PERSPECTIVES on Science and Christian Faith JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC AFFILIATION In This Issue … The Fossil Record of the Cambrian “Explosion”: Resolving the Tree of Life Our Genetic Prehistory: Did Genes Make Us Human? Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance A Mono-Theism Theorem: Gödelian Consistency in the Hierarchy of Inference Do the Heavens Declare the Glory of God? “The fear of the Lord is the beginning of Wisdom.” Psalm 111:10 VOLUME 66, NUMBER 2 JUNE 2014 (US ISSN 0892-2675) (CPM #40927506) Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith Manuscript Guidelines © 2014 by the American Scientifi c Affi liation The pages of Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith (PSCF) are open Editor to original, unpublished contributions that interact with science and Christian JAMES C. PETERSON (Roanoke College and faith in a manner consistent with scientifi c and theological integrity. Published McMaster University) papers do not refl ect any offi cial position of the American Scientifi c Affi liation. 221 College Lane Salem, VA 24153 1. Submit all manuscripts to: James C. Peterson, Editor, Roanoke College, [email protected] 221 College Lane, Salem, VA 24153. E-mail: [email protected]. Submissions are typically acknowledged within 10 days of their receipt. Book Review Editors 2. Authors must submit an electronic copy of the manuscript formatted PATRICK FRANKLIN (Providence University College in Word as an email attachment. Typically 2–3 anonymous reviewers and Seminary), Coordinating Editor critique each manuscript considered for publication. 10 College Crescent 3. Use endnotes for all references. Each note must have a unique number. Otterburne, MB R0A 1G0 Follow The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed., sections 14.1 to 14.317). [email protected] 4. While fi gures and diagrams may be embedded within the Word text fi le ARIE LEEGWATER (Calvin College) of the manuscript, authors are required to also send them as individual 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE electronic fi les (JPEG or TIFF format). Figure captions should be provided Grand Rapids, MI 49546 as a list at the end of the manuscript text. Authors are encouraged also [email protected] to submit a sample of graphic art that can be used to illustrate their manuscript. ROBIN RYLAARSDAM (Benedictine University) 5700 College Road, BK348 ARTICLES are major treatments of a particular subject relating science to a Lisle, IL 60532 Christian position. Such papers should be at least 2,000 words but not more [email protected] than 8,000 words in length, excluding endnotes. An abstract of 50–150 ANGELA SABATES (Bethel University) words is required. Publication for such papers normally takes 9–12 months 3900 Bethel Drive from the time of acceptance. St Paul, MN 55112 [email protected] COMMUNICATIONS are brief treatments of a wide range of subjects of interest to PSCF readers. Communications must not be longer than 2700 Editorial Board words, excluding endnotes. Communications are normally published 6–9 months from the time of acceptance. ROBERT BISHOP, Wheaton College HESSEL BOUMA III, Calvin College BOOK REVIEWS serve both to alert readers to new books that appear WALTER L. BRADLEY, Baylor University signifi cant and to engage these books in critical interaction. When a subject WARREN S. BROWN, Fuller Graduate School of area editor selects a book for review, the book is then offered to a scholar Psychology with the best match in expertise. ASA/CSCA members who would like to be JEANNE BUNDENS, Eastern University considered as potential reviewers are welcome to express interest to the book HARRY COOK, The King’s University College review coordinating editor for inclusion in the reviewer database. Publishers JANEL M. CURRY, Gordon College may also contact the book review coordinating editor if they are not sure EDWARD B. DAVIS, Messiah College which subject area reviewer would best consider a particular book. OWEN GINGERICH, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics • Patrick Franklin ([email protected]): book review coordinating ALLAN HARVEY, Boulder, CO editor; subject areas: ethics, philosophy, and theology. D. GARETH JONES, University of Otago • Arie Leegwater ([email protected]): cosmology, engineering, history of ROBERT KAITA, Princeton University science, mathematics, non-biotechnologies, and physical sciences. TREMPER LONGMAN III, Westmont College HEATHER LOOY, The King’s University College • Robin Rylaarsdam ([email protected]): biology, environment, genetics, SARA MILES, Eastern University and origins. KEITH B. MILLER, Kansas State University • Angela Sabates ([email protected]): anthropology, psychology, and GEORGE L. MURPHY, Trinity Lutheran Seminary, sociology. Columbus, OH The viewpoints expressed in the books reviewed, and in the reviews ALAN PADGETT, Luther Seminary themselves, are those of the authors and reviewers respectively, and do not JACK C. SWEARENGEN, Santa Rosa, CA refl ect an offi cial position of the ASA. JUDITH A. TORONCHUK, Trinity Western University DAVIS A. YOUNG, Calvin College LETTERS to the Editor concerning PSCF content may be published unless marked not for publication. Letters submitted for publication must not be Managing Editor longer than 700 words and will be subject to editorial review. Letters are LYN BERG (American Scientifi c Affi liation) to be submitted as electronic copies. Letters accepted for publication will be PO Box 668 published within 6 months. Ipswich, MA 01938-0668 [email protected] ADVERTISING is accepted in PSCF, subject to editorial approval. Please address inquiries for rates or further information to the Managing Editor. ESTHER MARTIN, Manuscript Editor The ASA cannot take responsibility for any orders placed with advertisers in PSCF. Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith (ISSN 0892-2675) is published quarterly for $50 AUTHORIZATION TO PHOTOCOPY MATERIAL for internal, personal, or per year by the American Scientifi c Affi liation, educational classroom use, or the internal or personal use of specifi c clients, 55 Market Street, Ste. 202, PO Box 668, Ipswich, MA is granted by ASA, ISSN: 0892-2675, provided that the appropriate fee is 01938-0668. Phone: 978-356-5656; Fax: 978-356- paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, 4375; [email protected]; www.asa3.org. Danvers, MA 01923 USA for conventional use, or check CCC online at the Periodicals postage paid at Ipswich, MA and following address: www.copyright.com/. No registration with CCC is needed: at additional mailing offi ces. POSTMASTER: Send simply identify the article being copied, the number of copies, and the journal address changes to: Perspectives on Science and title (Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith). For those who wish to Christian Faith, American Scientifi c Affi liation, PO Box request permission for other kinds of copying or reprinting, kindly write to 668, Ipswich, MA 01938-0668. the Managing Editor. Editorial Happy Anniversary! James C. Peterson he American Scientifi c Affi liation, the Cana- between them. Both are democracies, but one has a dian Scientifi c and Christian Affi liation, and queen. Both work in dollars, but one shows a por- TChristians in Science will soon be gathering trait of Lincoln on the fi ve and the other has a game together in Canada for a joint meeting this July 25–28. of pond hockey. We build and drive the same cars, It is particularly fi tting then to wish here a hearty but in kilometers and miles. There are identical congratulations to the CSCA on the 40th anniversary Thanksgiving Day feasts of turkey and apple pie, of its founding. but one is celebrated in October and the other in November. Forty years ago was a time of rapid change in Canada. Canada had just celebrated its centennial Only the most experienced Europeans can distin- and repatriated its constitution from Britain. There guish us North Americans from each other, yet we was a sense of joining the world stage as its own are different enough that we can complement each country. That impetus was spurred further by new other and serve better for it. For example, Canada laws in Canada that donations would only be rec- has a geography and history that lends itself to ognized for income tax reduction if they were to a bringing together for this year’s annual meeting Canadian organization. Canadian members of the the sibling associations of Christians in the sciences American Scientifi c Affi liation worked with the ASA from the neighboring colossi of the US and the UK. to establish the Canadian Scientifi c and Christian As with the ASA, the CSCA has been about people Affi liation as a unique voice alongside the ASA. The learning with each other, enjoying each other, strug- ASA could not have been more gracious ever since in gling with each other, working alongside each other, sharing expertise, publications, and people with its in a remarkably diverse yet common service to one continental ally. Lord. There has been much challenge, dialogue, and insight. The USA and Canada are distinct from each other, Forty years. A biblical generation. That is long yet have much in common. Canadians remember enough to be clear that no one individual has carried that armed forces have invaded from the United the CSCA. The only persons who have been at the States as recently as 1866, yet despite more stringent center all the way through have been the Father, Son, controls of late for security on the American side and and Holy Spirit. For our Lord’s calling, work, and taxes on the Canadian side, the border remains the encourag ement to that work, we are thankful. May world’s longest boundary without military defense. the next forty be as collegial, fruitful, and enduring Both are geographic giants. When the CSCA council for the CSCA as the last. meets by Skype, it is over eight time zones from the president Arnold Sikkema in Vancouver PST to the With deepest appreciation to all those who have early career representative, Bethany Sollereder on made and continue to make the service of the CSCA Greenwich Mean Time at the University of Exeter, possible, moving forward in common cause and England.