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Home , Aurunci Mountains, Latium adiectum, Monte Cavo

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03035-0 - The Urbanisation of Rome and Latium Vetus: From the Bronze Age to the Archaic Era Francesca Fulminante Index More information

INDEX

Aborigenes, 43 Alba, 45 , 109 , 208 , 210 absolute chronology, 262 Alba Longa. See Alba abstract models, 171 Alban Hills, 35–37 , 40–41 , 43–44 , 50 , 57 , 63 , Acqua Acetosa Laurentina, 107 , 110 , 130 , 132 , 116 , 118 , 130 , 205–06 , 208 , 210 , 228 , 261 222 , 234 Alban People, 44 Acquafredda, 110 Albegna Survey, 137 , 164 Acquatraversa, 110 Albertoni, Margherita, 95 acropolis/eis, 45–46 , 68 , 217 , 236 Alessandri, Luca, 37 administrative communication, 198 . Alföldy, Andreas, 108 , 112 See also administrative principle alluvial deposit/s, 58 , 152–53 , 172 , 179 , administrative control, 214 285 , 291 administrative districts, 193 alluvial soils, 148 , 169 , 172–73 , 253 administrative effi ciency, 197 Alps, 35 , 263 administrative principle, 196–97 , 214 , 256 altitude, 5 , 148–50 , 168 , 176 administrative structure, 11 Amaseno river, 227 aedes Larum , 89 , 91 Ambarvalia, 106 aedes Vestae , 89 Ammerman, Albert J., 93 Aegean, 262 Amoroso, Angelo, 115 Aegean chronology, 263 Ampolo, Carmine, 79 , 100 , 113 , 226 Aegean markets, 29 ancient authors. See literary sources Aegean shores, 28 ancient sources. See literary sources African plates, 40 ancient written works. See literary sources age, 219 Ancus Marcius , 92 , 113 agency/agents, 3 , 13–14 , 19 , 33 Angle, Micaela, 56 ager . See territory Anglo-American perspectives, 250 ager Romanus antiquus , 2 , 4 , 50 , 53 , 64 , 105–06 , Aniene. See Anio River 110 , 112–13 , 118 , 123 , 126 , 129–32 , 133 , Aniene river. See Anio River 225 , 252 Anio River, 42 , 44 , 49 , 110 , 163 , 206 agger , 89 , 100 annalistic tradition, 112 agrarian landscape, 170 Antemnae, 49 agricultural activities, 29 , 228 anthropology, 10 , 126 agricultural history, 228 anti-evolutionary models. See anti- agricultural intensifi cation, 23 , 222 evolutionary perspectives agricultural land, 29 , 46 , 121 , 153 anti-evolutionary perspectives, 4 , 216 agricultural mechanisation, 7 , 48–49 anti-evolutionary trend. See anti-evolutionary agricultural practices, 25 , 31 , 174 perspectives agricultural production, 173 , 253 antiquarian/s, 49 , 52 agricultural purpose/s, 148 , 169 Antistius Labeo, 76 agricultural society, 197 Antium, 116 agricultural soils, 169 , 172 , 212 , 253 Antonielli, Umberto, 49 agricultural system, 229 Antoninus and Faustina Temple, 48 , 72–73 , 75 , agriculture, 10 , 109 , 227 77–78 , 80 , 103, 115 , 121 , 251 intensive, 28 , 163 , 227, 238 Anzio, 42 , 57 , 206 , 208 techniques, 177 Apennine Mountains, 35–36 , 40 , 210

391

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03035-0 - The Urbanisation of Rome and Latium Vetus: From the Bronze Age to the Archaic Era Francesca Fulminante Index More information

392 INDEX

Apiolae, 50 atrium Vestae , 89 , 92–93 , 97 Apollo temple, 88 Attema, Peter, 57 , 61 Appianus, 109 attractors, 13 , 33 Appius Claudius Caecus, 109 Auditorium villa, 138 , 143, 146 , 169 Apulia, 35 , 227 auguratorium, so-called, 1 Ara Maxima, 93 Augustan Age, 88 , 94 , 108 Arch of Titus, 83 Augustan Arch, 69 , 71 , 78 archaeo-botanical assemblages. See archaeo- Augustan Forum, 72–73 , 75 , 77–78 botanical data Augustan regions, 239 archaeo-botanical data, 28 , 228 Augustus, 106 archaeological data, 60 , 65 , 172 , 183 , 216 , 227 house of, 88 archaeological evidence, 5 , 9 , 20–21 , 33 , 53 , 58 , Aurelian walls, 51 62 , 64–65 , 66 , 69–72 , 75 , 77 , 79–80 , 84 , Aurunci Mountains, 36 89, 94 , 96 , 115 , 130 , 131 , 133 , 137 , 218 , 225 , Ausoni Mountains, 36–37 , 42 227 , 230 , 234–35 , 247 , 249 authority/ies, 2 , 11 , 240 , 248 , 259 archaeological investigation, 49 , 64 , 193 autochthonous developments. See local Archaeological Superintendence of developments Rome, 44 autochthonous process. See local archaeologists, 62 , 112 , 115 developments archaeo-zoological data, 28 autonomous process. See local Archaic Age, 2 , 4 , 7 , 9 , 21 , 29–30 , 32–33 , 46–47 , developments 53–54 , 64 , 66 , 80 , 86–87 , 89 , 95 , 100 , 104 , autonomy, 20 , 204 109–10 , 114–15 , 118 , 120–21 , 126 , 130 , Aventine Hill, 70 , 93 131 , 133–34 , 137–38 , 141–47 , 156 , 160 , 163 , 165–66 , 169–70 , 171 , 186 , 189 , 202 , Bahn, Paul, 11 208 , 210 , 213–15 , 217 , 225–26 , 228 , 236 , band, 10–11 , 17 , 33 239–41 , 253–57 , 259 , 299 barbarism, 10 archaic cities, 8 , 46 , 61 , 104 , 157 , 168 , 210 , 215 , Barbina, Pietro, 115 , 143 217–18 , 241 , 254–55 , 258 Bari, 28 Archaic Period. See Archaic Age Barker, Graeme, 230 archaic times. See Archaic Age Barth, Frederik, 226 architectural decorations, 143 Bartoloni, Gilda, 244 architecture, 11 , 192 Basilica of Maxentius, 78 archive evidence, 52 Belardelli, Clarissa, 56 Ardea, 41–42 , 46 , 49 , 57 , 59 , 206 , 208 , 224 , 242 belief systems, 17 argilla fi gulina , 223 Beloch, Karl Julius, 100 Ariccia, 116 Bettelli, Marco, 72 , 103 , 244 , 262 aristocracy/ies, 168 , 221 better men, 32 aristocratic class. See aristocracy/ies bibliographical sources/research, 52 aristocratic groups. See aristocracy/ies Bietti Sestieri, Anna Maria, 50 , 56–57 , 61 , 75 , aristocratic residence, 243 , 251 79 , 115 , 118 , 213 , 218–19 , 223 , 233 , 244 , aristocrats. See elite/s 258 , 262 Arnold, Dean E., 221 bina iugera , 126 art, 236 Bintliff , John, 4–5 , 30–32 , 34 , 123 , 126 , 157 , Artemision in Ephesos, 97 162 , 170 , 172 , 197 , 199 , 201 , 203–04 , Arvanitis, Nikolaos, 89 214–15 , 216 , 236 , 241–43 , 247 , 252 , 254 , Arx, 69 , 71 , 93 256–57 , 260 A-shape coeffi cient/s, 183 , 188–89 , 191 , 213 , Bisenzio, 229 , 259 231 , 238–39 , 255 , 260 Boas, Franz, 10 Ashby, Thomas, 48–49 Bologna, 28 Astura, 37 , 42 , 50 Bolsena, 229 , 258 Astura River, 44 Boni, Giacomo, 48 , 94 Atlantic Europe, 245 Bouma, Jelle V., 115 , 225 atmospheric variables, 137 boundary sanctuaries, 109–10 , 225 atrium , 92 , 100 boundary zone, 42

INDEX 393

boundary/ies, 4 , 42 , 53 , 63 , 105–07 , 109–10 , Capua, 109 130 , 132 , 134 , 136 , 164 , 183 , 193 , 204–05 , Carafa, Paolo, 42 , 44 , 79 , 93–94 , 96–98 , 225–26 , 239 , 252 223 , 258 Bovillae, 50 Carandini, Andrea, 43 , 51 , 69–70 , 72 , 74–77 , Bracciano lake, 28 79–80 , 83 , 85–86 , 88–89 , 93 , 100–01 , 115 , Bradley, Guy, 225–26 118 , 126 , 134 , 147 , 230 , 252 Bradley, Richard, 259 Cardarelli, Andrea, 126 , 172 Brandt, Johann Rasmus, 221–23 , 258 Carettoni, Gianfi lippo, 90 bricolage , 15 Carmen Arvale , 106 Britain, 60 , 259 carrying capacity, 105 , 115 , 131–32 , 172 British scholarship, 6 Carta Archeologica d’Italia , 49 British School at Rome, 44 , 49 Cartago, 263 Brocato, Paolo, 87–88 , 100 Cartesian space, 62 Bronze Age/s, 7–9 , 21 , 24 , 28 , 30 , 33–34 , 36 , Casa di Livia, 73 45 , 50–51 , 53 , 58–60 , 63–64 , 66 , 103 , Casa Romuli, 87–88 104 , 115 , 117–18 , 121 , 123 , 132 , 141 , 143 , Casal Boccone, 143 148 , 151–52 , 155 , 164 , 168–69 , 171–72 , Casale Capobianco, 53 , 137 , 162 , 165 , 170 , 215 , 174 , 176–78 , 180 , 184 , 189–90 , 193–94 , 241 , 253–54 196–99 , 201 , 204–05 , 212–14 , 217 , 220 , Casale di S. Maria Nuova, 109 226–31 , 235 , 239–44 , 246–48 , 249 , Casale Nuovo, 238 251–60 , 262–63 , 285 casci Latini , 42–43 Brown, Frank Edward, 69 , 92 Castagnoli, Ferdinando, 49 buff er areas. See buff er/s Castiglione, 46 , 218 , 262 buff er zone/s, 9 , 266 , 288 , 291 Catasto Alessandrino , 136 buff er/s, 159 , 172 , 178 , 266 catchment burial area/s, 9 , 59 , 61 , 67 , 72 , 80 , 123 analysis, 30–31 , 60 , 170 , 172 , 199 , 241 burial contexts. See burial/s area/s, 31–32 , 172 , 175 , 177–78 , 179, 199 , burial evidence, 48 , 103 204 , 212 , 214–15 , 252–53 , 257 , 276 , 285 burial sites, 66 model, 30 , 177 burial/s, 15 , 47 , 71–73 , 78 , 80 , 85 , 94 , 208 , radius, 31 , 201–02 217–20 , 222 , 231 , 234–35 , 245 , 248 , 260 theories, 199 exceptional, 15 , 28–29 , 230 , 232 , 238 , 243 cause-eff ect relationship/s, 65 , 169 Cavanagh, William, 164 , 183 C14 data, 263 , 265 Cazzella, Alberto, 51 , 69–71 , 73 , 79 , 100–01 , C14 dates/dating, 244 , 262–63 251–52 Cacus, 93 cemetery/ies, 8–9 , 48 , 50 , 73 , 103 , 115 , 121 , Caelian Hill, 76 , 79–81 218 , 259 , 262 Caere, 36 , 46 central Italian cultural koine , 226 Caesar’s Forum, 72–73 , 75 , 77–78 central nodes. See central place/s Calabria, 227 , 263 central place model. See central place theory calcareous rock, 179 central place theory, 5 , 58 , 60 , 64 , 157 , 163 , 171 , calculations, 265 , 288 184 , 191 , 195 , 198 , 214–15 , 255–56 , 260 Calvario di Monterozzi, 121 central place/s, 119 , 163–64 , 183 , 196–97 , 236 , Cameria, 341, note 122 238 , 256–57 Campagna Romana, 36–37 central points. See central place/s Campania, 35 , 40 , 42 , 63 , 217 , 257 central poles. See central place/s campanilismo , 31 central services, 119 , 184 Campi Flegrei, 40 central settlements. See central place/s Capanna, Cristina, 115 centralisation, 3 , 11 , 30 , 117 , 221 , 227 capital, 192–93 centre of gravity of the minor centres. Capitoline Hill, 2 , 51 , 68–71 , 73–79 , 93–95 , See CGMC 100–01 , 129–30 , 224 , 251 centre/s, 20 , 28 , 46–47 , 116 , 119 , 137 , 165 , Capitoline temple, 1 , 96–97 169–70 , 183–84 , 191–94 , 196 , 198–200 , Capitolium, 69–72 , 93 , 95 , 103 204–05 , 208 , 210 , 212–15 , 236 , 240–42 , cappellaccio , 86 , 94–95 , 100 248 , 254–57 , 260 , 266 , 276 , 297–98

