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Diversity and Distribution of California Dragonflies and Other Aquatic Taxa Over the Past Century

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Diversity and Distribution of California Dragonflies and Other Aquatic Taxa Over the Past Century Diversity and Distribution of California Dragonflies and Other Aquatic Taxa Over the Past Century By Joan Elizabeth Damerow A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Vincent H. Resh, Chair Professor G. Mathias Kondolf Professor Rosemary G. Gillespie Fall 2014 Diversity and Distribution of California Dragonflies and Other Aquatic Taxa Over the Past Century Copyright 2014 By Joan Elizabeth Damerow Abstract Diversity and Distribution of California Dragonflies and Other Aquatic Taxa Over the Past Century by Joan Elizabeth Damerow Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California, Berkeley Professor Vincent H. Resh, Chair Climate and land-use change have altered and continue to affect the diversity, composition, and distribution of freshwater organisms throughout the world. This is particularly true in arid and semi-arid regions, where aquatic organisms may experience more pronounced reductions in available habitat with declines in precipitation, increases in water demand, and habitat degradation through human land-use. However, documentation of changes in taxonomic assemblages over long-time periods has been rare because of the difficulty in obtaining historical occurrence data. This dissertation used data from previously published literature, a resurvey study, museum specimens, and enthusiast sightings to document changes in the occurrence rates and distribution of freshwater organisms throughout California over the past century. Summary information regarding freshwater taxa known to occur in California did not previously exist in a central publication. I therefore conducted a review of several primary groups of stream organisms found in the Mediterranean region of California and statewide. For this work, I gathered data from a variety of literature sources and museum specimens to summarize species composition and endemism in the region, and to identify data gaps and conservation priorities for the examined groups. The remainder of this dissertation focuses largely on changes in Odonata species diversity, composition, and occurrence rates over time in California. This charismatic group was ideal for study of change over time because of their relatively low diversity, well-known taxonomy, and the existence of sufficient historical and current specimen records and more recent enthusiast sightings of odonates. I conducted a resurvey of sites originally sampled for Odonata by Clarence H. Kennedy 1914-1915. This work involved surveys of odonates at 81 sites throughout central California and northwestern Nevada, 45 of which were directly comparable to Kennedy’s original sites. I found that while site-level species richness has not changed significantly, assemblages have become more homogeneous across sites. Habitat generalists have generally expanded in the extent of their distribution while habitat specialists have declined. In examining current local and regional 1 factors influencing the occurrence of Odonata species in this region, I found that species occurrence was higher during site visits with higher degree-days, especially for highly mobile groups, including dragonflies and migratory species. The probability of presence across species was lower in highly urban sites, particularly for habitat specialists. Overall, both regional and local factors influenced the occurrence of odonates in the study with implications for conservation. A large component of this dissertation included development and analysis of a database of over 33,000 Odonata occurrence records throughout California over the past century. This database included specimen records from museums in California and large odonate collections elsewhere, as well as statewide enthusiast sightings from recent years. I noted that these unstandardized data contain biases with regards to uneven sampling effort, which must be addressed in analysis. Subsequent analyses of occurrence records before and after 1975 indicated that Odonata distribution may have generally shifted northwards with temperature warming and to lower minimum elevations in response to increased summer water-availability in low-elevation agricultural regions. Similar to results from the resurvey study, the museum specimen data indicated that highly mobile migratory species have increased while habitat specialists have declined. I concluded that a combination of sampling biases, species traits, and climate that have influenced the probability of detection of Odonata species over the last century. 2 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my brother, Jerry Garnica, for inspiring and guiding me early on, to my parents Ronald Ball and Laura Killen, and to my husband, Carl Damerow, for his loving support during the process of this work. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………..…i Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………..ii Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………………iii Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..v CHAPTER 1: Biodiversity in Mediterranean-climate streams of California……………………1 CHAPTER 2: Changes in occurrence, richness, and biological traits of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) in California and Nevada over the past century…………………………48 CHAPTER 3: Local and regional factors influencing assemblages of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) in California and Nevada…………………………………………….….74 CHAPTER 4: California dragonfly and damselfly (Odonata) database: temporal and spatial distribution of species records collected over the past century………………………………….94 CHAPTER 5: Historical records indicate changes in California dragonfly and damselfly (Odonata) assemblages and their species detection rates over the past century………………..118 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Throughout each step in the process of graduate school classes, literature reviews, field work, data analysis, and writing, I have developed a deeper sense of gratitude for the generous guidance and assistance that I received from countless individuals. Each person who has inspired or helped me along the way in completing this dissertation has deepened my appreciation for the collective-efforts and collaboration required for education and accomplishment. First and foremost, I thank Vince Resh, whose encouragement, support, and guidance enabled me to pursue research that has been incredibly enriching and fun. I feel very fortunate to have explored so many areas of California and Nevada for my dragonfly surveys. Over the years, I have greatly appreciated Vince’s genuine concern for my success and well-being. I could not have asked for a more supportive advisor. Vince will always be an inspiration to me for his enthusiasm, warmth, balance, and professional productivity. I am grateful to each member of my qualifying exam committee, professors Joe McBride, Mary Power, Stephanie Carlson, and Matt Kondolf, for their guidance in creating a stimulating curriculum that prepared me well for my dissertation work. I also greatly appreciate the thoughtful reviews and advice from my dissertation committee, including Rosemary Gillespie, Matt Kondolf, and Vince Resh. I particularly appreciate the support of Rosemary Gillespie and Peter Oboyski in the field of museum bioinformatics and citizen science work that we participated in through the Calbug project. This project provided financial support for much of my graduate program and allowed me to gain experience in museum specimen digitization, citizen science, and historical ecology. Many other individuals have contributed to this project, and I especially thank Kip Will, Gordon Nishida, and Joyce Gross for their great contributions to the work of cataloguing California insect specimens. In addition, this project would have taken many more years without the help of undergraduates who did the bulk of work in databasing and georeferencing thousands of Odonata specimens, including Christian Munevar, Marielle Pinheiro, Laura Hayes, Jerry Lee, Hayden Wong, Aileen Kim, Kevin Zyao, Devin Hollister, Ariel Takayanagi, Hamutahl Cohen, Jessica Rothery, Mengsha Gong, Erin Smith, Emily Sun, and Sarah Gerlach. Because much of my dissertation takes advantage of Odonata museum specimens from throughout the state of California, the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, and the Florida State Collection of Arthropods, there are many people to thank from these institutions. I truly appreciate the generous assistance of Norm Penny, Mark O’Brien, Bill Mauffray, Doug Yanega, and Michael Caterino. I am also incredibly grateful to Tim Manolis for his advice and extensive work on California odonates and identification of museum specimens. Several other Odonata specialists have provided invaluable guidance throughout my dissertation work. I am indebted to Rosser Garrison for spending many hours with me to discuss Odonata identification and historical collections in California, and for generously allowing me to use data from his personal collections throughout the state. I also thank Dennis Paulson, who provided much guidance on Odonata traits and ecology, and data from his personal collections. I greatly appreciate the help of Kathy Biggs, a dedicated Odonata enthusiast who has assisted many novices in the art of Odonata observation and identification in the field, including me! Kathy has kept records of enthusiast odonate sightings in California since 2000,
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