for for
physics physics Fabio Favata Fabio Favata ESA, Astronomy & ESA, Astronomy & Mission Coordinator Mission Coordinator Fundamental Physics Fundamental Physics
scientific priorities scientific priorities
Cosmic Vision 2015-2025: The Cosmic Vision 2015-2025: The astrophysics and fundamental astrophysics and fundamental Grand themes
1. What are the conditions for life and planetary formation? 2. How does the Solar System work? 3. What are the fundamental laws of the Universe? 4. How did the Universe originate and what is it made of? XEUS [large aperture X-ray observatory] Darwin [terrestrial planet finder] XEUS [large aperture X-ray observatory] Darwin [terrestrial planet finder] ) ) ) ) Two large mission concepts have already been studied to significant detail using Science Program resources Neither has been up to now an element of the Program -> both have to compete for an L mission slot Two large mission concepts have already been studied to significant detail using Science Program resources Neither has been up to now an element of the Program -> both have to compete for an L mission slot ) ) ) ) Previous studies: XEUS, Darwin Previous studies: XEUS, Darwin A number of study activities Techno development plan for both Implementation of techno plan A number of study activities Techno development plan for both Implementation of techno plan concluded, some nearing conclusions missions already defined contingent to proposal selection! concluded, some nearing conclusions missions already defined contingent to proposal selection! ) ) ) ) ) Previous studies: XEUS, Darwin Previous studies: XEUS, Darwin ) cientific cientific s s Extant scientific advisory groups no If proposals are selected, new Definition phase studies will be Extant scientific advisory groups no If proposals are selected, new Definition phase studies will be longer active advisory groups will be formed conducted along the same lines as all other missions longer active advisory groups will be formed Previous studies: XEUS, Darwin Previous studies: XEUS, Darwin conducted along the same lines as all other missions ) ) ) ) ) ) on L or M on L or M he relative science in this he relative science in this t t XEUS and Darwin concepts do XEUS and Darwin concepts do or related science, or related science, Existing Other mission concepts addressing Existing Other mission concepts addressing not preempt call similar scale, are welcome not preempt call Previous studies: XEUS, Darwin Previous studies: XEUS, Darwin similar scale, are welcome ) ) ) ) Pegase (interferometer) Plato (high-accuracy SEE-Coast CESO (2 S/C photometry) (coronagraph) coronagraph) Pegase (interferometer) Plato (high-accuracy SEE-Coast CESO (2 S/C photometry) (coronagraph) coronagraph) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Exo-planet science (theme 1) Exo-planet science (theme 1) ) ) f LoIs: astrophysics f LoIs: astrophysics o o XEUS FIR Interferometer Darwin Fresnel imager XEUS FIR Interferometer Darwin Fresnel imager ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
Summary L mission concepts
Summary L mission concepts ) ) SPICA (FIR, submm) Dune (NIR, Dark energy) Space (NIR spectroscopic survey) B-Pol (CMB polarization) Millimetron (FIR, submm) H2EX (H2 explorer) SPICA (FIR, submm) Dune (NIR, Dark energy) Space (NIR spectroscopic survey) B-Pol (CMB polarization) Millimetron (FIR, submm) H2EX (H2 explorer) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Cosmology, using IR and (sub)mm (themes 3/4) Cosmology, using IR and (sub)mm (themes 3/4) ) )
f LoIs: astrophysics f LoIs: astrophysics o o soft X-rays) soft X-rays) UV) UV) Gamma Ray Imager GRIPS (GRBs via polarimetry and spectroscopy) SAGE (FUV, Edge (broad band X-rays) FUSO (far Gamma Ray Imager GRIPS (GRBs via polarimetry and spectroscopy) SAGE (FUV, Edge (broad band X-rays) FUSO (far ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) High-energy astrophysics (themes 3/4) Summary Summary High-energy astrophysics (themes 3/4) ) ) f LoIs: astrophysics f LoIs: astrophysics o o cosmic rays) cosmic rays) Luciola UHEUniverse (high Sarim (interstellar VLFA (very low (interferometer) energy matter sample return) frequency radio) Luciola UHEUniverse (high Sarim (interstellar VLFA (very low (interferometer) energy matter sample return) frequency radio) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Others (themes 3/4) Others (themes 3/4) ) )
Summary Summary physics physics DSGE ODISSEY ZACUTO DSGE ODISSEY ZACUTO Pioneer acceleration Pioneer acceleration
f LoIs: fundamental f LoIs: fundamental o o (Search for (Search for SAGAS Anomalous Gravitation using Atomic Sensors) SAGAS Anomalous Gravitation using Atomic Sensors) L class mission concepts L class mission concepts Summary Summary atter wave atter wave M M gravity physics physics gravity Gravity explorer MWXG - AIS MWXG Gravity explorer MWXG - AIS MWXG explorer of gravity explorer of gravity Nature of Atomic interferometry Nature of Atomic interferometry
f LoIs: fundamental f LoIs: fundamental o o ASTROD LATOR GAUGE Galileo Galilei ASTROD LATOR GAUGE Galileo Galilei Relativity Equivalence principle Relativity Equivalence principle
Summary Summary 1.1. WhatWhat areare thethe conditionsconditions forfor lifelife andand planetaryplanetary formation?formation?