394 INDEX

cereals, 28–29 , 227–28 , 240 , 258 Civitavecchia, 36 ceremonies, 19 clan, 28 , 143 , 224 Ceres, 106 Clarke, David L., 60 Cermalus, 74 , 76–79 , 87 , 89 , 103 class, 31 , 243 , 251 CGMC, 192–93 Classical Period/times, 21 , 30 , 32 chaos theory/ies, 3 , 13 , 33 classicists, 2 Chiarucci, Pino, 57 Claudia tribe, 143 chiefdom/s, 10 , 15 , 17 , 33 , 118 , 192 , 194 , 198 , clay deposits, 148 , 169 , 174 , 212 , 253 214 , 229–31 , 235 , 255 clay soils, 169 , 253 chiefl y centre/s, 191–93 , 197 clientes , 224 chiefl y organisation. See chiefl y system/s Clivus Palatinus, 83 , 89 chiefl y system/s, 191–92 , 197 , 256 Cloaca Maxima, 1 , 96 , 100 , 250 chiefs, 28 , 232 , 238 Cluilius, 109 Childe, Gordon, 10 CNR. See Consiglio Nazionale delle China, 4 , 33 , 235 Ricerche Chisholm, Michael, 60 Coarelli, Filippo, 97 , 113 chi-square, 174 , 265–66 , 276 , 285 , 292 Coliseum, 71 , 100 Christaller, Walter, 60 , 195 Collatia, 49 chronology/ies, 56 , 244 , 245 , 260 , 261–63 Colle della Noce, 224 central European, 263 Colle S. Agata, 106 , 110 dendro, 244 , 262–63 Colle S. Angeletto. See Corcolle relative, 48 , Colle S. Lorenzo, 228 traditional, 96 , 244 , 263 Colles, 74 , 76–77 , 79 , 103 Cifani, Gabriele, 100 , 102 , 110 , 226 Colli-Albani, 44 Cimini Hills, 40 Collina Gate, 109 Circei, 113–14 Collis Latiaris, 77 Circeus Mons, 42 Collis Mucialis, 77 circoscrizione del Comune di Roma, 133 Collis Quirinalis, 74 , 77 circoscrizioni , 53 Collis Salutaris, 77 Circus Maximus, 1 , 96 , 100 Collis, John, 62 Cispius, 76 , 79 colluvial deposits, 172 Cisterna di Latina, 37 , 208 colluvial soils, 148 , 169 , 172–73 , 253 citizens, 2 , 32 , 87 , 104 , 240 , 250–51 , 259 colonial system/s, 164 , 182 , 254 city/ies, 1 , 4 , 6 , 8–9 , 20 , 30 , 32 , 34 , 46 , 48 , 53 , colonies, 6 , 8 , 104 , 244 , 255 64 , 66 , 109 , 116 , 118 , 137 , 141–42 , 157–60 , colonists, 166 162–63 , 165–66 , 170 , 171 , 181 , 195 , 204 , colonization, 142 , 168 , 227 206 , 213 , 216–17 , 225 , 241 , 243 , 250 , 252 , Colonna, Giovanni, 9 , 41–42 , 79–80 , 107 , 254 , 256 , 259–60 , 266 , 276 109–10 , 115 , 126 , 132 , 223 , 252 , beginning of, 52 , 102 258 , 261 birth of, 2 Comitium, 1–2 , 78 , 94–95 , 97 , 104 , 251 development, 2 , 4 commerce, 143 , 233 formation of, 1 , 30 commodities, 256 foundation of, 86 , 131–32 , 251–52 common symbols/beliefs, 19 idea of, 5 commoners, 192 of the death, 208 communal spaces, 250 of the living, 208 communication/s, 45 , 180 , 183 , 191–92 , 197 , origin of, 1–4 , 30 , 32 213–14 , 255–56 , 292 city-state, 3 , 20–21 , 30 , 32 , 197 , 214 , 240 , 243 , community/ies, 2 , 4 , 7–9 , 15 , 28–32 , 34 , 248 , 251–52 , 256 46–47 , 50 , 69 , 74–75 , 79 , 89 , 104 , 118–19 , concept of, 19–21 130 , 131–32 , 170 , 184 , 192 , 201 , 203 , culture, 20–21 , 260 214 , 217–21 , 224, 228 , 230 , 233 , 236 , Greek, 20 238–39 , 242–43 , 246–47 , 251–52 , 259 . model, 3 , 5 , 7 , 30 , 32 , 51 , 231 , 260 See also Latin cities/communities/ civic assemblies, 2 , 104 , 243 , 252 , 259 settlements civic community/unity, 224 , 259 comparative analysis, 168 civilisation/s, 10 , 18, 20 , 76 comparative approach/perspective, 4 , 9 , 11 , 250 Civiltà del Lazio Primitivo , 50 comparative studies, 21

INDEX 395

competition, 191 , 195 , 198 , 203 , 213 , 248 Crumley, Carole L., 13 complex adaptive system/s, 18 , 250 Crustumerium, 9 , 41–42 , 52–53 , 57 , 59 , 64 , 68 , complex society/ies, 10–11 , 13 , 249 133 , 137 , 142 , 160 , 162–63 , 165–66 , 170 , complex system, 11 , 204 210 , 215 , 226 , 241–42 , 253–55 complexity, 10–11 , 15 , 214 , 216 , 228 , 231 , 235 , cult, 95 , 106–08 , 216 , 247 , 257 238–39 , 243 , 247–48 , 250 , 258–60 activity/ies, 93 , 95 , 240 higher, 2–3 , 5–6 , 14 , 191 , 213 hut/s, 224–25 , 240 , 259 compluvium , 100 liminal, 9 Comune di Roma, 51 place/s, 2 , 5 , 88 , 93 , 110 , 224–25 , 240 , 243 , concave curve/s, 164–65 , 182 , 254 251–52 , 259 concave distribution/s, 182 , 185 underworld, 9 conjunction/s, 247 , 258–59 cultural choice, 168 connectivity, 6 , 245 , 248 cultural developments, 29 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 50 , 134 cultural evolution, 13–15 construction, 143 cultural homogeneity, 226 consumer/s, 192 , 195 cultural identity, 63 consumption/s, 29 , 147 , 221 , 224 , 232 , 233 , cultural systems, 9 236 , 254 cultural trend, 147 contacts, 244 , 245 cultural-historical approach, 10 contextual analysis/approaches, 218 , 234 culture, 3 contextual evidence, 60 cuniculi , 156, 169 , 253 contextualization, 219 Cunliff e, Barry, 245 convex curve/s, 164 , 185 , 190 , 254 Cupitò, Cristiana, 89 , 91 , 134 convex distribution/s, 182–85 Cures Sabini, 121 , 229 , 258 convexity, 170 , 254 curiae , 8 Copenhagen Polis Centre, 4 , 19 , 21 Curiae Veteres, 87 Cora, 50 curve convexity, 165–66 Corcolle, 117 cypro-phoenician bowls, 3 , 243 core-periphery relationships, 220 Cyprus, 245 , 260 Coriolanus, 109 Corioli, 208 Danish National Research Foundation, 19 Corniculum, 113 Dark Age, 30 , 32 corporate categories, 234 De Santis, Anna, 72 , 232 corporate community/ies, 30 , 32 Dea Dia, 106–07 , 109–10 corporate group, 242 death, 233 corporate mode/s, 3 , 15–18 , 33 , 233–35 , 257 decision makers/making, 11 , 13–14 , 19–20 corporate organisation, 32 defensible locations, 217 corvée labour, 192 , 230 defensible settlements, 236 cost/eff ort, 193 defensive circuit. See wall/s cost-surface analysis/es, 62–63 della Volpaia, Eufrosino, 37 cost-surface/s, 62 , 111 , 153 , 177 DEM, 176 . See Digital Elevation Model countryside, 47 , 142 , 156 , 168 , 215 , 222 demand, 29 , 121 , 195 , 221 cow, 28 Demaratus, 240 Cozza, Adolfo, 49 demographic stress, 201 craft, 33 demographic calculations, 121 , 242 prestige products, 29 demographic growth, 142 , 201 , 217 , 220 , production/s, 15 , 169 , 258 241 , 252 specialisation, 2 , 5 , 14 , 23 , 216 , 221–23 , 230 , demographic increase, 142 236 , 238–39 , 243 , 247 , 257 demographic interpretations, 147 specialists, 29 demographic models, 199 craftsmen, 192 demographic pressure, 113 , 202 , cremation ritual, 219 , 233 221 , 256 Crescenza River, 110 demographic stress, 214 , 241 , 254 crisis, 142–43 , 147 , 166 , 168–70 , 254 demographic theories, 30–31 crop/s, 108 , 110 , 123 , 172 , 227–29 , 238 demographies, 121 cross-cultural similarities/comparisons, dendro-chronological data, 263 , 265 10–11 , 14 dendro-chronology/ies, 262

