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In this issue we have an article on the economics of recreation. I think we certainly are amiss when we advocate a program that has as its selling point dollars only, but on the other hand, it certainly is necessary that we consider the cost of objectives we think desirable. Since has derived much of its operating and maintenance revenue from gate receipts and concessions, this fact must be taken into consideration in planning, acquiring and developing property. Recreation areas and parks must be sizable because of the following reasons: 1. Sufficient space must be available that with intensive use we can maintain the natural- ness of the area; 2. The area must permit various and multiple activities since people are attracted to places where there are many things to do even though they only go to do one thing; 3. Water based recreation requires considerable land because even though persons spend- ing their time in water oriented activities will still spend more time on adjoining land than in or on the water. Eating, sanitation, parking, physical activities, all are land based. After all, man is still a land animal even though water is the most common denominator in outdoor recreation; 4. Recognition of space requirements for hunting and fishing which are almost entirely recreational pursuits in Indiana. Whether fish or wildlife are to be taken or observed, management practices need to be considered in achieving total development of an area; 5. With our system of highways in Indiana, and the easy access to our parks and recrea- tion areas, larger and more completely developed areas can be operated and main- tained more efficiently; 6. Effort should not be duplicated, but each area is and should be distinctive in its own right. Multiple recreational facilities can serve large groups with geologic and historic attractions providing the individuality of large developments. These thoughts have been set down without regard to relative position, but in an effort to state philosophical values in our recreation development whereby both economic and esthetic values can best be achieved. These are values that can stand the test of time which in the last analysis is what we must live by when planning ahead.

DONALD E. FOLTZ, Director Indiana Department of Conservation OUTDOOR INDIANA INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION

MATTHEW E. WELSH, Governor

Commission: Anton Tony) Hulman, Jr., Chairman, Terre Haute John A. Hillenbrand II, Batesville The Hon. Paul D. Ewan, Lafayette Wilbur Yates, Vincennes

DIVISIONS AND DIRECTORS

Administrative Assistant-Robert Dayson Forestry-Robert D. Raisch Accounting-Harold B. Smith Geological Survey-John B. Patton Comptroller-Wm. Dean Lacy Oil and Gas-Homer R. Brown Enforcement-Harold D. Raisor Public Information-Thomas B. March Engineering-Henry C. Prange Purchasing-Anthony E. Sheppard Entomology-John J. Favinger State Parks-Kenneth R. Cougill Fish and Game-Woodrow W. Fleming Water Resources-Charles H. Bechert

Vol. VII, No. 12 June, 1964

CONTENTS

THE BUFFALO JUMPS FOR INDIANA - OFFICIALLY 2

LET'S GO BOWFISHING ...... 6

THE RENO GANG, HOOSIER OUTLAWS . 10 A BUILDING COMES ALIVE ...... 16

ROOSTER ROULETTE ...... 21

SWIMMING IN INDIANA ...... 26

RECREATION - DEMAND, SUPPLY AND BENEFITS ...... 29

Cover Picture - Replica of the official Indiana state seal illustrated by Mrs. Lillian Brown, of , based on research by Mr. Charles Brown, of Montezuma.

THOMAS B. MARCH, Editor Published monthly by the Indiana Department of Conservation, 6th Building, Indianapolis, Indiana-46209. Second BETTY BENNETT, Associate Editor Floor, State Office class mail privileges authorized at Indianapolis, Indiana. Out-of-state MAC HEATON, Art Director subscription rate $2.00. Change of address should be reported promptly. PHILIP VAN BLARICUM, Photographer Permission to reprint any material in this publication may be granted the editor. GENEVA CAHILL, Circulation Manager to responsible parties upon written application to The Buffalo Jumps for Indiana... Officially

by BETTY BENNETT Associate Editor Outdoor Indiana

U NTIL LAST year, if a Governor right, the larger one being nearer or Secretary of State of Indiana had the center and having a notch cut wanted to use a picture of his wife's nearly half way through, from the French poodle as the official seal of left side, a short distance above the the State of Indiana, he could have ground. The woodsman is wearing a done so legally, since no definite de- hat and holding his ax nearly perpen- scription of the seal had ever been dicular on his right. The ax blade is adopted by the Indiana legislature. turned away from him and is even However, this oversight was rem- with his hat. edied by the 1963 General Assembly "The buffalo is in the foreground, which adopted the following defini- facing to the left of the front. His tail tion: is up, front feet on the ground with "A perfect circle, two and five- back feet in the air -as he jumps eighths inches in diameter, enclosed over a log. by a plain line. Another circle within "The ground has shoots of blue the first, two and three-eighths inches grass, in the area of the buffalo and in diameter enclosed by a beaded line, woodsman." leaving a margin of one-quarter of an Although even this official descrip- inch. In the top half of this margin tion of the state seal leaves the are the words 'Seal of the State of clothes of the woodsman to the im- Indiana.' agination, it is the most detailed that "At the bottom center, 1816, has been attempted in the 148 years flanked on either side by a diamond, of Indiana's existence as a state and with two dots and a leaf of the tulip it is the only one that has been legally tree (liriodendron tulipifera), at both adopted by the state legislature. Be- sides of the diamond. The inner circle fore last year, the various designs of has two trees in the left background, the more than 200 different seals that three hills in the center background have been used in the state's history with nearly a full sun setting behind were "dreamed up" by the secretaries and between the first and second hills of state or by the governors, who from the left. stuck loosely to the original idea, but "There are fourteen rays from the let their imaginations run wild on the sun, starting with two short ones on finer details. the left, the third being longer and The territorial seal used for the then alternating, short and long. at the turn of There are two sycamore trees on the the nineteenth century seems to have Page 2 OUTDOOR INDIANA June, 1964 Introduced by William Henry Harrison, (right), first governor of the , this seal was attached to official papers by means of hot wax, covered with a paper wafer on which the impression was made with a metal die.

