architect and community planner Grosvenor Atterbury, known for his garden-city plans, to create a residential area including schools, industries, parks, and employee housing adjacent to Erwin. While construction commenced on Atterbury's plans, another enterprise began that would become equally significant for Erwin. Potters from Ohio opened a dinnerware factory called Southern Potteries in 1917. The pottery maintained a work force of 250 for twenty years, but after 1938 the employee roster expanded to five times that figure. Southern Potteries developed a distinctive dinnerware that looked like folk art and named it Blue Ridge. The pottery factory hired Appalachian women to hand- decorate the dishes, and, as Blue Ridge dirmerware gained national recognition. Southern Potteries became the largest hand-painted pottery in the United States in the mid-1940s. Conveyance by the Clinchfield Railroad out of Appalachia made Blue Ridge dishes available throughout the country. The quantity produced resulted from the mechanized kilns and assembly-line methods operating in the pottery. The final product, however, remained hand-painted dishes, where each piece differed slightly. Decorators at Southern Potteries were rural women, familiar with the craft tradition surrounding Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Margaret Duncan Binnicker them. They were also union members living in a community being transformed by twentieth-century industry and consumer tastes. Times and momentum changed, though, and in 1957 stockholders voted to liquidate their holdings before competition from Japanese imports bankrupted the company. Production of Blue Ridge dinnerware ceased. Generalizations about women workers in southern settings have little bearing here. For a few years these women made their own marks on what they produced, transforming that product and their role within the pottery industry though not challenging their roles within the community. Oral histories, union correspondence, and the built environment help illustrate that this community's transformation involved outside influences, various local elements, and their complex interactions. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................... vit LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................ viii LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................ xii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ I 2. A RAILROAD THROUGH THE MOUNTAINS: GEORGE L. CARTER AND THE CC&O BRING THE NEW SOUTH ERA TO ERWIN . 18 3. SHAPING ERWINS FUTURE: PROGRESSIVE IDEAS, COMMUNITY PLANNING, AND THE GARDEN-CITY DESIGN OF GROSVENOR ATTERBURY....................................................... 57 4. SEEKING INDUSTRIES, SETTING UP SHOP: ERWIN'S CIVIC CAPITALISM AND THE OPENING OF SOUTHERN POTTERIES . 124 5. SOUTHERN POTTERIES: TRANSFORMING THE CRAFTS REVIVAL INTO SOMETHING THOROUGHLY MODERN .... 164 6. BLUE RIDGE HAND-PAINTED DINNERWARE: FROM MERCHANDISE MARTS TO FLEA MARKETS ......................... 211 7. BUILDING UPON ITS PAST: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION AND HERITAGE EDUCATION EFFORTS IN ERWIN 253 8. CONCLUSION ............................................................................. 290 APPENDICES 306 SOURCES CONSULTED ............................................................................ 321 VI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLES Table Page 1. Membership of the NBOP as of March 31, of each year . 177 2. Total Imports into the United States of Earthenware and China . 179 Vll Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page L Tennessee Official Highway Map (East Tennessee Segment) 2 2. Upper East Tennessee Counties, Urban Places, & Elevation of Weather Stations 3 3. Railroad Routes through Tennessee and the United States in I860 . 20 4. Upper East Tennessee Counties, prior to the formation of Unicoi County 22 5. Upper East Tennessee Counties and Unicoi County . 26 6. Map of Charleston, Cincinnati & Chicago Railroad and Connections 37 7. Ohio River and Charleston Railway Schedule .... 44 8. Clinchfield Railroad Company ...... 48 9. Erwin, Tennessee, in 1906. ...... 51 10. Carolina, Clinchfield And Ohio Railway and Connections 53 11. Clinchfield Railroad sign ....... 56 12. Plan of Lowell, Massachusetts: 1832 ..... 68 13. Highland Park #3 Mill Village, 1903 71 14. Plan of Trout, Good Pine and Tall Timber Mill Towns . 72 15. Plan of Pullman, Illinois: 1885 ...... 76 16. Profile of Clinchfield Railroad ...... 79 17. CC&O General Office Building ...... 82 18. Plan of Fairfield, Alabama: 1910 . ..... 86 vni Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 19. Diagrams of Ebenezer Howard's idea of the Garden City and Three Magnets 92 20. Forest Hills Gardens, Bird's Eye View ..... 96 21. Forest Hills Gardens, New York, as it had developed by 1930 97 22. Erwin, Tennessee: General Plan . 101 23. Erwin, Tennessee, in i960 102 24. General Plan of Indian Hill, Massachusetts 104 25. Erwin, Tennessee: General Lotting Plan ..... 105 26. Holston Place and Vicinity, 1925 Sanborn Insurance Map 106 27. Unaka
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