396 INDEX

density/ies, 120–21 , 147–48 , 150 , 159 , 169 , 242 , Duna Recente, 37 , 40 265 , 292 , 298 Duna Rossa Antica, 37 , 40 dependency, 163 Dunbar, Robin, 30–31 determinism, 62 dwellings. See settlement/s de-urbanisation, 166 , 170 , 254 di Gennaro, Francesco, 56 , 115 , 118–19 , 134 , Early Bronze Age, 25 , 45 , 67–68 , 230 , 255 165 , 184–85 , 226 Early Iron Age, 2–3 , 5 , 7–9 , 19 , 21 , 29–30 , di Giuseppe, Helga, 143 , 145 , 147 43–48 , 50–51 , 53 , 59–61 , 63 , 66–67 , dialectic discourse, 216 72 , 80–81 , 83 , 89 , 116 , 117–18 , 120–21 , Didymaion, 97 123 , 130 , 132 , 133–34 , 141 , 152 , 155–56 , diet, 121 , 123 165 , 169–70 , 172 , 175 , 179 , 180 , 184–85 , diff erentiation/s, 15 , 18 , 219 188–90 , 193–94 , 196–97 , 199–202 , 204, diff usionism, 32 208 , 210 , 212–15 , 217–19 , 222–24 , 226 , diff usionist approach, 243 229–31 , 233–36 , 238–44 , 246–48 , 249–60 , diff usionist model, 2 , 5 , 10 , 260 261–63 , 285 , 297 diff usionist perspective, 248 early state/s, 17–18 , 197 , 214 , 231 , 238 , 256 diff usionist theory, 6 East, 221 , 244–46 , 260 , 262 diff usionist view, 3 economic activity/ies, 25 , 60 , 195 , 206 , Digital Elevation Model, 151 , 175 238 , 247 Digital Terrain Model/s, 63 economic analyses, 62 Dioscuri temple, 97 economic centralisation, 221 distance/s, 5 , 8 , 62 , 134 , 148 , 153 , 157–59 , 162 , economic centre, 20 168 , 171 , 180 , 192–93 , 195 , 199–200 , economic complexity, 33 204–05 , 213–15 , 253 , 255–56 , 265–66 , economic condition, 18 276 , 285 economic constraints/variables, 13–14 , 19 linear, 62 , 157–58 , 292 , 297 economic development/s, 2 , 229 distribution analyses, 253 economic evolution, 230 distributional maps, 60 economic explanation, 168 district/s, 120 , 205 , 238 economic history, 229 , 252 ditches, 225 economic interests, 51 Doganella di Ninfa survey, 227 economic interpretations, 147 doliola , 94 economic organisation/s, 11 , 19 , 197 domestic activity, 71–72 economic perspective, 147 domestic architecture, 222 economic phenomenon, 147 domestic occupation, 103 , 217 economic power, 17 domestic pottery, 72 , 144 economic principle/s, 163 , 255 domestic production, 228 economic resources, 31 domestic sites, 82 economic specialisation, 29 domestic units, 8 economic spheres, 143 dominance, 205 economic structure, 33 dominant class. See elite/s economic systems, 10 dominant group. See elite/s economic value, 213 Domus Augustana, 78 economy, 5 , 11 , 17 , 216 , 228 , 236 , 243 , 257 Domus Publica, 89–90 , 92 Edlund-Berry, Ingrid, 113 Domus Regia, 89–90 , 92 , 97 effi ciency, 192 Domus Regis Sacrorum, 89 , 92 egalitarian ideology, 220 , 235 Domus Vestalium, 89 , 92 egalitarian organisation, 15 , 219 door gate, 83 egalitarian society, 10 double-convex curve, 164 Egypt, 263 double-convex distribution, 183 eight–nine-mile limit, 52 dowry, 31 Elba, 238 drainage system, 156 , 250 elevation/s, 62 , 134 , 171 , 175–76 , 213 , 255 , Drennan, Robert D., 183 , 188–89 265 , 285 DTM. See Digital Terrain Model/s elite/s, 15 , 19 , 142 , 232 , 234–35 , 238 , 240 , 245 , Ducke, Benjamin, 205 248 , 257

INDEX 397

Emberling, Geoff , 226 Etruscan sites/settlements, 8–9 , 81 , 103 , 110 emerging sites, 213 Etruscan society, 143 empire, 20 Etruscans, 96 , 226 emporium , 93 etruscology/ists, 2 , 226 enchytrismós , 72 , 85 , 90–91 Eurasian plates, 40 endogamous community/ies, 242 Europe, 15 , 28 , 230 endogamous practices, 32 , 203 central, 35 , 245 , 262 endogamy, 31 , 242 , 256 northern, 245 endogenous, 2 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 32–33 evidence, 65 Eneolithic Age, 28 evolution, 13 energy expenditure, 193 evolutionary approach/es, 11 , 17 , 247 , 249 Engels, Friederich, 10 evolutionary categories, 230 , 235 Ennius, 42 evolutionary dynamics, 30 entanglements, 6 evolutionary model/s, 10 , 33–34 , 216 , 231 environment/s, 65 , 171 , 225 evolutionary pattern/s, 15 , 214 environmental analysis/es, 62 , 65 evolutionary perspective/s, 10–11 , 216 , 229 , environmental constraints, 13–14 235–36 , 249 environmental data, 60 evolutionary process, 221 environmental reconstruction/s, 52 evolutionary stage, 11 environmental studies, 58 , 147 evolutionary theory/ies, 3 , 9 , 13 , 229 , 236 , 247 environmental variable/s, 5 , 19 , 33 , 56 , 171 , evolutionary thinking, 3 243 , 255 evolutionary trajectories, 13 epigraphic evidence, 42 evolutionary trend/s, 33 , 214 , 250 equilibrium, 11 , 75 , 88 , 162 , 170 , 199 , 205 , excavation/s, 2 , 6 , 48–50 , 52 , 54 , 56 , 58–59 , 213–14 , 225 , 256 61 , 65 , 66 , 69 , 71 , 80 , 83 , 93 , 96 , 104 , 110 , Equus Domitiani, 78 , 94 143 , 146 , 169 , 224 , 227–28 , 243 , 248 , Eretum, 113 250–51 , 262 Esquiline cemetery/necropolis, 48 , 72 , 123 rescue, 50 Esquiline Gate, 109 exchange/s, 15 , 63 , 191–92 , 214 , 230 , 236 , 244 , Esquiline Hill, 73–75 , 77–78 , 80 , 103 , 121 , 130 , 246 , 256 132 , 212 , 251 , 259 , 261 exogamous practices/exogamy, 31 , 203 , 242 ethnic diff erentiation, 14 , 221 exogenous, 2 , 5, 7 , 9 , 32 ethnic fl uidity, 226 exotica , 245 ethnic group/s, 226 , 239 external infl uences, 2 , 7 , 33 , 220 , 248 , 260 ethnic identity, 63 , 226 external stimulus/i, 29 , 244 , 259 ethnicity, 2 , 5 , 216 , 225–26 , 236 , 243 , 247 extra-mural activities, 9 ethno-archaeological study, 227 ethnos face-to-face community/ies, 20 , 256 Latin, 41–43 face-to-face relationship/s, 30–32 , 203 , 242 Sabine, 41 face-to-face social interaction/s, 31–32 , 203 , Etruria, 1 , 7–9 , 19 , 21 , 35–36 , 46 , 50 , 63 , 242–43 , 248 104 , 114–15 , 121 , 163 , 217–18 , 221 , 223 , face-to-face society/ies, 31 , 203 225–26 , 238 , 243 , 245 , 257 , 260 facies , 239 southern, 8 , 28 , 36 , 46 , 50 , 58 , 118 , 141 , 156 , Fagutal, 77 , 79 169 , 184 , 224 , 231 , 242 Fagutal Hill, 74 , 76 Etruscan communities, 220 , 242 , 244 Falconer, Steven E., 164 , 183 Etruscan culture, 96 , 106 family/ies, 8 , 10 , 123 , 218–19 , 233 Etruscan decorations, 113 farming activity, 228 Etruscan hegemony, 96 farming society/ies, 31 , 170 , 199 , 214–15 , Etruscan kings, 96 241 , 254 Etruscan off erings, 244 farming technology, 227 Etruscan proto-urban centre/s, 79 farmstead/s, 137 , 143–47 , 159 , 168–70 , 254 , 276 Etruscan region/s, 41 , 143 Fascist era, 48 Etruscan ritual, 86 fashion, 147 , 226 Etruscan side, 112 , 123 , 131 Fasti , 111

398 INDEX

Fasti Praenestini , 111 Fosso Maestro della Regina, 134 feasts, 19 Fosso Ornale, 134 federation, 20 , 47 Fosso Spallette di Margherita, 134 Feinman, Gary M., 15 , 17 , 233 foundation deposit, 83 Feriae Latinae, 44 foundation rite, 132 Festoi, 106 IV Circoscrizione di Roma, 53 , 134 Festus, 75 4th Municipal District, 53 , 252 , 265 fi bula/ae , 28 , 69 , 218 , 222 Fox, Cyril Fred, 60 Ficana, 52 , 117 , 210 , 221–22 Francavilla Marittima, 263 Ficulea, 46 , 53 , 57 , 64 , 68 , 133 , 163 , 170 , 210 , Fratres Arvales, 106–07 215 , 241 , 253–55 French perspectives, 250 Fidenae, 42 , 46 , 53 , 57 , 64 , 68 , 104 , 121 , 133 , Fried, Morton, 10 137 , 142 , 160 , 163 , 165 , 210 , 215 , 253–55 , Frutaz, Amato Pietro, 37 262–63 funerary analysis, 250 fi fth–sixth-mile limit, 4 , 106–07 , 109–11 , funerary approach, 2 , 250 132 , 252 funerary area/s, 9 , 59 , 67 , 72 , 74–75 , 77 , 79–81 , Filippi, Dunia, 93–94 103 , 115 , 121 , 132 , 212 , 217 , 251 , 259 Final Bronze Age/s, 2–3 , 5–6 , 8 , 19 , 25 , 29 , 43 , funerary context/s, 50 , 69 , 72 , 95, 109 , 229 , 45–48 , 50 , 56 , 59 , 63 , 67 , 71–72 , 94 , 107 , 259 , 261 118 , 126 , 132 , 176 , 184 , 199 , 205–06 , 208 , funerary evidence, 2 , 5 , 33 , 47 , 72–73 , 80 , 126 , 210 , 217–21 , 226 , 230 , 236 , 238–39 , 242 , 218–19 , 231 , 233–35 , 247 , 250 , 257 247 , 250 , 252 , 262 , 297 funerary perspective, 257 fi rst millennium BC, 4–5 , 34 , 35 , 52 , 156 , 199 , funerary rituals, 257 214 , 226–27 , 246–47 , 256 , 260 funerary use, 9 fi rst-mile limit, 9 , 107 fi shing and/or gathering, 18 , 206 Gabba, Emilio, 51 , 96 , 147 Fiume Aniene. See Anio River Gabii, 46 , 59 , 68 , 81–82 , 117 , 120–21 , 205 , 210 , Fiume Tevere. See Tiber 218 , 233 , 242 , 244 , 262 fl amen Quirinalis , 108 Gaff ney, Vincent, 147 Flannery, Kent V., 11 Gamurrini, Gian Francesco, 49 folk society, 10 gardens, 47 Fondi di Coazzo, 110–11 Garigliano, 41 Fondi Plain, 42 Gell, William, 48 food, 226 , 228 , 233 , 238 gender, 219 Fora, 121 , 130 , 212 , 251 gens/tes , 8 , 143 , 219 , 224 , 233 ford, 163 Genseric, 109 foreigners, 9 Geographical Information Systems. See GIS Forge, Anthony, 30–31 geographical position. See location/s Forma Italiae, 44 , 49 , 54 , 57 geography school, 60 Fors Fortuna, 107 geological distribution, 212 fortifi cation/s, 130 , 132 , 225 , 250 geological factors, 137 earth/en, 84–85 , 239 geological formations, 212 Servian, 100 geological variables, 172 stone, 100 geology, 5 , 134 , 148 , 168–69 , 171–72 , 255 , 265 Fortuna Muliebris, 107 , 109 geomorphologic reconstruction/s, 52 Forum, 1–2 , 78 , 89 , 93–95 , 97–98 , 103 , 115 , Germany, 60 , 195 , 245 132 , 243 , 261 Giardino Romano, 51 , 68–70 , 72–73 , 80 , Forum Boarium, 51 , 107 102 , 251 Forum Romanum, 48 gift exchange circulation, 240 , 258 Fossae Cluiliae, 109–10 gift exchange economy, 224 Fosso dell’Acqua Acetosa, 110 GIS, 4 , 51 , 62–63 , 65 , 105 , 147 , 171–72 , 205 , Fosso della Formicola, 134 227 , 252 , 266 , 297 Fosso della Magliana, 110 Giuliani, Fulvio Cairoli, 57 Fosso di Pratica, 37 Gjerstad, Einard, 94 Fosso di Settebagni, 134 goods, 3 , 18–19 , 191–92 , 195 , 198 , 244 , Fosso di Tor S. Giovanni, 134 245 , 260