PlacePlace thethe SolarSolar SystemSystem intointo thethe overalloverall contextcontext ofof planetaryplanetary formation,formation, aimingaiming atat comparativecomparative planetologyplanetology
1.11.1 FromFrom gasgas andand dustdust toto starsstars andand planets.planets. 1.21.2 FromFrom exo-planetsexo-planets toto bio-markers.bio-markers. 1.31.3 LifeLife andand habitabilityhabitability inin thethe SolarSolar System.System. StrategyStrategy forfor ThemeTheme 11 StepStep 1:1: In-depthIn-depth analysisanalysis ofof terrestrialterrestrial planetsplanets
DirectDirect detectiondetection andand lowlow resolutionresolution spectroscopyspectroscopy ofof exoplanets:exoplanets: NIR-MIRNIR-MIR SSpacepace nullingnulling interferometerinterferometer MarsMars explorationexploration:: in-situin-situ measurementsmeasurements withwith roversrovers andand samplesample return.return.
StepStep 2:2: ConditionsConditions forfor star,star, planetplanet andand lifelife formationformation StarsStars andand exoplanets:exoplanets: FarFar InfraredInfrared observatoryobservatory wwithith highhigh spatialspatial andand lowlow toto highhigh spectralspectral resolution.resolution. HabitabilityHabitability inin solarsolar systemsystem :: 3D3D solarsolar magneticmagnetic fieldfield explorerexplorer (Solar(Solar PolarPolar Orbiter)Orbiter) StrategyStrategy forfor ThemeTheme 11 LaterLater steps:steps:
CensusCensus ofof terrestrialterrestrial planetsplanets orbitingorbiting starsstars << 100100 pc:pc: TerrestrialTerrestrial astrometricastrometric surveyorsurveyor
In-situIn-situ ExplorationExploration ofof thethe surfacesurface ofof otherother solidsolid bodiesbodies inin thethe SolarSolar System:System: EEuropauropa orbiterorbiter (lander)(lander) onon JupiterJupiter ExplorerExplorer ProbeProbe (JEP)(JEP)
UltimateUltimate step:step: ImagingImaging ofof aa terrestrialterrestrial exo-planet:exo-planet: LLargearge opticaloptical interferometerinterferometer 2. How does the Solar System work ?
2.1 From the Sun to the edge of the Solar System
2.2 Gaseous Giants and their Moons
2.3 The Building Blocks of the Solar System: Asteroids and Small Bodies Strategy for Theme 2
From the Sun to the edge of the solar system: Step 1: measure hierarchy of scales in the magnetosphere; Magnetosheric Swarm Step 2: measure the 3D solar magnetic field; Solar Polar Orbiter Step 3: measure the outer reaches of the heliosphere; Heliopause Probe
The Giant Planets and their environments: Step 1: explore the Jovian environment including Europa; series of micro-spacecraft Step 2: explore the Jovian atmosphere and Europa surface; in-situ probes
Asteroids and small bodies: Step 1: study primitive Near-Earth objects; NEO sample return Step 2: continued Mars studies; Mars Sample return 3.3. WhatWhat areare thethe fundamentalfundamental lawslaws ofof thethe Universe?Universe?