supplied the basic design for the Indi- ana seal, which was introduced into the territory either by its first gov- ernor, William Henry Harrison, or the territorial secretary, John Gibson. First use of the seal has been traced back by Charles Brown, of Monte- zuma, Indiana, to 1801, when Har- rison arrived in the territory. Mr. Brown, who has done extensive re- search on the history of the state seal, thinks that Harrison had the seal made in Philadelphia after he June, 1964 was appointed governor and on his have also been used within adminis- way here. trative periods. This is where the mystery begins. Variations of the seal include de- Although Mr. Brown has been in signs with one, two, three and four touch with all those in Washington, buffaloes; some with a tailless animal D. C., and in this state who might and others with a long, flapping tail; have information about the seal's his- some with hills in the background and tory, he has not been able to come up some without; some with a fat, with any definite answers as to its shaggy buffalo and others with a origin, the exact symbolism of its de- thin, sleek one; some with a river and sign, or even if the design is supposed some with grassy plains. to have a particular meaning. Even the woodsman hasn't escaped A resolution was introduced into, variation. On some seals he seems to but was not adopted by the 1816 be wearing shorts, on others he wears legislature, describing the seal as: "A long, tight pants . .. sometimes he is forest and a woodsman felling a tree, hatless, at other times he wears a hat a buffalo leaving the forest and flee- square on his head . . . sometimes he ing through the plain to a distant swings an ax as though he really forest and the sun setting in the west, means it and then again, at other with the word Indiana." times he holds it so near the ax head There was no mention of any sym- that he'd have broken his knuckles bolism; there were no details, no men- if he had really hit a log with it. tion of hills or mountains in the back- Needless to say, the trees also ap- ground. In fact, this first resolution pear in many different versions. described the seal then in use in the Many of them look like sycamores or most general terms. The constitution maples, but occasionally the designer of Indiana (1851) provides that of a seal seems to have preferred the "There shall be a Seal of State, kept sleeker lines of something like a pop- by the Governor for official purposes, lar. which shall be called the Seal of the The original seal used by Governor State of Indiana." Other than that Harrison shows one buffalo in the there was no constitutional or legis- foreground, with a woodsman in the lative description of the seal. right background, felling trees. The Because of this lack of legislative animal doesn't seem to be fleeing action, Indiana state seals have from anything and it is certainly not varied with each change of adminis- jumping over a log as it is on most tration and many different designs later versions of the seal. There are no Page 4 * OUTDOOR INDIANA June, 1964 Representative of more than 200 different seals that have been used throughout the state's his- tory, these seals show the va- riety of designs. On the far left is the seal of the Northwest Territory, followed by an adap- tation of the original state seal. The third one, with four buffa- loes, was one of several painted on glass for the old Senate Building in Washington, D.C., and the last two have been used most frequently in this century on official documents.

mountains in the background and no end, sinks back behind a sway-back lakes or rivers any place. There is no hill to rest." date and the word "Indiana" appears There is plenty of evidence that the in a scroll in the tree branches at the Indiana state seal has aroused the top. curiosity of many people throughout Rather than conveying a symbolic the years, but even though its defini- meaning about westward expansion, tion has finally been legally adopted the seal is reminiscent of a typical by the state legislature, its origin is pioneer scene, a mental picture which still cloaked in obscurity. Mr. Brown Governor Harrison, or even his wife, has done about as much research on might have had of the Indiana terri- the subject as anyone, but even he tory. But the Harrison seal with- has now reached an impasse. If any- out mountains was more realistic one does have information, docu- about the Indiana landscape, since mented or otherwise, regarding the the state is certainly not known for seal, Mr. Charles Brown, of Monte- its mountain ranges. zuma, Indiana, is the man to get in Attempts have been made through- touch with. out the state's history to trace the Who knows, we might at some time origin of the seal, to determine its be able to supplement the seal's legal meaning and to describe its design. In definition with an explanation of how the early 1900's, the humoristic editor it came to be that way in the first of the Rushville Republican gave this place. A version of it: "It exhibits a woodman, in short pants and G.A.R. hat, hacking at a SESQUICENTENNIAL DESIGN tree, one of his hands grasping the end of the ax-handle while the other COMPETITION ANNOUNCED clutches it close to the butt, in the way a weak woman splits kindling. A Grand Prize: $1,000 hornless Poland-China buffalo is flee- ing from the awful sight with a des- FOR DETAILS WRITE: pairing gesture from a tail nearly as Indiana Sesquicentennial Commission long as its body, having previously shed one of its horns beside the 101 State Office Building stump, upon which leans a small but Indianapolis, Indiana 46204 graceful black-handled mop. In the background old Sol, with his hair on June, 1964 OUTDOOR INDIANA * Page 5 Let's Go Bowfishing