INDEX 399

Gordion, 263 hierarchical patterns, 168 graecostasis , 95 hierarchical settlement structure, 260 Gran Carro, 229 , 258 hierarchical society, 15 Grandazzi, Alexandre, 42 hierarchical system, 20 , 204 , 241 granulation, 222 , 240 hierarchy/ies, 11 , 13 , 15 , 18 , 115 , 121 , 137 , 163 , grape/s, 227 , 229 , 258 165 , 169–70 , 184–85 , 190–91 , 194–97 , 204 , grave goods, 94 , 143 , 231 , 233 214 , 217 , 231 , 235–36 , 253–54 , 256–57 gravity centre, 197 Higgs, Eric, 60 Greece, 3–5 , 30 , 32 , 113 , 199 , 201 , 214 , 233 , high elevation, 176 236 , 241 , 244 , 245 , 260 , 263 high status, 224 Greek cities/poleis, 9 , 20 , 34 hill/s, 172 , 213 , 217 , 255 , 285 Greek civilizations, 32 hilltop/s, 8–9 , 28–29 , 45 , 58–59 , 61 , 176 , 184 , Greek colonies, 3 , 7 , 243 , 248 , 252 , 265 217 , 236 Greek colonisation, 213 , 220 , 263 hinterland/s, 2 , 9 , 20 , 47 , 53 , 64 , 115 , 123 , 133 , Greek colonists, 2 , 5 , 8 , 35 , 191 , 243 , 259 191 , 228 , 243 , 253 Greek customs, 244 of Rome. See territory of Rome Greek goods, 262 historians, 2 , 76 , 112 Greek impact, 227 historical accounts. See literary accounts Greek infl uences, 29 , 259 historical development, 66 , 168 Greek inscription, 244 historical interest, 64 , 134, 253 Greek origin, 43 historical interpretation, 58–59 , 61 , 65 , 147 , Greek people, 244 183–84 , 262 Greek pottery, 93 , 260 , 262 historical people, 226 Greek sanctuaries, 244 historical reconstruction, 62 Greeks, 3 , 260 history, 21 , 239 , 258 GRID, 153 , 159 , 266 , 297 hoards, 230 , 238 grotta oscura , 100 bronze, 28 Guaitoli, Marcello, 47 Hodder, Ian, 60 , 183 Guidi, Alessandro, 57 , 60 , 67 , 79 , 208 , 218 , 224 , holistic approaches/perspectives, 3 , 13 , 249 226 , 230 , 240 , 259 holistic theory, 33 Guidonia, 45 Holocene, 40 Gusberti, Elisa, 94–95 Horatii and Curiatii, 109–10 House of the Kings, 1–2 , 89 , 97 , 103 Haas, Lonathan, 15 House of the Vestals, 1 , 69 , 72, 89 , 92 hamlet/s, 7–8 , 59 house/s, 15 , 121 , 137 , 143–44 , 146–47 , 159 , Hansen, Mogens Herman, 20–21 168–70 , 222 , 250 , 254 , 276 Haselgrove, Colin, 61 household/s, 121 , 174 , 192 , 221–22 , 253 , 258 Heraion in Samos, 97 human behaviours, 65 hereditary status, 219 , 232 , 235 , 238 human landscape, 63 heritage management, 51 human sacrifi ces, 86 , 89 hermeneutics, 63 human territoriality, 30 Hernici Mountains, 36 hunting, 18 , 25 , 206 heterarchical model, 228 hut/s, 222 , 224 , 245 heterarchical organisation/s, 233 , hut-urn, 231 235 , 257 Hvar, island of, 62 , 147 heterarchical power dynamics, 13 hybridization, 245 heterarchical thinking, 13 hydrographical data, 177 heterarchical trend, 33 heterarchy, 3 , 13 , 18 , 33 Iaia, Cristiano, 223–24 , 258 heterogeneity, 228 idea/s, 3 , 243–44 , 245 , 260 hexagonal lattice, 195 ideal location, 193 hierarchical distribution, 253 identity/ies, 2 , 5 , 19 , 48 , 64 , 104 , 226 , 243 hierarchical level/s, 11 , 61 , 157 , 160 , 191 , 197 , ideological constraints, 13–14 199 , 231 , 241 , 254–55 , 297–98 ideological nature, 250 hierarchical organisation/s, 119 , 164 , 184 , 213 , ideological reasons, 257 215 , 233 , 235 , 238 , 255 , 257 , 260 ideological sphere/s, 143

400 INDEX

ideological unity, 104 labour, 18 , 69 , 251 ideological variable, 19 corvée, 69 ideology/ies, 13 , 19 , 33 , 147 , 236 , 245 , 257 division of, 14 , 20 , 239 imbalanced system, 183 specialisation, 23 , 236 impasto , 223 , 258 Laconia survey, 164 Imperial Period/Era, 53 , 87 , 89–91 , 144 , 147 Lago di Fogliano, 227–28 imperial system/s, 169 , 182 , 254 lagoons, 45 , 206 Imperial times. See Imperial Period/Era lakes, 45 impluvium , 100 Lanciani, Rodolfo, 48–49 , 143 imports, 217 land use effi ciency, 32 , 157 , 163 , 170 , indigenous populations, 227 214–15 , 256 indigenous processes, 33 land use/exploitation, 64 , 105 , 133 , 143 , 169 , industrialized society, 197 199 , 221 , 242–43 , 248 , 254 , 258 , 260 infl uence, 205 , 210 , 213 land/s, 31 , 150–51 , 157 , 159 , 172–73 , 176–77 , inhabited area, 9 , 59 , 61 , 67 , 69 , 77 , 82 , 208 , 199–200 , 233 , 242 , 253 , 265 , 276 , 285 217 , 251 carrying capacity. See carrying capacity inscriptions, 105 , 226 distribution, 153 , 157 , 176–77 , 199–200 , integration, 18 , 182–84 266 , 297 interaction/s, 33 , 236 , 246 , 248 evaluation, 2 , 5 , 148 , 216 , 227–28 , 257–58 inter-visibility, 63 juridical status of, 147 , 168 Iovis Feretrius, 95 management. See land use/exploitation Iovis Optimus Maximus, Temple of, 96 productivity, 126 Iron Age, 34 , 36 , 58 , 63–64 , 67 , 121 , 141 , property, 166 , 254 148 , 152 , 168 , 172 , 193 , 201 , 204–05 , landscape, 63 , 147 , 168–69 , 191 , 255 , 265 213 , 219 , 227–29 , 246–47 , 252 , 254–55 , approach, 171 258–59 , 263 archaeology, 48 , 147–48 iron tools, 221–22 , 228–29 ideas, 30 , 248 isotropic surface, 195 methodologies, 54 Israel, 245 , 260 , 263 research, 49 Istituto di Topografi a of the University of Lanuvium, 116 Rome ‘ La Sapienza’, 49 Lapis Niger, 95 , 251 Italian peninsula, 40 lares , 92 , 106 Italian perspectives, 250 large/r estates, 147 , 166 , 168–69 Italian state, 47 Largo S. Susanna, 72–75 , 78 Italian unifi cation, 49 Late Bronze Age, 126 , 222 , 224 , 226 , 245 , 263 Italic origin, 43 latifundia , 147 Italy, 35 , 47–48 , 217 , 226 , 230 , 260 , 263 Latin centres, 42 , 64 central, 4 , 7 , 21 , 25 , 28 , 54 , 58–59 , 143 , Latin cities/communities/settlements, 8–9 , 81 , 220–23 , 225–26 , 228–29 , 235–36 , 246–47 , 114–15 , 117–18 258 , 262–63 Latin colonies, 42 northern, 126 , 223 , 263 Latin culture, 42 , 64 , 107 , 220 southern, 3 , 6 , 7–8 , 28 , 35 , 52 , 104 , 191 , 229 , Latin divinity, 85 243–44 , 245 , 248 , 252 , 255 , 263 Latin identity, 43 Latin material culture, 42 , 44 , 63 Johnson, Gregory A., 60 , 62 , 183–84 Latin people, 43–44 Jordan, 263 Latin plain, 37 , 206 Juno, 96 Latin region, 40 , 261 Jupiter Latiaris, 44 Latin sites, 49 , 206 Latin society, 220 kilns, 29 , 222–23 Latin territory, 42 , 44 kings, 112–14 Latina, 56 kingship, 51 Latins, 3 , 43 , 63 kinship, 15 , 219 , 233 Latium, 1 , 35–36 , 39 , 41 , 43–44 , 47–52 , 56 , 64 , Kirsten, Ernst, 30 112 , 113 , 173 , 197 , 213 , 227 K -values, 195–97 , 256 Latium adiectum, 42

