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AN INVESTIGATION INTO the GUODIAN LAOZI by Jennifer

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AN INVESTIGATION INTO the GUODIAN LAOZI by Jennifer AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE GUODIAN LAOZI by Jennifer Lundin Ritchie A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Asian Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2010 © Jennifer Lundin Ritchie, 2010 Abstract This thesis is focused on the recently discovered archeological text called the Guodian Laozi (also known as the Dao De Jing). The Guodian edition is the oldest known copy of the text, and it is surprisingly different from the received edition. It is ostensibly ‗incomplete‘ and confusingly ‗disordered.‘ Many ‗characteristic‘ themes are absent. The majority of the material is focused on rulership, but it is not discussed in traditional terms or sequence. In addition, previously-unseen material, called Taiyishengshui or ‗The Great One Gives Birth to Water,‘ was appended to it, which included a previously unseen cosmology. Scholarly debate continues as to the nature and purpose of both the Taiyishengshui and the Guodian Laozi as a whole. This thesis ties together archeology, philosophy, history, and cognitive science to support the idea that the Guodian Laozi was meant to be a tool for rulership, and specifically used for instructing the crown prince Qingxiang of Chu, who was preparing to assume the throne near the end of the Warring States. Since the dominant theme of the Guodian Laozi appears to be rulership, I developed a new lens through which to read it, based on the embodied experience of Verticality, which includes the entailments of power and authority. Section 1 introduces the text and explains why the Guodian Laozi is considered such an extraordinary find. Section 2 discusses the theories proffered by various scholars as to why the Guodian Laozi was found in such an unexpected state, and gives evidence for why the Taiyishengshui should be considered an integral part of the text. Section 3 explicates my own theory as to the nature of the Guodian Laozi, and shows how the dating of the material, as well as the philosophical contents of the material, support that thesis. In Section 4, I employ conceptual metaphor theory and blending theory to create a new lens through which to read the Guodian Laozi. In Section 5, I apply the new lens to the text, showing that this new lens reflects the philosophical contents of the Guodian edition better than the more traditional lens of yin and yang. ii Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vi 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 The Background of the Guodian Find ............................................................................................................ 3 1.2 The Guodian Collection of Texts ..................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 The Guodian Laozi ............................................................................................................................................ 7 1.4 Clarification of Terms .................................................................................................................................... 10 2 Reading the Guodian Laozi and the TYSS Material as One Text ....................................... 14 2.1 The Importance of Reading the Guodian Laozi and TYSS Material as One Text .................................... 14 2.2 Philosophical Arguments ................................................................................................................................ 15 2.2.1 The Guodian Laozi as Ur Text .................................................................................................................. 17 2.2.2 The Guodian Laozi as a Thematic Collection of Excerpts from the Ur Text ............................................ 19 2.2.3 The Guodian Laozi as One of Several Recensions of the Ur Text ............................................................ 21 2.2.4 The Guodian Laozi as a Complete Orally Transmitted Text ..................................................................... 21 2.2.5 There is No Ur Text: Guodian Laozi as a Collection of Sayings ............................................................. 22 2.2.6 Implications for the TYSS Material .......................................................................................................... 25 2.3 Archeological Evidence .................................................................................................................................. 25 3 The Guodian Laozi in Context ................................................................................................ 28 3.1 Dating the Material ......................................................................................................................................... 29 3.1.1 Archeological Evidence ............................................................................................................................ 29 3.1.2 Philosophical Arguments .......................................................................................................................... 31 3.1.3 Implications of Dating the Guodian Laozi and TYSS material ................................................................. 50 3.2 Thematic Analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 55 3.2.1 Characteristic Themes Absent in the Guodian Laozi ................................................................................ 57 3.2.2 Rulership Themes Prominent in the Guodian Laozi .................................................................................. 59 3.2.3 Ideas of Rulership in the Rest of the Guodian Collection ......................................................................... 61 4 A New Lens through Which to Read the Guodian Laozi ..................................................... 65 4.1 Cognitive Science Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 66 4.2 (Re-)Constructing the Yin-yang Metaphor using the Verticality Image Schema ...................................... 70 iii 5 Reading the Guodian Laozi through the Lens of the Verticality Image Schema ............... 82 6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 95 7 Annotated Translations ........................................................................................................... 98 7.1 Notes on Translation ....................................................................................................................................... 98 7.2 Translations ................................................................................................................................................... 100 7.2.1 Taiyishengshui (TYSS) 太一生水 .......................................................................................................... 100 7.2.2 Yili 儀禮 Chapter 8: ―Pin Li 聘禮‖ (Note 6) ........................................................................................... 105 7.2.3 Liji 禮記 Chapter 9 ―Li Yun 禮運‖ .................................................................................................... 105 7.2.4 Zhuangzi 莊子 ―Lie Yu Kou 列禦寇‖ ..................................................................................................... 105 7.2.5 Zhuangzi 莊子 ―Tian Xia 天下‖ Quote 1 ................................................................................................ 106 7.2.6 Zhuangzi 莊子 ―Tian Xia 天下‖ Quote 2 ................................................................................................ 106 7.2.7 Zhuangzi 莊子 ―Xu Wu Gui 徐無鬼‖ ..................................................................................................... 107 7.2.8 Xunzi 荀子 ―Li Lun 禮論‖ ...................................................................................................................... 107 7.2.9 Han Feizi 韓非子 Chapter 19 ―Shi Xie 飾邪 (Evil Ornamentations)‖ ................................................... 108 7.2.10 Chuci 楚辞 ―Nine Songs 九歌: The Great Unity, God of the Eastern Sky 東皇太一‖ ........................ 109 7.2.11 Lushi Chunqiu 呂氏春秋 Ji 紀 (Almanacs) Book 5 Chapter 2.1: ―Da Yue 大樂‖ ............................... 110 7.2.12 Lushi Chunqiu 呂氏春秋 Ji 紀 (Almanacs) Book 5 Chapter 2.4: ―Da Yue 大樂‖ ............................... 111 7.2.13 Lushi Chunqiu 呂氏春秋 Lan 覽 (Examinations) Book 17 Ch 4.2: ―Wu Gong 勿躬‖ ......................... 111 7.2.14 Chuci 楚辞 ―Xi Shi‖ 惜誓 (Sorrow for Troth Betrayed): ..................................................................... 112 7.2.15 Chuci 楚辞 ―The Nine Laments 九嘆: Yuan Shi 遠逝 (Going Far Away)‖ ......................................... 113 7.2.16 Chuci 楚辞 ―The Nine Regrets
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