by GARY B. SCHNICKE Fish Management Biologist

easily found by anyone wishing to pursue this useful as well as thrilling sport. To add to the enjoyment, re- strictions placed on the participants are few. Now, what more could any sportsman ask for? Here's an exciting, easy-to-find sport that doesn't re- The author is loosing an arrow through an open- type spool. quire much new equipment, there aren't a lot of complicated laws in- volved, and a person will not usually find himself crowded as he might in some of our hunting and fishing H UNTING with the bow and arrow areas today. There are plenty of good is undoubtedly one of Indiana's fast- lakes and impoundments that could est growing sports with countless hun- supply fine sport for bowfishermen if dreds of people buying thousands of they would only take the trouble to dollars worth of equipment each year look for them. to pursue it. However, hunting seas- To begin, let's first discuss the sons are open only a few months of equipment needed for that first trip. every year and then, except for an The most important item, of course, occasional bit of target practice, the is the bow. However you needn't archery tackle lies idle until the next worry about it being the latest up-to- fall. date model, in most cases whatever Why not keep that bow in action you happen to own will do the job throughout the spring and summer well. If you are one of those fortunate months this year - why not try bow- enough to own more than one bow, fishing? you might be wise to use your old Rough fish such as carp, gar, bow- one. fin, buffalo, and suckers are too plen- Archers have been known to get ex- tiful in many Indiana waters and are cited and drop their bows in the water Page 6 * OUTDOOR INDIANA June, 1964 or even fall in themselves. Despite the ing a solid fiberglass shaft and rub- good finishes applied to bows today, ber fletching. The solid shaft has the I wouldn't want to see my seventy advantage of more weight and thus dollar bow given a dunking. Pull deeper penetration in the water. The weight of the bow is not too important rubber fletching survives repeated either, if it has enough cast to fire dunkings much better than feathers. an arrow fifty yards or so, it will One more tip in buying the arrow- easily drive the arrow into a fish. head, buy the sturdiest one you can Next in importance would be the find. They are sometimes fired into type of arrow. Ordinary field or target gravel or rocky bottoms and a very points are not satisfactory because sturdy head is needed to withstand they readily pull out of any fish and the abuse. allow it to escape. You will therefore The last item that is needed is the need some type of point that has a line to attach to the arrow and, of barb on it to keep from pulling it out course, a spool to hold the line. The when the fish is retrieved. There are line should be very strong and ca- many heads sold commercially that pable of withstanding abuse. Any of fit this description and these can be the nylon cords available in sporting put on any available arrow by the goods or hardware stores in sizes 12 archer himself. I would suggest that to 18 will meet these requirements. the heads have a removable or re- They have a breaking strength of 100 tractable barb so that the arrow may to 150 pounds which is more than suf- be easily removed after the fish is ficient. landed. The spool can be one of many dif- If you want to become a serious ferent kinds. One that works well is bow-fisherman, you should consider a closed face spinning reel attached to buying one or more especially made the bow with tape, or any large spool "fish arrows." Again, there are many which can be taped to the bow will do types, but they are universal in hav- the job, if you want to wind the line

Very few fish are lost when a barbed arrow and an 80-lb. test line are used, even if the hit is not direct.

June, 1964 OUTDOOR INDIANA - Page 7 it from deflecting the arrow's flight. An armguard and shooting glove can be used if desired, however they are easily ruined by the water and I personally never use them when bow- fishing. Now that the outfit is ready, a knowledge of the quarry is necessary before the hunt begins. Carp usually supply the biggest share of the bow- fishing opportunities so I will con- sider only them at this time. However, the bowfisherman will often chance upon the other rough fish I have mentioned and should be prepared. During May and June, carp will be found in shallow marshes or bayous carrying out their spawning activities and are vulnerable targets. Look for marshy areas around lakes or shal- low, weedy bayous on impoundments, and then get set for action. Carp are very active during spawning, so much rolling and splashing will be in evi- dence. They are easily located and can be quite easily approached at this time by a careful archer. Wading is best if the water is shal- low enough. Simply move along Reels often used are the bow reel (left) and slowly, watching all sides and try to spinning reel (right). The arrows are glass with spot the fish before he sees you. Even rubber fletching and retractable barbs. though carp are less wary when by hand. If you want to make your spawning than at other times, they own, that also is easily done. Such are still easily frightened by a sudden things as a one pound coffee can at- move or splash, so take care when tached to a small piece of wood which stalking. is then taped to the bow can be made Carp will usually be found spawn- to work very well. It is always wise ing in vegetation of some type and to apply a good coat of furniture wax will sometimes utilize very dense to the bow limbs prior to applying stands of plants such as cattails, the tape. This prevents any reaction grasses, or submerged aquatic weeds. between the tape and the finish of the I have witnessed carp wallowing and bow and allows the tape to be re- splashing in water six inches deep in moved without damage to the finish. cattails so dense that it was difficult A minimum of 30 feet of cord for a man to push through. Yet, in should be used on the spool, but any- those conditions the carp seemed very thing over 75 feet would be wasted. happy. For an archer to attempt to The line should then be attached to stalk carp under these circumstances the nock end of the arrow to prevent is useless. A better technique would Page 8 * OUTDOOR INDIANA June, 1964 There is no bag limit on carp and they make a de- licious meal if taken in good water and the mud seam is re- moved. They are excellent fried or baked and are a real delicacy when smoked.

be to pick a spot where you can which will always appear higher in watch the edge of the dense vegeta- the water than it actually is. Thus, if tion and wait for the fish to come to we were to aim directly at the fish we you. Carp are continuously on the see in the water, the arrow would pass move while spawning and many good over its back; this makes it necessary shots can be had simply by selecting to aim low in order to hit fish below a spot and waiting. the surface. The deeper the fish is or Another good method in areas of the farther we are away from him, the less dense or submerged vegetation is more we must aim below it. A few to use a boat or canoe. This is the tries at this will soon give you the best way if the fish are in water too knack. deep for you to wade. Using a boat In the introduction it was men- or canoe requires two people, with the tioned that the laws governing bow- man in the stern manning the paddle fishing were few and not complicated; or pole while the man in the bow however there are some regulations watches for the fish and does the that everyone should be aware of shooting. If you go by boat, even before going afield. First of all, a greater stealth is required than if you fishing license is required just as it is wade, because you are higher above in all fishing. You are allowed to use the water and therefore easier for the the bow and arrow on any lake or fish to see. When moving along, do so stream in the state throughout the very slowly and noiselessly. Also, the year between sunrise and sunset. man doing the shooting must have a There are no bag limits on carp, sharp eye and avoid any sudden gar, or bowfin, but archers are limited movements. to 15 suckers and 4 buffalo per day. Always keep in mind when shoot- Now that you have read the 'how ing at objects under water that they tos' of bowfishing, don't just put the are not where they appear to be. magazine aside and postpone your Light rays are bent upon entering the initiation into the sport until next surface of the water and thus do not year. Get out and try it this spring - give us the true position of the object, it's fun! A June, 1964 OUTDOOR INDIANA * Page 9 THE RENO GANG, HOOSIER OUTLAWS

by ARVILLE L. FUNK

Outlaw and deserter from the , Frank Reno and his brothers committed the first in history during their careers of crime.