INDEX 401

Latium antiquus, 42 logarithms, 164 , 182 Latium vetus, 1–6 , 7–9 , 19 , 21 , 30 , 36 , 41–42 , log-normal curve, 164 , 254 44–46 , 49–50 , 52 , 54 , 56 , 60 , 63–64 , 67 , log-normal distribution, 165 , 182–86 , 80 , 89 , 96 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 115 , 117–18 , 188–89 , 191 121 , 134 , 156 , 164 , 169 , 171 , 174 , 184–85 , log-normality. See log-normal distribution 191 , 193 , 197 , 199 , 202 , 204 , 210 , 212–15 , long-term perspective, 234 216–21 , 223–26 , 231 , 233 , 235, 238 , lower-order centres, 192 240–41 , 243 , 246–47 , 249–50 , 255–60 , Lucus Dea Diae, 106 261–63 , 285 Lucus Robiginis, 110–11 Lavinium, 45–46 , 57 , 68 , 81–82 , 208 , 218 , 242 Lugli, Giuseppe, 49 , 107 , 109–10 , 113 Lavinium-Pratica di Mare. See Lavinium Lunghezza-Collatia, 117 lavish burials. See princely burials luxury decoration, 144 law/s, 20 luxury goods, 29 , 220–21 , 224 , 234 Laxton, R.R., 164 , 183 luxury grave goods, 222 Lazio, 41 luxury materials, 143 Le Caprine, 232 least eff ort, 255 M. Aemilius Scaurus, 83 legumes, 28 , 228 Machovina, B.J., 111 , 153 , 178 leopard skin, metaphor, 47 macro-districts, 217 Lepini foothills, 228 macro-history, 134 Lepini Mountains, 36–37 , 40 , 42 macro-scale, 171 Level, E.V., 205 Magliana, 109 lifestyle/s, 147 , 245 , 254 Magna Grecia. See Italy: southern liminal places, 225 Magna Mater sanctuary, 1 lineage/s, 8 , 28 , 143 , 218–19 , 233 Magna Mater Temple, 77 , 87 , 97 linearisation, 11 Marcigliana Vecchia, 52 Liri-Sacco Rivers, 41 Marco Simone Vecchio-Ficulea. See Ficulea literacy, 236 Maremma Laziale, 36 literary accounts, 42–43 , 66 , 70 , 72 , 76 , 80 , 96 , Maremma Toscana, 36 102 , 107 , 110 , 115 , 120 , 123 , 130 , 132 Mari, Zaccaria, 57 literary approach/es, 5 , 105 , 131 , 252 marital partners, 19 literary sources, 21 , 41–42, 49 , 53 , 58 , 75 , 86 , Marius, 109 89 , 94–96 , 100 , 105–06 , 109 , 116 , 118 , market centres, 192 126 , 131 , 225–26 , 239 , 262–63 market distribution, 198 literary tradition, 53 market dynamic, 163 lithoid tuff , 148 , 172 , 212 market economy/ies, 20 , 214 , 240 , 256 , 258 Livia, 108 market effi ciency, 195 , 197 , 214 , 248 Livius, 108 market exchange/s, 222–23 Llobera, Marcos, 63 market organisation, 256 , 260 local developments, 2 , 6 , 8 market places, 191–92 local level, 5 , 164 , 170 , 171 , 241 Market Principle, 197 , 256 local process, 243 market system/s, 191–92 , 224 local scale. See local level market/s, 20 , 23 , 119 , 163 , 183–84 , 191 , 195 , local settlements, 192 , 204 , 260 199 , 214–15 , 229 local sites, 159 marls, 179 local system, 215 marriages, 31 , 242 , 256 location effi ciency, 192 , 214 , 231 Mars, 87 , 92 , 106 , 108 location/s, 45 , 64 , 148 , 159 , 163 , 192 , 195–96 , Marxist approaches, 218 251 , 255 . See also site/s Marzabotto, 222 of villages, 159 mass production, 222 locational analysis/es, 5 , 58 , 60 , 64 , 134 , 157 , Mater Larum, 106 253 , 255 , 258–59 Mater Matuta, Temple of, 1 , 96–97 locational model/s, 4 , 33 , 62 , 163 , 168 , 171 , material culture/s, 19 , 42 , 44 , 113 , 226 , 234–36 , 184 , 192 , 213 239 , 250 , 261–62 locational patterns, 157 maximising economy, 65

402 INDEX

medieval time/s, 137 Montecelio-Corniculum . See Montecelio Mediterranean, 5 , 21 , 29 , 204 , 246–48 , 263 Montelian archaeology, 60 arena, 3 , 252 Montes, 74 , 76–77 , 79 , 103 basin, 6 , 35 , 220 , 245 monumentalisation, 250 climate, 172 monuments, 67 connectivity, 3 , 5 , 260 Morgan, Lewis Henry, 10 eastern, 5–6 , 35 , 213 , 220 , 243–44 , 245 , morphological area, 168 248 , 260 morphological unit/s, 59 , 61 , 67 , 103 , 134 people, 221 morphological variables, 205 urbanism, 123 , 256 , 260 Motta, Laura, 228 western, 3 , 5 , 28 , 35 , 51 , 231, 243–44 , mountain, 176 , 285 245 , 251 Mugonia Gate, 83 , 86 , 92 mediterraneanisation, 6 , 245 Müller-Karpe, Hermann, 239 , 261 Mengarelli, Raniero, 49 multi-dimensional approach, 9 , 33–34 , Mesopotamia, 18–19 , 249 216 , 229 Mesopotamian states, 18 multi-dimensional framework, 4 , 33 , 235 Mesozoic substrate, 40 multi-linear approaches, 229 Meta Sudans, 78 , 87 , 100 multi-linear conjunction/s, 235–36 , 250 metal activity/ies, 25 , 217 , 222 multi-linear evolution, 10 metal production, 28–29 , 222 , 236 multiplicatively weighted Voronoi diagrams, metallurgical koine , 28–29 118 , 204–05 , 210 , 213 , 259–60 methodological issues, 65 multi-theoretical approach, 9 , 216 , 229 methodology, 63 multi-theoretical framework, 4 , 33–34 , 235 Mezzaluna, 228 multi-trajectory approach/es, 3 , 236 , 247 micro-districts, 217 multi-trajectory model/s, 34 , 236 , 247 micro-history, 134 multi-trajectory perspective/s, 9 , 216 , 249 micro-scale, 171 multi-trajectory theory/ies, 33 , 250 micro-state, 20 municipality, 20 Middle Ages, 48 , 54 MWVD. See multiplicatively weighted Middle Bronze Age, 2 , 25 , 28 , 33 , 45–46 , Voronoi diagrams 52–54 , 56 , 64 , 68–70 , 119 , 126 , 175 , Mycenaean Empire, 28 184–85 , 189 , 193–94 , 204–06 , 213 , 224 , Mycenaean palaces, 260 226 , 230 , 251 , 255 Mycenaean society, 244 Middle Orientalizing Age, 81 Middle Pleistocene, 37 Narbonese Gaul, 147 middle Tyrrhenian Italy, 1–6 , 7–8 , 19 , 21 , 30 , Naso, Alessandro, 244 32 , 34 , 35 , 60 , 115 , 197 , 213 , 216–17, 220 , natural caves, 224 230–31 , 240 , 242–43 , 245 , 249–50 , 253 , natural criteria. See physical characteristics 259–60 , 262 natural landscape, 63 , 147 Miletus, 97 natural places, 259 military centre, 20 natural resource, 213 military organisation, 17 natural variables, 148 , 205 Minerva, 96 Near East, 2–3 , 233 , 245 Ministero dell’Agricoltura, 72 Near East people, 244 , 260 Ministero dell’Ambiente, 111 Near Eastern civilizations, 32 Momigliano, Arnaldo, 113 Near Eastern infl uences, 259 monarchy, 112–13 necropolis/eis, 9 , 80 , 137 , 217 , 223 monocentric communities, 118 neo-evolutionists, 10–11 monocentric model, 119 Neolithic community, 121 Mons Circeus, 42 Neolithic evidence, 83 Monte Cavo, 44–45 , 63 , 118 Neolithic Malta, 15 Monte Cugno. See Ficana Neolithic Period, 228 , 230 Monte Cugno-Ficana. See Ficana Neozoic Era, 40 Monte delle Grotte, 110 Nepi, 213 Monte Lepini surveys, 227 Nero, 87 Montecelio, 57 , 116 , 210 Netherlands, 52

INDEX 403

network categories, 234 Orientalist perspective, 245 network exchange, 23 Orientalizing Age, 7 , 21 , 29–30 , 44 , 49 , 66 , network mode/s, 3 , 15–18 , 33 , 80–81 , 87 , 95 , 116 , 121 , 130 , 132 , 138 , 233–34 , 257 141 , 144 , 148–50, 155 , 157 , 160 , 162–63 , network model, 3 , 247 , 248 165 , 168–70 , 186 , 189 , 202 , 210 , 214–15 , network perspectives, 13 220–21 , 232–34 , 238–41 , 248 , 253–57 , network/s, 6 , 15 , 240 , 245 , 260 262–63 , 265 , 297 interregional, 222 Orientalizing phenomenon, 245 regional, 222 Orton, Clive, 60 river, 217 Osborne, Robin, 244 road, 148 , 217 , 253 Osco-italic foot, 100 New Archaeological approaches, 218 Osteria dell’Osa, 50 , 218–20 , 223 , 233 , Nibby, Antonio, 48 244 , 262 Niebuhr, Albert, 112 Ostia, 37 , 113 , 210 Niger Lapis, 94 overpopulated system, 214 Nijboer, Albert, 221–23 , 258, 263 overpopulation stress, 162 , 170 , 254 nobility, 192 Ovid, 111 Nomen Latinum, 42 , 44 Nomentum, 42 , 116 Pacciarelli, Marco, 44 , 184 , 218–19 , 262–63 non-random distribution, 174 palaeo-botanical data, 121 normalised area/s, 276 , 285 , 292 Palatine, 240 normalised density/ies, 148 , 150 , 152 , Palatine Hill, 1–2 , 51 , 68–77 , 79–80 , 83 , 155 , 159 , 176 , 180 , 265–66 , 276 , 285 , 86–89 , 92–93 , 100 , 100–01 , 104 , 121 , 292 , 298 129–30 , 243 , 250 , 259 normalised distribution, 177 , 179 , 285 Palatium, 76–77 normalised population/s, 276 , 285 , 292 Pallottino, Massimo, 226 Normalpolis , 30 Panciera, Silvio, 105 Northern European Institutes in Panella, Clementina, 87 Rome, 51–52 paraphernalia, 232 notional area of infl uence. See notional Pasquali, Giorgio, 51 , 96 territories Pasqui, Angelo, 49 notional territories, 193 , 204 pastoral activities, 228 nucleated settlement. See settlement/s: pastoralism, 238 nucleated seasonal transhumant, 28 nucleation, 30 , 257 Pathways to Complexity Project, 52 null hypothesis, 265 Patterson, Helen, 143 Numa Pompilius, 92 , 113 Pedum. See Corcolle peer polity approach. See peer polity Occidentalist approach, 248 , 260 interaction/s Occidentalist perspective. , 245 peer polity interaction/s, 3 , 6 , 225 , 231 , 245 , Occidentalist scholars, 8 248 , 260 oil, 172 , 229 Pensabene, Patrizio, 87–88 oleo-culture, 228–29 people, 260 olive/s, 28–29 , 221 , 227–29 , 258 perception, 63 Olmo Bello, 229 , 259 Perkins, Phil, 137 , 151 , 164 open locations. See open position/s Peroni, Renato, 4 , 21 , 24 , 28 , 44 , 58 , 164 , 226 , open position/s, 8–9 , 45 , 176 , 213 , 217 230–31 , 235–36 , 239 , 261–62 open sites, 28 , 184 , 217 personal experience, 63 open spaces. See open-air deposits personal ornaments, 218 open-air deposits, 224 Peterson, Christian E., 183 Oppian Hill, 80 Phoenician colonists, 2 , 5 , 243 Oppius, 76 , 79 Phoenician colonization, 220 Ops, 87 , 92 Phoenician infl uences, 29 Ops, Vica Pota, 87 Phoenician merchants, 260 optimal location. See ideal location Phoenicians, 3 organic soils, 148 physical barriers, 205