3.13.1 ExploreExplore thethe limitslimits ofof contemporarycontemporary physicsphysics
3.23.2 TheThe gravitationalgravitational wavewave UniverseUniverse
3.33.3 MatterMatter underunder extremeextreme conditionsconditions StrategyStrategy forfor ThemeTheme 33 ToTo probeprobe thethe limitslimits ofof ourour currentcurrent understanding:understanding: FundamentalFundamental PhysicsPhysics ExplorerExplorer SeriesSeries (2015-2020)(2015-2020) •Sequence•Sequence ofof inexpensiveinexpensive smallsmall missionmissionss usingusing thethe samesame platform,platform, designeddesigned forfor ultra-high-precisionultra-high-precision experiments,experiments, impossibleimpossible onon ground.ground. ––AnAn opportunityopportunity forfor EuropeEurope toto taketake leadershipleadership inin aa newnew fieldfield ofof sciencescience •Going•Going intointo spacespace withwith ccoompletelympletely newnew technologies,technologies, developeddeveloped onon thethe groundground inin Nobel-PrizeNobel-Prize winningwinning experiexperiments:ments: coldcold atoms,atoms, Bose-EinsteinBose-Einstein condensates.condensates. BigBig increasesincreases inin precisprecisionion measurement,measurement, tracking,tracking, pointing.pointing.
•Many•Many experimentsexperiments alreadyalready proposedproposed byby community:community: ––TestTest foundationsfoundations ofof theoreticaltheoretical phphysicsysics (nature(nature ofof spacespace andand time)time) ––ExploreExplore limitlimitss ofof quantumquantum theorytheory (entanglement,(entanglement, decoherence)decoherence) ––LookLook forfor signssigns ofof quantumquantum gravitygravity inin high-precisionhigh-precision experimentsexperiments StrategyStrategy forfor ThemeTheme 33
ToTo exploreexplore thethe GravitationalGravitational UniverseUniverse •Probing•Probing blackblack holesholes andand high-energyhigh-energy physicsphysics (2015)(2015) ––Large-areaLarge-area X-rayX-ray telteleescopescope missionmission (XEUS)(XEUS) ––MissionMission toto detectdetect anomalousanomalous ultra-high-energyultra-high-energy cosmiccosmic raysrays •Explore•Explore solar-systemsolar-system gravitygravity forfor hintshints ofof quantumquantum effectseffects ((22020-2025)020-2025) ––Large-scaleLarge-scale violationsviolations ofof EinstEinsteeinin gravitygravity ––ResolveResolve anomaliesanomalies inin trackingtracking ofof Pioneer,Pioneer, otherother spacecraftspacecraft ––SpeedSpeed ofof lightlight tests,tests, quantumquantum measmeasurementsurements overover largelarge distances,distances, …… •Gravitational•Gravitational WaveWave ExplorerExplorer (2025)(2025) ––BuildBuild onon LISALISA experience,experience, butbut openopen upup aa newnew frequencyfrequency windowwindow forfor gravitationalgravitational waves:waves: 0.1-1.00.1-1.0 Hz.Hz. ––InIn thisthis windowwindow itit shoushouldld bebe possiblepossible toto seesee tthhee BigBig BangBang inin gravitationalgravitational waves,waves, alongalong withwith thethe earliestearliest neutronneutron starsstars andand thethe firstfirst generationgeneration ofof blackblack holes.holes. ––TechnologyTechnology developmentdevelopment shshouldould ststartart now:now: lasers,lasers, mirrors,mirrors, controlscontrols ––PartnershipsPartnerships withwith NASANASA (“Big(“Big BangBang Observer”),Observer”), otherother agenciesagencies desirabledesirable 4.4. HowHow diddid thethe UniverseUniverse originateoriginate andand whatwhat isis itit mademade of?of?