DURING the years immediately fol- law brothers, the other Reno son was lowing the Civil War, Indiana and Clinton, or "Honest Clint" as he was the rest of the Mid-west was ter- known, since he was the only one of rorized by a gang of outlaws com- the sons not to ride with the gang. posed entirely of Hoosiers who rode Laura, the daughter, was just as wild under the banner of "The Reno as her outlaw brothers; however, she Gang." This gang was the first of the eventually settled down and married outlaw brotherhoods in the United and became a respectable citizen. States and was responsible for over The Rockford community had ex- 100 robberies and a great many mur- perienced trouble with the Renos ever ders. Their greatest fame stemmed since they had moved in from Ken- from the commission of the first train tucky. First it was horse-stealing and robbery in history, which occured on small burglaries, but in the mid- October 6, 1866 near Seymour, Indi- 1850's, the community's merchants ana. were mysteriously burned out and the The nucleus of the outlaw gang was Renos were suspected of the arson. four brothers, Frank, John, Simeon Wilkinson Reno, the father, and his and William Reno (Renno), all from four sons fled from Jackson County the small rural community of Rock- and settled near St. Louis, . ford, then two miles north of Seymour However, by 1860 the heat had died in Jackson County. The Reno family down and the suspects returned to had moved to the community from Indiana. and farmed over 400 acres. The Civil War broke out soon after The site of the Reno farm today is the return of the Renos and the four just north of the Seymour Riverview Reno boys enlisted, primarily to stay Cemetery along Highway 31-A. The away from the angry citizens of Renos had five sons and one daugh- Rockford who still accused the boys ter, Laura Ellen. Besides the four out- of starting the fires that burned out Page 10 * OUTDOOR INDIANA June, 1964 the merchants. However, the sons all also branched out to neighboring ran into trouble in the army. John counties where they robbed and served with Company A, 13th In- raided the merchants of small com- diana Infantry in the early months of munities. They became so well organ- the war, but deserted in July, 1863. ized that no law official dared to ar- Frank, the oldest son, served with the rest them and no witness dared to ap- 6th Indiana Infantry and both he and pear against them to press charges. Simeon were charged with bounty- Finally, Frank Reno conceived the jumping before they also deserted idea of a train robbery, the "sport" from the service. William, the young- that was to make the James, the est son, served with the 140th Indiana Daltons, and the Younger Brothers Regiment and like his brothers also famous; surprisingly, though, it never got into trouble, but he was the only brought the Renos the fame the later one to receive an honorable discharge. outlaw brotherhoods gained. Seymour By 1866, the Renos had all re- was chosen because it was an im- turned to Rockford and had organ- portant rail center in central Indiana ized one of the most ruthless groups with several trains with express cars of cutthroats and killers that ever ex- passing through each day. isted in this country. Their specialty On the evening of October 6, 1866, was the robbing and murdering of three of the Reno gang boarded the strangers and travelers who passed Ohio and Mississippi train (now the through Jackson County, but they B & O) as it slowly chugged out of