404 INDEX

physical characteristics, 133 , 147 , 168–69 , 265 size, 192 , 195 physical variables, 134 , 253 Populi Albenses, 44–45 , 63–64 , 118–19 piacula , 106 Populonia, 222 Piazza della Pilotta, 78 Porta Mugonia, 89 Piazza Vittorio Emanuele, 73 , 78 Porta Portese, 107 Piazza Vittorio Veneto, 75 port-of-trade, 93 Pini, Elisabetta, 115 Portus Augusti, 109 Pinza, Giovanni, 218 positive weights, 205 Pithecussa, 263 positivism, 62 place names, 105 post-depositional factors/processes, 58 , 61 , 65 , plain location. See open position/s 68 , 193 planar Voronoi diagrams. See Thiessen post-processual insights, 33 polygons post-processualists, 63 plateaux, 7–9 , 29 , 36 , 45–47 , 58–59 , 61 , 82 , 104 , potter’s wheel/s, 29 , 222–23 , 240 , 258 141 , 172 , 208 , 210 , 213 , 217–18 , 236 , 239 , pottery production, 174 , 212 , 221–23 , 227 , 242 , 255 , 258 253 , 258 Pleistocene, 18 , 35 , 40 pottery technology, 29 Pliny, 118 power, 11 , 17–18 , 142 , 195 , 204 , 219 , 231–32 , Pliny the Elder, 42 240 , 248 , 250 , 259 Pliocene Era, 40 power centralisation, 14 plough/s, 229 , 259 power symbols, 232 , 234 , 257 Po Valley, 35 Praenestae, 36 , 49 , 92 , 208 Poland, 245 Praenestini Mountains, 36 , 49 Poli-Bola, 116 pre-capitalistic societies, 65 , 191 polis, 19–21 , 244 pre-colonial contacts, 263 political centralisation, 192 pre-historians, 2 , 54 political community, 250 pre-historic communities/settlements, political dominance, 204 118 , 195 political entity/ies, 104 , 246 pre-historic deposits, 59 political history, 252 pre-historic fi nds, 67 political integration, 255 pre-historic phases, 54 political landscape, 250 pre-historic pottery, 58 , 65 political organisation/s, 10 , 19 , 74 , 197–98 , 219 pre-historic sites, 58 , 65 , 206 political patterns, 171 pre-historic societies, 10 political unity, 240 , 259 pre-historic times, 39–40 , 60 , 102 , 137 , 259 politicisation, 30 pre-historic visibility, 58 politics, 17 pre-history, 21 , 54 , 239 polity/ies, 15 , 240 , 255 pre-industrial era, 10 pollen analyses, 227–28 Prenestine Mountains, 208 polycentric community/ies, 28 , 118–19 , 185 pre-state societies, 192 polycentric organisation, 119 prestige goods, 15–16 , 217 , 234 , 238 polycentric unit, 120 prestigious artefacts, 143 poly-culture, 29 , 221 , 228–29 , 240 , 258 pre-urban develpment, 217 pomerium , 87 , 96 , 100 , 252 pre-urban formation, 213 pompa triumphalis , 97 pre-urban period, 93 Pompeius, 109 pre-urban society, 248 Pompey, 109 pre-urban stage, 220 Ponte Mammolo, 110 , 117 preventative research, 50 Pontine Plain, 36–37 , 40 , 42 , 57 , 227–28 , 258 primary settlements, 217 Pontine region, 40 , 61 , 225 , 227 primate curve/s, 165 , 169 , 254 Pontine Region Survey, 54 , 58 primate distribution/s, 182–83 population/s, 20 , 181–82 , 193 , 195 , 204 , 230 , prime movers, 11 236 , 241–42 , 252 , 285 , 292 primo-convex distribution, 182 , 188 density, 126 , 147 , 172 , 183 princely burials, 2 , 221 , 234 , 239 , 243 , 248 growth/increase, 222 princely graves. See princely burials

INDEX 405

princely mansions, 29 , 230 Quilici, Lorenzo, 42 , 50 , 54 , 57 , 100 , 134 princely tombs, 49 , 92 , 220 , 233 , 258 Quinquimontium, 77 prisci Latini , 42–43 Quirinal cemeteries, 123 private property, 229 , 242 Quirinal Hill, 72–81 , 103 , 121 , 130 , 132 , 212 , proastion , 9 251 , 259 processual methodology, 33 Quirinus, 108 processualists, 63 producer/s, 195 radiocarbon data, 262 product/s, 3 , 5 , 192 , 195 , 244 Rajala, Ulla, 60 , 111 , 120–21 , 153 , 178 , 213 production/s, 29 , 33 , 143 , 169 , 228 , 230 , 247 random distribution, 266 productive activities, 47 , 247 rank, 28 , 181–82 , 185 , 191 , 199 , 231 , 235 , productive equipment, 144 243 , 255 productive perspective, 147 ranked society, 10 productive structures, 143 rank-size analysis/es, 191 profi ts, 191 rank-size curve/s, 169, 182–83 , 189–90 , 254 Promoteca, 78 rank-size graph/s, 165 , 169 , 183 , 189 promotion, 11 rank-size index, 164–66 , 169 , 183 , 188–89 , 191 , Proto-Corinthian pottery, 260 194 , 213 , 231 , 238–39 , 253–55 , 260 proto-historic deposits, 59 rank-size model, 164 , 183–84 , 260 proto-historic site/s, 58 rank-size rule, 5 , 58 , 60–61 , 64 , 157 , 163–64 , proto-history, 21 , 258 168–69 , 171 , 181 , 183 , 213 , 215 , 253 , 255 proto-poleis, 204 raw data, 176 proto-urban centre/s, 5 , 8 , 19 , 30 , 45–47 , 53 , raw material/s, 169 , 174 , 222 , 253 59 , 79 , 105 , 133–34 , 141 , 168 , 184 , 191 , Raynaud, Claude, 147 199–200 , 202 , 204 , 208 , 210 , 213–15 , Recent Bronze Age, 25 , 28–29 , 45–46 , 69–71 , 217–18 , 220 , 224 , 231, 235–36 , 239–42 , 184 , 206 , 208 , 210 , 230 , 236 , 251 247 , 251 , 253–55 , 257–58 , 297 Redhouse, David, 205 Latin, 53 redistributive economy, 214 , 233 proto-urban development, 217 redundancy, principle of, 226–27 proto-urban formation, 204 , 213 Regal Period, 42 , 53 , 66 , 81 , 94 , 97 , 113 , proto-urban model, 220 250 , 252 proto-urban organisation, 258 regal residency, 240 , 252 , 259 proto-urban period, 24 , 93 Regia, 1 , 51 , 69 , 72 , 78 , 92–93 proto-urban phase, 248 , 255 , 262–63 , 265 region, 2 , 6 , 20 , 33 , 176 , 191 , 216–17 , 220 , proto-urban phenomenon, 46 250 , 253 proto-urban processes, 46 regional, 5 proto-urban settlement/s, 46–47 , 61 , 118 , 212 regional archaeologies, 19 proto-urban society/ies, 242 , 248 , 260 regional area, 173 proto-urban stage, 229 regional context. See regional level/s proto-urbanisation, 224 regional culture/s, 3 Proto-villanovan phase, 239 regional development, 197 Provincia di Roma, 51 regional level/s, 4–6 , 19 , 52 , 54 , 58 , 60 , 104 , Provision Principle. See Market Principle 157 , 163–64 , 171 , 212 , 238–41 , 255 , proximity, 62 258–59 , 265 , 297 to communication routes, 148 regional material cultures, 226 to water, 148 , 179 Regional Pathways to Complexity Pyrgi, temple A, 97 Project, 227 regional sample, 64 Quadraro, 108 regional scale/s. See regional level/s quanta , 162 , 257 regional setting. See regional level/s quantitative analysis/es, 65 , 143–44 , 171 Regione Lazio, 50 , 53 , 64 , 134 Quaternary Era, 37 , 40 relative chronology, 262 Quattro Fontanili, 244 religion, 216 , 224 , 236 , 243 Quilici Gigli, Stefania, 50 , 54 , 57 , 108 , 110 , religious centre, 20 113 , 134 religious festival, 76

406 INDEX

religious league, 44 , 63 129–31 , 133–34 , 136 , 138 , 143 , 147 , 163 , religious organisation, 11 166 , 188 , 195 , 200 , 202–03 , 205 , 210 , Renfrew, Colin, 11 , 15 , 61 , 115 , 205 , 225 , 212 , 214–15 , 223–26 , 228–29 , 231 , 234 , 230–31 , 245 , 260 240 , 242–43 , 248 , 250–55 , 259–60 , 261 , Republican Age. See Republican 263 , 265 Period/Era enlargment of, 79 , 103 , 123 , 123 , 126 , Republican Period/Era, 42 , 52–53 , 66 , 86 , 131–32 , 259 89–91 , 94 , 96 , 100 , 110 , 137–38 , 141–50 , expansion of, 112–13 152 , 165–66 , 168–70 , 252–54 extent of, 79 , 100 , 103 , 121 , 130 Republican times. See Republican foundation of, 5 , 51 , 84 Period/Era population of, 120–21 , 123 reservoirs, 172 Romulean buildings, 96 resource pressure, 202 , 214 , 241 , 256 Romulean memories, 87–88 resource stress, 162 Romulus, 51 , 86–87 , 95 , 106–07 , 113 , 130 resource/s, 45 , 47 , 170 , 195 , 199 , 221 , 241 , 254 Rosa, Pietro, 48 rex , 240 , 259 rostra , 95 rich female burials, 29 , 220 , 232 , 248 Rothman, Mitchell S., 249 ridge positions, 213 , 255 routes, 256 Rieti, 39 , 43 , 56 , 229 , 258 ruling class. See elite/s ritual activity/ies, 84–85 , 89 , 93 , 219 , 224 , 243 , rural area, 132 246–47 , 252 , 257 , 259 rural landscape, 53 , 143 , 166 ritual burials, 86 , 89 rural residents/population, 123 , 123 , 132 ritual consumption, 230 rural societies, 163 ritual loci , 240 , 259 rural territories, 225 ritual nature, 250 ruralisation, 166 , 170 , 254 ritual occasion, 19 Ruschenbusch, Eberhard, 30 ritual place/s, 2 , 5 ritual spaces, 233 S. Giovanni in Laterano, 80 Riva, Corinna, 225 S. Omobono, 1 , 51 , 68 , 78 , 93 , 96–97 , 113 , 260 river/s, 46 , 152 , 154–55 , 169 , 171 , 180 , 205 , 213 , S. Sebastiano church, 72 217 , 242 , 285 S. Stimmate, 224 connections/routes, 197 , 256 Sabatini Hills, 35 , 37 , 41 roads, 180 , 256 Sabatini, Serena, 245 Robigalia, 111 Sabina, 121 Robigo, 108 Sabine language, 43 Robigus, 111 Sabine region, 41 , 43 Robigus sanctuary, 111 Sacco-Liri valley, 40 rock type/s, 148 , 172–74 , 179 , 212 , 253 , sacred place, 63 276 , 285 sacred status, 85 , 89 Roma Quadrata, 87–88 Sahlins, Marshall, 10 Roma Vecchia, 108–09 Salento Isthmus, 227 Roman Campagna. See Campagna Romana salt trade, 93 roman house, 100 sample area, 53 , 133–34 , 142–43 , 147–48 , Roman impact, 227 151 , 153 , 157 , 159 , 168–70 , 241 , 252–54 , Roman material culture, 96 265 , 276 Roman period, 228 sample data, 265 Roman polity, 132 sanctuary/ies, 4 , 9 , 45 , 94 , 96 , 106–09 , 111 , 130 , Roman school of pre- and proto-history, 21 , 143 , 225 , 245 , 252 , 259 30 , 44 , 58 , 61 , 220 , 243 sand deposits, 148 , 172–73 Roman School of Topography, 49 sand soils, 253 Roman territory, 112–14 , 118 , 133 , 166 Sardinia, 245 Roman times, 256 satellites centres, 215 Rome, 1–6 , 9 , 28 , 33 , 36–37 , 39–42 , 46–53 , Satricum, 37 , 42 , 46 , 52 , 57 , 208 , 222 , 56–57 , 61 , 64 , 66–67 , 69–76 , 79–80 , 224 , 262 83 , 86 , 88 , 93 , 96 , 100 , 100–01 , 104 , Savage, Stephen H., 164 , 183 105–07 , 109–10 , 112–14 , 117 , 121 , savagery, 10