4.14.1 TheThe earlyearly UniverseUniverse
4.24.2 TheThe UniverseUniverse takingtaking shapeshape
4.34.3 TheThe evolvingevolving violentviolent UniverseUniverse StrategyStrategy forfor ThemeTheme 44 StepStep 1:1: TraceTrace thethe evolutionevolution ofof galaxiesgalaxies backback toto theirtheir formationformation epochepoch andand thethe lifelife cyclecycle ofof mattermatter inin thethe Universe:Universe: LargeLarge apertureaperture X-rayX-ray observatoryobservatory
InvestigateInvestigate tthhee inflationaryinflationary phasesphases inin thethe evolutionevolution ofof thethe Universe:Universe: All-skyAll-sky CMBCMB polarisationpolarisation mapper,mapper,
ProbeProbe darkdark energyenergy fromfrom highhigh ZZ SNIaSNIa andand weakweak lensing:lensing: Wide-fieldWide-field optical-nearoptical-near IRIR imager.imager. StrategyStrategy forfor ThemeTheme 44
StepStep 2:2: ResolveResolve thethe skysky backgroundbackground intointo discretediscrete sourcessources andand thethe starstar formationformation actactiivityvity hiddenhidden byby dustdust absorption:absorption: Far-infraredFar-infrared imagingimaging observatoryobservatory
UnderstandUnderstand inin detaildetail thethe supernovasupernova historyhistory inin ourour GalaxyGalaxy andand inin thethe LocalLocal Group:Group: Gamma-rayGamma-ray observatoryobservatory
DirectlDirectlyy detectdetect thethe primordialprimordial gravgravitatiitatioonalnal waveswaves issuedissued fromfrom thethe BigBig Bang:Bang: GravitationalGravitational WaveWave CosmicCosmic SurveyorSurveyor FromFrom themesthemes toto proto-missionsproto-missions
HowHow does does the the Solar Solar WhatWhat are are the the conditions conditions SystemSystem work work ? ? forfor life life & & planetary planetary formationformation ? ?
SolSolaar-Pr-Poollaarr OOrrbiterbiter From the sun to the From dust and gas (Solar(Solar SailSailor)or) From the sun to the From dust and gas edgeedge of of th thee FarFar InfraredInfrared toto Helio-pause Probe Helio-pause Probe solarsolar system system InterferInterferomometeterer starsstars and and planets planets (Solar(Solar SailSailor)or)
EarthEarth JupiterJupiter MagnetosphericMagnetospheric MagnetMagnetospheospherricicSwarmSwarm ExplExplorerorer (J(JEPEP)) The Giant Planets The Giant Planets From exo-planets to JJoovviianan In-situIn-situ and their NearNear InfraredInfrared TerrestrialTerrestrial From exo-planets to and their PlanetaryPlanetary ObserverObserver (JEP)(JEP) PlanetPlanet InterfeInterferromometereter biomarkersbiomarkers environmentenvironment EuropaEuropaOrbitiOrbitingng SSuurveyorrveyor (JEP(JEP))
Kuiper belt Explorer Mars In-situ Programme Kuiper belt Explorer Asteroids and small Mars In-situ Programme Life & habitability in Asteroids and small (Rovers(Rovers && sub-surfacsub-surface)e) Life & habitability in the solar system bobodiesdies the solar system NearNear EarthEarth AsAsteroidteroid MarsMars sampsamplele andand returreturnn sampsamplele && returnreturn
TerrestrialTerrestrial PPllanetanet AstromAstrometricetric SurveyorSurveyor LookingLooking for for life life TerrestrialTerrestrial-Pl-Plaanetnet beyondbeyond the the sol solaar r SSppeeccttrroosscocopipicc OObbsseerrvveerr systsystemem TerrestrialTerrestrial PPllanetanet ImagingImaging ObserverObserver FromFrom themesthemes toto proto-missionsproto-missions
WhatWhat are are the the HowHow did did the the Universe Universe fundamentalfundamental laws laws of of ororiginiginateate an andd what what is is thethe Universe Universe ? ? thethe Universe Universe made made of?of? FunFunddameamentntalal PPhhyyssiiccss WideWide FieldField NNIIRR ExploringExploring the the limits limits ExplorerExplorer ProgrammeProgramme DarkDark EnEnergyergy ObserverObserver The early Universe ofof contemporary contemporary The early Universe physicsphysics GeneralGeneral RReelativitylativity ProbesProbes CMBCMB PolarizationPolarization SurveyorSurveyor BinaryBinary sosourceurce The gravitational The Universe GravitationGravitationalal SurveyorSurveyor The gravitational FarFar InfraredInfrared The Universe wave Universe taking shape wave Universe ObservatoryObservatory taking shape
NextNext GenGeneerationration BigBig BangBang CosmicCosmic X-rayX-ray ObsObseervatoryrvatory GravitationGravitationalal SurveyorSurveyor The evolving violent Matter under Gamma-rayGamma-ray The evolving violent Matter under Universe extremeextreme condition conditionss ObservatoryObservatory Universe TheThe endend