SITE OF FIRST TRAIN ROBBERY RENO FARM S. . 50

WO

M

Brownstown

Austin Map depicting area where the infamous MARSHFIELD Reno gang lived and operated. Although they left the area several times to avoid capture, they always returned to home base. Scottsburg the Seymour depot. The three out- robbed the Ohio & Mississippi Rail- laws, John and Sim Reno and Frank Road near the same location as the Sparks broke into the express car and first robbery. They escaped with slugged the lone guard. They broke $8,000 and headed for Rockford open the "local safe" containing pack- where they sought sanctuary with the ages picked up at the stations en- Reno gang. However, the Renos took route and obtained approximately the loot away from the robbers, gave $16,000. They then rolled the larger them a severe beating, then took them safe, containing the packages shipped to Seymour and turned them over to from St. Louis and known as the the local law officials. The Renos then "Through Safe," out of the car. divided the stolen loot among them- Waiting for the larger safe were selves. Frank Reno and the rest of the gang, In March of 1868, the Renos ironically at a site which is now just found the Seymour citizens organ- north of the Seymour State Police izing a vigilante group and so they post. The outlaws attempted to break headed west again, this time to . open the safe but were unsuccessful. They soon gained attention in that Finally, they were scared off by a state by robbing the Harrison County posse that was aroused by Gordon treasurer at Magnolia of $14,000, then Kinney, a witness to the robbery, who a few days later raiding the Mills Co. was mysteriously murdered the next treasurer's office and escaping with month. $12,000. The Adams Express Company However, the Pinkerton men were which was responsible for the rob- soon close on the trail of the outlaws, bery loss, soon had the famous Pin- and from an informer received a tip kerton Detective Agency on the trail that four members of the gang were of the robbers. The outlaws headed hiding at a farm house near Council west to Missouri where they robbed Bluffs. The four robbers were cap- the Daviess County treasurer at Gal- tured and imprisoned at the Council latin of over $22,000. John Reno was Bluffs jail. On April 1, a few days recognized by a witness to the rob- later, the remaining members of the bery and when the Renos returned to gang broke into the jail and freed the Seymour, John was seized by local prisoners and the desperadoes headed officials and turned over to the wait- back to Indiana. ing sheriff of Daviess County. John On their return to the Hoosier was rushed by train to Missouri state, the Renos planned the biggest where he received an immediate trial robbery of their career. This was the and was sentenced to twenty-five famous Marshfield Train Robbery years in the Missouri Penitentiary. that was to bring nation-wide atten- John was the only one of the outlaw tion to the Reno gang. On the night brothers to escape hanging; he re- of May 22, 1868, the J.M. and I train turned to Seymour in 1886 and later (now the Pennsylvania R.R.) pulled was convicted of counterfeiting and out of the Jeffersonville depot and sentenced to three years in the North- headed for Seymour. At 11 P.M. the ern Indiana prison. train stopped at Marshfield, a small In December, 1867, the second station 14 miles south of Seymour, train robbery occurred at Seymour. now near the town of Austin, to take Two of the Renos' cohorts, Walter on wood and water. Suddenly twelve Hammond and Michael Colleran, de- men moved out of the darkness and cided to try the Renos' game and in a few minutes overpowered the Page 12 * OUTDOOR INDIANA June, 1964 engineer, uncoupled all of the cars were placed on the O. & M. train to except the express car and before the be taken to the county jail at Browns- startled passengers knew what had town. However, about three miles happened, the locomotive and the ex- west of Seymour the train was press car disappeared at full speed stopped by a large mob of hooded toward Seymour. Four of the outlaws men who called themselves the Jack- broke into the express car and after son County Vigilance Committee. pistol whipping the express messen- The hooded group forced the law offi- ger, Thomas Harkins, threw his body cials to turn over the three terrified off the train. Harkins was found fa- prisoners whom they immediately tally injured the next morning. The took to a large, near-by beech tree stolen train finally halted in the Mus- where the three outlaws were lynched. catatuck River bottom about six Meanwhile, Sparks, Moore and miles south of Seymour. There the Jerrell had fled to Coles County, Illi- gang broke open the Adams Com- nois, where they hid out at the farm pany safe and made away with over of a friend. Through the interception $96,000 in bonds, cash and currency of a letter of Jerrell's, the authorities notes. found out their hiding place and they The Adams Company again rushed were seized the day after the the Pinkerton detectives in full pur- of their comrades. The remaining suit of the outlaws, but the gang had three criminals were brought to Sey- scattered to all parts of the mid-west. mour by train, then placed under Soon some of the gang members re- escort in a wagon for the trip to the turned to Jackson County and they Brownstown jail. Again, that night, immediately began to plan a train July 25th, the wagon was stopped at robbery without the help of the fa- the same large beech tree by the mous brothers. On July 9, 1868, six same hooded vigilantes and the re- of the Reno gang, Frank Sparks, Vol- maining outlaws were lynched from ney Elliott, John Moore, Charles the same limb as the other unfortu- Roseberry, Henry Jerrell, and Theo- nates. The site of the hanging of the dore Clifton attempted to rob the six victims is still known as "Hang- O. & M. train at the Shields watering man's Crossing," although the old station near Brownstown. However, beech tree is gone, supposedly burned the engineer, James Flanders, had by relatives of the lynched outlaws. gained knowledge of the plan and 10 That same month the authorities Pinkerton detectives were hidden in began to catch up with the Reno the express car. brothers who so far had eluded the When the outlaws attempted to law. Simeon and William Reno were enter the express car., they were met captured by Pinkerton men in Indi- with a fusillade of gunfire. Jerrell, anapolis and taken to Lexington, the Elliott and Moore were wounded but county seat of Scott County. They all the outlaws were able to escape were being held for the robbery of the except Elliott. He informed on the Marshfield train and were to be tried other five members of the gang and in the Scott County Court. Because Clifton and Roseberry were arrested of threats of lynching by the Vigi- the next day near Rockford. The lance group, they were removed to three prisoners were taken to the Sey- the stronger jail at New Albany. mour jail for confinement. On the William and Sim were taken back night of July 20, the three criminals to Lexington for a hearing where they June, 1964 OUTDOOR INDIANA • Page 13 pleaded not guilty. On July 30th, they dred scarlet hooded men left the first were secretly removed to New Albany train and seized another train for the again, just one step ahead of the vigi- short journey to New Albany. The lantes who broke open the Lexington small train chugged into the Pearl jail to find their quarry gone. Mean- Street station in New Albany, and the while, the leader of the famous gang, masked men formed in columns of Frank Reno, and Charles Anderson, four for the short march to the jail at another member, were arrested in the corner of State and Spring Streets. Windsor, Canada. The Indiana au- Arriving there, they immediately cut thorities received the help of Secretary the telegraph wire, then seized jail of State Seward in getting extradition guard Chuck Whitten who had been of the criminals under the famous hired to patrol the outside grounds of Webster-Ashburton Treaty in Octo- the jail. The mob then broke into the ber, 1868. The two outlaws were taken combined jail and sheriff's residence, to Detroit, then to Louisville by way where they seized Sheriff Fullenlove of Cleveland. From Louisville, the and his wife. They also captured prisoners were taken across the Ohio county commissioners C. H. Neal and River and delivered to Sheriff Henry Perrette who were spending Thomas J. Fullenlove of Floyd the night with the sheriff. When the County at New Albany. There they sheriff refused to hand over the keys joined Frank's two brothers in indi- to the Reno's cells, the mob beat him vidual cells on the second floor of severely, then shot him in the right the large stone jail. arm. On the night of December 11, 1868, The sheriff's wife handed the keys a mysterious train left the Seymour over to the vigilantes and they im- J.M. & I. depot. The ominous train mediately dragged the three Renos pulled into the Jeffersonville depot and Anderson from their cells. At 4:30 just after mid-night, and several hun- A.M. on the morning of December

The old New Albany jail where Frank, William and Simeon Reno were hung from an iron stairway by vigilante lynchers. Page 14 • OUTDOOR INDIANA June, 1964 The outlaw's sister, Laura, was at- tending school at the St. Ursula Academy in Louisville and she was brought to New Albany to identify the bodies and to take them home to Seymour for burial. The famous out- law brothers were buried in a large plot in the old Seymour city ceme- tery, now at the corner of Ninth and Ewing Streets, with large stones erected for all the graves. The ceme- tery has now been abandoned and is covered with weeds. However, the old Reno plot can still be found, al- though most of the monuments have been destroyed by vandals. The only stone remaining is a government stone at the grave of William Reno. This stone can still be deciphered, al- though it is broken off. The stones marking the graves of Frank and Simeon Reno have disappeared. Thus came to an end the greatest Of the three Reno brothers who were buried in the Seymour cemetery, William's is the only one outlaw gang in the , that still has a marker. Although the gang was undoubtedly much better organized lynched by a vigilante mob, the Renos' graves and more dangerous than the Dillin- had military stones. ger Gang and the other hoodlum 12th, the last members of the Reno gangs of the twentieth century. The gang received their justice from the Renos brought Seymour its blackest lynch mob. period in history and long after the One by one, the four outlaws were vigilantes had taken justice into their carried or dragged to the top of the own hands and rid Indiana of the iron stairway at the second story of Renos, the Seymour area was remem- the jail. First to be hung was Frank bered as the home of the world's first from cell 24, next was the youngest train robbers and the site of an inter- of the brothers, William, from cell 7. esting chapter in the history of the The third Reno, Simeon, was taken Hoosier state. A from cell 11 and also hung down in the old stairway. Last of all was An- derson who died with a prayer on his lips and who had to be strung up twice since the first rope broke. Swiftly as it came, the mysterious mob marched out of the jail and back to the waiting train. At Jeffersonville the original train was again boarded and the Seymour Vigilance Commit- tee or the "Scarlet Masks" returned to their homes just as the dawn was breaking.