INDEX 407

Scalae Caci, 78 , 87 fortifi ed, 143 , 221 Scandinavia, 245 foundation, 45 scattered fi nds, 67 growth, 251 scatters of pottery, 8 , 47 , 59 hegemonic, 119 Scheid, John, 106 , 108–09 , 112 hierarchy/ies, 5 , 116 , 117–19 , 164–65 , 171 , scientifi c methods, 48 192 , 217 , 254 scientifi c projects, 52 high, 176 scientifi c research, 49 integration, 163–64 , 190–91 , 194 , 213–14 , sea, 46 , 217 , 242 231 , 235 , 238–39 , 254–55 , 258 , 260 second Septimontium, 126 location/s, 58 , 154 , 170 , 174 , 179 , 213–14 , segregation, 11 254 , 266 , 297 self-organised systems, 13 main, 123 semi-sedentariness, 221 major, 170 Septimontium, 75–77 , 79 model/s, 59 , 62 Seripa, Antonella, 115 nucleated, 5 , 8–9 , 29 , 172 , 236 Servian Age, 87 nucleation, 8 , 23 , 141 , 168 , 213 , 217 , 220 , Servian regions, 79 , 102 235 , 243 Servian wall/s, 1 , 9 , 75 , 79 , 102 , 250 organisation, 4 , 8–9 , 34 , 197 , 198–99 , service centres, 192 230 , 248 Service, Elman, 10–11 pattern/s, 2 , 4–5 , 8 , 11 , 33 , 47 , 50 , 53 , 58–59 , services, 191–92 , 195 , 198 65 , 133–34 , 141 , 143–44 , 160 , 163 , 168 , Servius, 42 171 , 183–84 , 191 , 197 , 204 , 213 , 216–17 , Servius Tullius, 89 , 96 , 100 , 107 , 252 226 , 231 , 235–36 , 238 , 240 , 243 , 247–48 , settlement/s, 7–9 , 32 , 59 , 64 , 117–19 , 123 , 250 , 252 , 255–58 147–48 , 157 , 159 , 163 , 170 , 172 , 178 , permanent, 28 , 174 179 , 182–84 , 189 , 191 , 193–97 , 199–200 , perspectives, 257 204–06 , 210 , 213–14 , 217–18 , 224–25 , size frequency, 116 , 118 , 165 229 , 235 , 238 , 245 , 248 , 251–52 , 254–59 , size/s, 61 , 116 , 183 , 197 , 204–05 , 242 276 , 285 , 297 stabilisation, 28–29 , 217 aggregation, 14 stable, 68 analysis/es, 60 , 65 , 157 , 243 , 250 system/s, 30 , 162 , 184 , 195–96 , 241 , 256 area/s, 72–73 , 79 , 104 , 166 trend/s, 142–43 assumption, 58 unifi ed, 80 , 115 boundary/ies, 104 , 239 unitarian/unitary, 8 , 59 central, 119 unity, 47 , 58 , 79 centralisation, 5–6 , 8 , 23 , 141 , 168 , 213 , 220 , walls, 225 235 , 243 , 247 , 257 seven hills, 41 , 75 , 87 , 115 centralised, 5 , 29 , 236 Severan Age, 106 , 108 continuity, 71 , 141 Shelach, Gideon, 4–5 , 33 , 216 , 229 , data, 6 , 250 235–36 , 247 defendable, 213 shortest route, 192 defended, 176 , 213 Sibaritide, 227 delimitations, 225 Sicily, 43 density/ies, 148 , 230 Siculi, 43 dependent, 119 Simbruini Hills, 44 development, 44 Simbruini Mountains, 36 dispersed, 20 Sinai, 263 distribution/s, 45 , 157 , 162–63 , 168 , 185 , site/s, 7 , 46–47 , 58–59 , 65 , 138–39 , 141–44 198–99 , 201 , 214 , 241 , 255 , 265 association, 148 , 151–52 , 174 dynamic/s, 5–6 , 9 , 52 , 157 , 170 , 197 catchment analysis, 254 enlargement, 77 classifi cation, 137 entity, 103 continuity, 144 , 146–47 evidence, 67 , 79 , 103 , 234 , 257 defensive, 45 evolution, 171 , 199 , 254 density, 168 , 170 extent, 58 , 61 distribution/s, 53 , 150 , 164 , 168–69 , 171–72 , fi ssion, 162 183 , 199 , 212 , 243 , 251 , 265–66 , 276

408 INDEX

site/s (cont.) socio-ecological approach. See socio- economic, 170 ecological model frequency/ies, 139 , 141–42 , 148 , 154 , 159 , socio-ecological model, 4–5 , 30 , 34 , 204 , 214 , 176–77 , 179 , 266 236 , 247 , 257 , 260 hegemonic, 120 socio-economic approach, 220 location/s, 5 , 33 , 53 , 134 , 147–48 , 152 , socio-economic conditions, 212 159 , 168–70 , 175–76 , 213 , 218 , 227 , 241 , socio-economic development/s, 157 , 226 253–55 , 263 , 265 , 276 , 285 , 292 , 298 socio-economic organisation, 220 measurement/s, 59 socio-economic transitions, 223 , 263 preservation, 183 , 193 socio-political categories, 229 production, 170 socio-political changes, 221 , 236 recovery, 183 socio-political context, 224 rural, 147 , 166 , 168 socio-political development, 224 , 229 sito dell’EUR, 117 socio-political dimensions, 250 , 258 size, 182 socio-political evolution, 230 , 236 size frequencies, 193 socio-political history, 229 slope/s, 5 , 45 , 62 , 111 , 134 , 148 , 151–53 , 168 , socio-political organisation/s, 45 , 230 , 171 , 175 , 177 , 213 , 239 , 255 , 265 , 285 236 , 256 small properties, 147 , 166 , 168–69 socio-political trends, 5 Smith, Christopher, 218 , 220–21 , 224 soil productivity, 217 social actors, 18 soil type/s, 148 , 172 , 265 social centre, 20 solidarity, 219 social changes, 250 , 258 Solin, Heikki, 42–43 social complexity, 11 , 33 , 226, 250 , 257 Solinus, Julius, 88 social construction, 226 Soprintendenza di Ostia, 50 social development/s, 2 , 230 Soprintendenza of Rome, 51 , 134 social diff erentiation/s, 11 , 220 , 238 , 243 South Etruria Survey, 49 , 143–44 social dimensions, 257 re-evaluation, 144–45 social distinctions, 219 Soviet Union, 10 social evolution, 3–4 , 10–11 , 235 space/s, 62 , 225 conjunctions of, 5 Spain, 245 , 260 , 263 dimensions of, 23 , 33 , 216 , 236 , 239–40 , spatial analysis/es, 4–5 , 60 , 62 , 65 243 , 248 spatial approach, 60 model of, 21 , 30 , 32 , 34 , 235 spatial effi ciency index, 58 , 64 , 185 , 193–94 , trajectory/ies of, 2 , 5 , 9 , 18 , 23 , 216 , 236 , 239 196–98 , 214 , 256 , 259 social evolutionary studies, 10 spatial effi ciency model, 5 , 60 , 171 , 184 , 255 social fi ssion, 30 spatial isolation, 219 social group, 8–9 , 30–31 spatial patterns, 253 social hierarchy/ies, 14–15 , 220 , 235 spatial repulsion, 192 social institutions, 17 specialisation/s, 20 , 29 , 119 , 222 , 258 social integration, 10–11 , 14 specialised functions, 184 social interaction, 31 specialised knowledge, 236 social landscape, 250 specialised workshops, 174 social organisation, 5 , 11 , 17 , 69 , 219–20 , spinning instruments, 231 230–31 , 235 , 247–48 , 250–51 Spurius Carvilius Maximus, 106 social position, 222 Stadtgemeinde , 20 social power, 17 Stancic, Zoran, 147 social roles, 19 standard deviation, 175 , 285 social status, 11 , 224 standardisation, 223–24 , 238 , 240 , 258 social stratifi cation, 2, 23 , 29 , 31 , 220–22 , 235 , staple economy, 233 239 , 243 , 250 , 258 state formation, 6 , 10 , 20 , 64 , 216 , 221 , 223 , social struggle, 18 225–26 , 228 , 243–44 , 247–48 , 249–50 , social tensions, 219 257 , 260 society/ies, 18 state organisation, 11 socio-anthropological approach, 226 state society, 10 , 195 , 255 socio-demographic theories/approaches, 30 , state system, 182 248 , 256 state/s, 10 , 17 , 20 , 229–31 , 235