June, 1964 OUTDOOR INDIANA - Page 15 A BU LD

An acceptance speech was deliver- ed by Dr. John B. Patton at the re- cent Geology Building dedication ceremonies in Bloomington. The In- diana State Geologist and chairman of the I. U. Department of Geology Dr. John B. Patton said:

"The edifice that we are gathered here to dedicate is both the chambers

where a quest for knowledge finds its home and a symbol of this era, when the search for facts is ever more intense, but leaves us always farther from some goal, because each revelation opens wide a gate through which we see a distant door.

"Our building in its greater size and improved efficiency that it offers

us is in itself a challenge to expand and improve our role in education, in research, and in service, and we must realize the hopes and respond to the dual charges that have been expressed for us if we are to answer to the greater needs of a growing society. It is not enough, we realize, to respond to requests. Rather we must foresee the needs of the future. For on the day that scientific information is needed or newly trained sci- entists are required, it is too late for those needs to be met, unless the data, the concepts, and the talent are on hand. The building, if it inspires us to greater usefulness and accomplishment, thereby accelerating its own obsolescence, will thus have served its greatest purpose, for progress is not measured by the duration of an unchanging system.

"With pride in our new facilities and humble realization that the test is yet to come, we accept the charge and look with eagerness to the future of geologic education and research in Indiana." Page 16 - OUTDOOR INDIANA June, 1964 NG COMES AL VE by ROBERT H. SHAVER Indiana Geological Survey

New Geology Building at Tenth Street and Walnut Grove, Bloomington. The Geology Survey wing is on the right and the Department of Geology on the left.

A NY BUILDING worthy of its name functions, and of the promises it is to is alive, for it consists not only of its fulfill. concrete footings, steel, stone, glass, In a celebration on April 26 and 27, architecture, and dimensions, but also the handsome new Geology Building of its founding dreams, the pride of on the Indiana University campus its designers, the care and skill of its came alive through official proclama- builders, its personnel and their func- tion, addresses, banquet, and through tions, the traditions and experiences visits by friends and offiicials from of predecessors in those continuing across the country-a geology build- June, 1964 OUTDOOR INDIANA * Page 17 ing that serves the dual function of brary, and files-upon-files of data the Geological Survey in the Indiana pertaining to dry holes and producing Department of Conservation and the wells. Indiana University Department of Other examples of service and co- Geology. And so these two justly operation with other state and public proud orgganizations realized a mile- offices and private industry are many, stone in their more-than-100-year his- such as information on the location, tory of service and research for the depth, thickness, and quality of coal, state and nation. on the economic potential of the The desire for knowledge of In- state's prosaic resources-limestone, diana's natural resources led to the dolomite, sand and gravel, gypsum, first geologic survey of the state in clay, and shale. Another example is aid 1837 and 1838 by David Dale Owen. to a state agency's damsite investi- Other surveys were made in 1859 and gation, and information to the public 1860, and in 1869 an organization was on the state's geology and mineral re- founded that has functioned as a geo- sources, including geologic data for a logical survey to the present time. city planning report, map interpreta- During the dedication ceremony, tion for a mineral producer, and help the broad spectrum of service and co- in locating a city's water supply in operation by the Geological Survey, buried gravel deposits. with other state and public offices The Geology Building, comprising was manifested in many ways. The 2,263,615 cubic feet of space and two geological organizations occupy- 178,854 square feet of area in its two ing the building are examples. They parts, is one of the finest structures of complement each other, as now sym- its kind in the country. Its size sug- bolized by the Geology Building that gests the multiple function the build- houses the Department of Geology in ing is to serve and the value to be the west wing and the Geological Sur- realized through education and in- vey in the east wing and as symbo- formation on our material resources. lized by sharing of certain utility Many of the building's component systems. materials are used both functionally The dedication program singled out and to enhance the structure's beauty. for special honor six men whose lives They at once symbolize the diversity of service were interwoven in the and broad scope of geology in its con- functions of both organizations: tribution to modern economies. Thus, David Dale Owen, Edgar R. Cum- the stone facing is Indiana Limestone ings, William N. Logan, J. J. Gallo- -a stone known around the world way, Clyde A. Malott, and Charles and one that annually contributes F. Deiss, all of whom were either millions of dollars to the state's eco- professers or state geologists, or both. nomy. The value of the Geology Library The dedication audience came from is enhanced by a broad base of sup- widely scattered locales, and appro- port-regular funds, private dona- priately heard William Unsworth, an tions, and exchange of the Survey's official of The France Stone Com- maps and reports around the world. pany and Chairman of the Advisory The health of the petroleum industry, Committee to the State Geologist, de- one of the most important industries liver a charge to the Survey to utilize in Indiana, is promoted by the com- the new facilities to increase man's bined facilities in the two wings of the knowledge of his physical environ- building-laboratories, sample li- ment. Mr. Unsworth felt that geo-

Page 18 * OUTDOOR INDIANA June, 1964 DEDICATION CEREMONIES

Among the speakers at the Geology Building dedication were: Governor Matthew Welsh (left top); Donald E. Foltz, Director, Indiana De- partment of Conservation (right top); Anton