INDEX 409

state-level society, 183 technology/ies, 236 , 241 statistical accuracy. See statistical confi dence Tellenae, 50 , 116 statistical confi dence, 160 , 183 , 188–89 , 191 Temple of Vesta, 89 statistical tests, 265 temples, 1 , 96–97 , 104 , 113 , 224–25 , 240 , status, 29 , 72 , 137 , 219 , 231–32 , 233 , 243 250 , 259 status symbols. See power symbols tenants, 147 , 168 Steponaitis, Vincas P., 191–94 , 255 Tenute , 136 Steward, Julian, 10 Terminalia, 107 stock-raising, 25 , 28 Terminus, 85 , 107 , 110 Stoddart, Simon, 205 , 225 terminus ante quem , 262 Strabo, 42 , 106 terminus post quem , 262 strategic position, 217 terrace/fortifi cation, earth, 69 stratifi cation, 32 Terracina, 42 , 113–14 stratifi ed society, 10 , 232 terracing, 177 stratigraphic method, 48 terracotta statuette, 231 streams, seasonal/perennial, 152 terrain relief, 205 Subapennine phase, 239 Terremare, 126 Sub-Apennines, 36 Terrenato, Nicola, 147 , 163 subsistence, 28 , 236 territorial areas, 205 subsistence farming, 227 territorial behaviour/s, 30 , 199 , 248 subsistence production, 230 territorial control, 105 , 130 Subura, 76–77 , 79 territorial district/s, 118 , 241 , 255 suburbium , 54 , 147 , 163 territorial dominance, 204 Suburbium Project, 53–54 , 57 , 134 , 136–38 , territorial dynamics, 5 , 118 , 213–14 , 253 142–45 , 164 , 253 territorial dynamism, 213 Sulla, 109 territorial federation, 44 Sulpicius, 109 territorial level/s, 4–5 , 52–53 , 60 , 104 , 157, sumptuary consumption, 220 169 , 198–99 , 215 , 241 , 252–53 , 255–56 , sumptuary goods. See luxury goods 258–59 , 265 , 297 sumptuary legislation, 143 territorial model, 214 , 241 , 256 supra-regional focus, 52 territorial module/s, 241 supra-regional level, 19 territorial organisation, 170 , 200 , 214 , supra-regional project, 227 241–42 , 256 surface evidence, 59 territorial pattern/s, 204 , 231 , 257 surplus/es, 123 , 163 , 192 , 220–21 , 229 territorial polity, 113 survey/s, 2 , 6 , 7–8 , 44 , 47–50 , 52 , 54 , 56–59 , territorial quanta , 241 , 256 61 , 65 , 79 , 81 , 104 , 133–34 , 136–37 , 147 , territorial radius, 32 , 46 , 123 , 162 , 170 , 164 , 166 , 168 , 227 , 258 199–201 , 204 , 214–15 , 241–42 , 254 Susiana plain, 60 , 183 territorial study, 54 sustainable territory, 126 , 132 territorial system/s, 32 , 45 , 198 , 202 , 204 , 214 , sustaining area, 123 241 , 254 , 256–57 , 259–60 symbolic expression, 33 territorial tessellation, 32 symbolic unity, 104 territoriality, 204 symposium/a , 220 , 223 , 232 , 233 , 244 territory model, 30 synoecism, 7 territory of Rome, 64 , 118 , 121 , 131 , 133–34 , 136 , 143 , 146 , 168–70 , 171 , tablinum , 100 241 , 252 Tabularium, 68–69 , 78 territory/ies, 4–6 , 7 , 20 , 29 , 32 , 46–50 , 52–53 , Taranto, 28 57 , 63 , 105 , 109 , 118–19 , 130 , 133–34 , Tarquinia, 36 , 46 , 104 , 121 142–43 , 150 , 157 , 163 , 171–72 , 184 , 204– Tarquinius Priscus, 96 , 107 , 113 , 240 06 , 208 , 210 , 214–15 , 216–17 , 225–26 , 234 , Tarquinius Superbus, 96 , 113–14 236 , 240–41 , 250 , 252–54 , 285 Tarquins, 51 , 89 , 92 , 97–98 , 250 tessellation, 30 , 31 taxes, 233 textual accounts. See literary accounts technological innovation, 33 , 222–23 theoretical approach/es, 105 , 131 , 216 , 245 , technological knowledge, 222 250 , 252 technological progress, 10 , 14 , 23 theoretical framework, 5

410 INDEX

theoretical issues, 65 Tuscanic temple/s, 97 theoretical methods, 105 Tuscany, 238 theoretical model/s, 3 , 115 , 132 , 221 , 249 Tusculum, 116 theoretical problems, 226 Twelve Tables, 143 Thiessen, 312 Tylor, Edward Burnett, 10 Thiessen polygons, 105 , 114–15 , 118–19 , 131 , typological studies, 60 184 , 193 , 204 , 225 , 241 , 252 typology, 261 tholos of Vesta, 93 Tyrrhenian basin, 40 Thomsen, Rudi, 113 Tyrrhenian Sea, 36 , 40 Tiber, 35–37 , 39–41 , 44 , 52–53 , 69 , 93 , 96 , 106–07 , 110 , 112 , 132 , 134 , 143 , 145 , 197, Umbrians, 226 206 , 210 , 221 , 226 unifi cation, 8 ford of the, 251 unifi ed centre, 121 Tiber valley, 35 University of Groningen, 227 Tiber Valley project, 143 University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, 21 , 44 , 51 , Tibur. See Tivoli 54 , 134 , 253 Tiburtini Mountains, 36 , 206 updraft kilns, 240 , 258 time, 153 upper slope positions, 255 times of transitions. See multi-linear urban areas, 225 conjunctions urban aristocracies, 2 , 220 tinkering, 3 , 15 , 33 urban boundaries, 258 Tivoli, 36 , 42 , 49 , 57 , 210 , 232 urban centre/s, 20, 157 , 221 , 253 tomb, 137 urban community, 7 , 251 tomb structures, 231 urban contexts, 260 tools, 238 urban development, 47 topographic prominence, 63 urban entity, 251–52 topographic research, 8 urban evolution, 34 topographical units, 59 urban formation, 10 , 19 , 216 , 220 , 249 Topography Institute of the University of urban gestation, 240 Rome ‘La Sapienza’, 57 urban limits, 104 Tor Fiscale, 108 urban model, 244 Torre S. Anastasio, 37 urban organisation, 21 , 239 , 247 , 258 town/s, 182 , 195 urban period, 93 traditional accounts. See literary accounts urban polities, 216 traditional chronology/ies, 262 , 265 urban realisation, 104 traffi c effi ciency, 196 urban residents/population, 120–21 , 123 , 132 traffi c routes, 196 urban settlements, 168 , 259 trajectories, 216 urban society/ies, 163 , 248 , 255 transhumance, 206 , 238 urban space, 132 transport effi ciency, 197 urban stage/s, 220 , 229 transport principle, 196–97 , 256 urban walls, 104 transport/s, 179 urbanisation, 1–2 , 5–6 , 7–10 , 18 , 20–21 , 24 , 29 , transportation, 195 32 , 34 , 35 , 48–49 , 52 , 64 , 104 , 117 , 204 , tribal communities, 118 216–17 , 220–21 , 223–28 , 243–44 , 246–48 , tribe/s, 10 , 17 , 33 , 105 , 143 250–51 , 257 , 259–60 , 262–63 tribunal , 95 secondary, 21 tributes, 233 urbanised society, 174 triggers, 6 urbanism, 3 , 214 Trimontium, 77 Trucco, Flavia, 56 Van der Plicht, Johannes, 263 tuff plateaux, 5 , 7–8 van Joolen, Ester, 227–28 , 258 tuff soils, 148 , 169 , 172–73 , 253 Van Leusen, Martin, 63 , 111 Tullianum, 94 van’t Lindenhout, Elizabeth, 115 , 225 Tullus Hostilius, 80 , 109 , 113 Vandals, 109 tumulus/i , 234 Vanzetti, Alessandro, 59 , 220 Tunisia, 263 Var ro, 75 , 88 Tuscanic order, 96 vegetal samples, 235

INDEX 411

vegetation history, 2 , 5 , 33 , 216 , 243 , 247 , 257 multiplicatively weighted. See multiplicatively Veii, 7 , 46 , 81 , 104 , 108 , 226 , 244 weighted Voronoi diagrams Velabrum, 93 planar. See Thiessen polygons Velia, 71 , 74 , 76–77 , 79 , 103 Voronoi polygons, 157 Velletri, 208 , 224 votive deposit/s, 2 , 94–95 , 107 , 110 , 222 , 224 , Ver Sacrum, 39 240 , 251 , 259 Vergil, 42 Vulcanus, 94 Verrius Flaccus, 88 Vulci, 46 , 104 vertical roles, 31 , 203 , 238 , 242–43 Vesta, 91–92 , 224 walking distance, 154 , 285 Vesta sanctuary, 51 , 89 , 92–93, 104 , 251 walking time, 177–78 Vesuvius, 40 wall/s Via Appia, 108–10 earth, 2 , 51 , 80 , 83–87 , 89 , 92 , 103 , 104 , 240 , Via Campana, 106–07 , 109 243 , 250 , 252 , 259 Via Carlo Alberto, 78 stone, 1 , 86–87 , 96 , 100 , 252 Via Clodia, 108 , 111 war, 109 Via Giovanni Lanza, 72–75 , 78 Ward Perkins, John, 7 Via Latina, 80 , 107 , 109 Warqa area, 60 Via Laurentina vetus, 107 warrior graves, 232 , 248 Via Laurentina-Trigoria, 107 warriors, 28–29 , 219 , 224 Via Magenta, 78 water, 153–56 , 169 , 174 , 179 Via Nomentana, 110–11 wealth, 147 , 230–31 , 238 Via Pontina, 107 accumulation, 23 , 28–29 , 230 , Via Prenestina, 218 233 , 257 Via Sacra, 69 , 83 , 94 , 100 concentration, 233 Via Salaria, 52 distribution, 233 , 257 Vicarello, 28 indicators, 219 Victory Temple, 69 , 72 , 87 weapons, 231 Vicus Vestae, 93 weaving instruments, 231 viewshed/s, 62–63 , 105 , 130 , 131 , 252 Weber, Max, 20 Viglietti, Cristiano, 126 West, 3 , 221 , 244–46 , 260 , 262 villa/s, 53 , 64 , 137–39 , 143–47 , wheat cultivation, 228 166 , 168–70 , 254 White, Leslie, 10 village/s, 4–5 , 8–9 , 19 , 30–32 , 34 , 73 , 79 , wine, 172 , 229 , 240 , 258 137–38 , 145–46 , 157–59 , 162–63 , 165 , Wiseman, Peter, 88 169–70 , 171 , 174 , 199 , 201 , 203–04 , Wobst, Martin, 31 214–15 , 217 , 236 , 238 , 240–42, 255 , 256 , workforce, 163 259–60 , 266 , 276 , 298 working tools, 29 village/villa, 143 workshop/s, 222 , 253 , 258 village-state, 30 world war/s, 47 , 261 Viminal Hill, 78–80 written sources. See literary sources vine/s, 29 , 221 , 229 visibility, 65 , 105 , 137 X-Tent, 205 visibility analysis/es, 62 , 130 Vita-Finzi, Claudio, 60 viticulture, 228–29 Yo ff ee, Norman, 11 , 17–19 Volcanal, 94–95 , 97 , 251 Yorkshire Woods, 63 Volsinii Hills, 40 Volterra, 163 Zevi, Fausto, 113 Voronoi diagrams, 5 , 58 , 60 , 64 , 171 , 184 , 215 , Ziff erero, Andrea, 225 238 , 241 , 255 Zipf, George K., 181 , 183