Hulman, Jr. (center); Roger Cuffy, representing the Department of Geology student body (left bottom), and Keynote Speaker John M. Kelly,

Assistant Secretary, Mineral Resources, Depart- ment of the Interior, Washington, D. C. The lobby of the Geological Survey attracted many visitors and department members during Open House. physical research on deeply buried Among the state's most important rocks "bears on the likelihood of pro- resources, water was singled out for ducing iron and other metals at some emphasis during the dedication week- time in the future; the collection of end. Thus, John M. Kelly, Assistant seemingly unrelated data of many Secretary for Mineral Resources, kinds permits the evaluation of water United States Department of the In- supply, the prevention of natural dis- terior, delivered the key address at aster, the planning that must govern the banquet. He pointed out the the growth of cities, and the creation present inadequacy of knowledge of of new products for new markets." water resources and the necessity for Other officials at the dedication the nation to move quickly to over- program included Governor Matthew come projected water deficiencies. E. Welsh; Donald E. Foltz, Director Following the dedication, the Indiana of the Department of Conservation; University Water Resources Research Anton Hulman, Jr., Chairman of the Center sponsored an all-day confer- Indiana Conservation Commission, ence on "Water, Geology, and the and John B. Patton, State Geologist. Future." Featured by addresses from The dedication had its festive side. Lt. Governor Richard Ristine and A score of regional mineral and petro- leum producers joined in the celebra- California State Geologist Ian Camp- tion and sponsored a reception at the bell, future water needs in our vastly Bloomington Country Club. A ban- expanding society were stressed by quet, attended by about 300 persons, other public officials and specialists followed. from across the nation. Page 20 * OUTDOOR INDIANA June, 1964 I Rooster Roulette

by JOHN M. ALLEN Game Research Biologist

HAVING scored a near miss in a booby traps, the above is rather a course in biometry (biological statis- firm and forthright statement. After tics) at a midwestern university a all, not all gamblers lose. I once knew quarter century ago, I will almost un- a country boy who arrived in Las hesitatingly admit, with a few choice Vegas in his $8,000 limousine and reservations, that it just might barely rode away in a $60,000 Greyhound be possible that, with a little luck, we bus. will successfully establish a new game Sportsmen, landowners, administra- species somewhere in Indiana. This tors and game biologists have glee- is what is known in the trade as "cau- fully fallen for the wistful wail of tious optimism." After being sand- strange and exotic game birds ever bagged with coturnix, San Juan rab- since Lafayette bundled up several bits and a score of other biological species of pheasants and a pair of

Gaudy Korean cocks have knack of concealment in minimum cover.

June, 1964 OUTDOOR INDIANA • Page 21 Small laying pens screened with burlap boost egg production by preventing outside dis- turbances. French partridges, sent them to with lardless hogs, huge corn crops George Washington, and advised that and seedless watermelons, but why they were just the ticket for our wild- confuse a perfectly simple rags-to- life woes of 1786. The appeal of riches game scheme with all those gently flinging a new and colorful cow-college intellectual gymnastics? avian monstrosity into the wild blue What could be easier than buying a yonder is nigh irresistible, even if we few crates of Ringtail Iberian Tree- are fully aware of overwhelming ad- fowl; assemble a few prominent citi- versities and the adjustments this zens in farmer and sportsmen uni- feathered creature must make in a forms; be sure press photographers foreign environment. have removed lens covers, and hoist a The allure and basic reasons for squadron of these Alpine-loving endless milestones of dismal failures bombers in the general direction of a are rather simple. Since we knew thicket of Russian olive which some- nothing of the bird's original habitat how found its way into a vast waste- and requirements, we could dismiss land of corn and soybeans on our troublesome and ultra-complicated black prairie soils. stuff like soils, landuse, climate, ter- Before mamma is delegated sole rain, plant and animal physiology, financial responsibility for maintain- and hidden pressures from all other ing our cabin in the pines, I would animals from grubs to groundhogs. hasten to add that this pastime has Application of genetics is credited attained great popularity in all states. Page 22 * OUTDOOR INDIANA June, 1964 j Our sportsmen and game administra- game birds right now. It is quite a tors have demonstrated considerable paradox that game birds in parts of restraint and common sense in re- Europe and Asia have been success- jecting numerous rat-hole stocking fully dodging lead, arrows, some fan- schemes. tastic snares and trapping devices, and Knowing all the odds against us in inch by inch soil cultivation for many this game of Rooster Roulette, why is centuries. the Game Division investing, even on This planet supports 1,033 known a modest scale, in a. Foreign Game species and sub-species of game birds. Introduction Program? Native game The chance of picking one at random birds have been here a few thousand which would click anywhere in Indi- years, are adapted to this area, so ana is about one in a thousand. By why not put all our chips on them? application of a little planning, a The answer is obvious. We cannot mite of intelligence and much luck produce babies, bobwhites and sports we may reduce these odds to one in cars on the same acreage, and like it five. That is, one species out of five or not, pyramiding people, more effi- we test might just like it here. Sure cient farming methods, weed and in- we managed to establish a modest sect control compounds and creeping population of Chinese ringnecks with- concrete have wrought great and sud- out much planning, but at the cost of den changes on the face of our land. over two million released, substantial Actually, Indiana never did have establishment is less than a fifth of much of a variety of upland game the state, and with more or less con- birds. Excluding waterfowl, wading stant pump priming from releases birds, and the sacred mourning dove, made since 1899. So many sub-species we never had more than four or five of this bird have been liberated here species; while India, with an enor- that we don't know what breed has mous human population and piti- stabilized. fully poor soils, has 70 odd species of In all probability, we have by

Korean ringnecks closely resemble Chinese pheasants but are better adapted to central and southern sections of the state.

June, 1964 OUTDOOR INDIANA " Page 23 Plastic streamers indicate location and date of release; help identify original brood stock from their broods produced in the wild. chance developed an "Indiana" tricts with birds which are tailor- pheasant, which within its limited made for them or find a species so range, is the very best pheasant on tolerant it will make minor landuse earth for the particular area that it adjustments. occupies. It is questionable if it will The Foreign Game Introduction rapidly, if ever, adapt to other por- Program was initiated in 1953 when tions of the state. we surveyed our game deficient dis- This gives us a clue to establish- tricts. All characteristics which make ment of other breeds of pheasants. the strip mine land of Sullivan We cannot expect one species or sub- County different from cash-grain species to blanket the entire state. In prairies of Benton County were re- all probability, if we find a bird to corded. The U. S. Fish and Wildlife succeed in the south-central hills, it Service, armed with these specifica- will not be suitable for central corn- tions, started a search for game birds hog counties. Our problem is to, one living in similar habitats. Dr. Gard- by one, fill our varied landuse dis- ner Bump and his wife have led the Page 24 * OUTDOOR INDIANA June, 1964 quest from ranches in Argentina to ills and no iron-clad guarantees that the foothills of Mt. Everest and Mt. even long range programs of the high- Fuji. Jungle-fowl which may appeal est integrity will succeed. But you to our Gulf states or sand grouse may be certain that the Division of which may think Nevada looks like Fish and Game is not indulging in home, obviously don't fit our specifi- boom-and-bust schemes designed cations. By passing up evident mis- largely to secure sensational and fits, our odds for success are meas- temporary publicity. urably increased. The third major ingredient besides We received, via Japan, a Korean the bird and our habitat is the cooper- ringneck which shows some promise ation or lack of it, demonstrated by for our central counties. The first re- our hunters. Landowners in our ex- leases, consisting of 517 adult birds, perimental areas earnestly want to were made in Shelby and Johnson establish these new birds and are go- counties in March 1964. Additional ing all out to protect brood stock. Koreans will be liberated on the same But the entire program can collapse test areas for three years. In this pe- if hunters disregard posters and other riod, all pheasant hunting will be pro- abundantly clear warnings that will hibited there and in areas adjacent prohibit pheasant hunting on and ad- to the experimental locations. If, at jacent to release areas. It will be at the end of the three-year experiment, least three years and probably five they fail to become established, they before these new birds can be hunted, will be discarded or stocked in dif- even if the initial stocking is immedi- ferent habitat, depending upon the ately successful. outcome of field studies. So there you are, fellow gamblers; In the meantime, we are building a if by a happy coicidence, our habitat, stock of blackneck pheasants from our people, and a bird from another Western Iran which appear to have side of the globe happen to decide succeeded in Virginia. they like each other, perhaps one out They may be suited to our larger of five of our experiments will succeed bottoms along the Ohio, White and and you'll have a new game bird. If Wabash Rivers. Our third species, the you do not care for these odds, there Japanese green pheasant, may have is always bowling, TV, football and what it takes to live in marshy edges rose culture. A of our northeastern lake district. Release and study activities may be described as phase II of the overall To stun bats, prior to removing them from a operation. In the event a species is house, use a tennis racket or a landing net as a established, wild birds will be cap- weapon. Then use a pair of pliers to pick them up, so that they cannot bite you; remember, bats tured, as through natural selection, are rabies' carriers. To stop them from entering they will be naturalized "Indiana- your house, close up any holes you might find at Koreans," "Indiana-Iranians" or "In- night, while the bats are outside.. diana-Japanese" and will be far supe- rior to the original stock for our habi- To keep rabbits from eating plants, take 2 table- tat. This final phase will culminate spoons of Aluminum Sulfate, 1 tablespoon of work initiated in 1953 and will not soap powder; mix in one gal. of water and spray bear widespread fruit for our gunners on plant. until 1970. It is readily apparent that there are To remove or repell squirrels, use Naptha flakes no get-rich-quick solutions to wildlife or moth balls. June, 1964 OUTDOOR INDIANA * Page 25 Potential lifeguards proving their proficiency in American Red Cross rescue skills. After breaking the holds of the drowning persons, these two lifeguard candidates are in the process of leveling them in the water,

Swimming In Indiana

by GEORGE McCOOL Supervisor of Beaches and Pools Divisions of State Parks and Forestry

FOR THE next three months Indiana and beaches, it is essential that the State Parks and State Forestry prop- Division of State Parks and the Di- erties with swimming facilities will vision of Forestry secure the best again experience an invasion of ap- water safety personnel. proximately one million fun loving, The importance of employing the pleasure seeking, and swimming en- best available personnel for this work thusiasts. cannot be over-stressed. It is not only Since there is probably no single a matter of a safe waterfront program phase of park operation of more vital in the state-owned properties, but the concern to the visiting public than lifeguard personnel is under public the safe operation of swimming pools observation more than all other state Page 26 * OUTDOOR INDIANA June, 1964 park employees and can thus set a favorable pattern of conduct in the use of other recreation facilities. The Indiana Department of Con- servation tries to secure men and women of mature judgment, with per- sonalities and physical traits that en- able them to handle top swimming and lifesaving programs. In addition to these abilities, these men and women must be qualified to handle waterfront skills, including boating, teaching beginning swimming, first aid, and they must always be respon- sible to the public. Every year about 6,500 deaths by This lifeguard demonstrates the proper tech- drowning are reported in this country, nique of the "cross chest carry" to bring the drowning man in. but of this staggering figure less than two per cent occur in guarded areas. The deep water in swimming areas is the scene of 98 per cent of all deaths by drowning and lifeguards are trained to watch these areas con- stantly. However, although Water Safety Service personnel is able to prevent a great number of accidents that could be fatal, they are not a baby sitting service for small children as some parents seem to think. Whenever a child drowns in guarded waters, the parents are not the only ones who suffer, it also affects the prestige of the entire waterfront staff. Since May 1957, the Division of State Parks has offered an in-service training program for screening life- guard applicants in Indiana. This program is tutored by the Marion County Chapter of the American Red Cross water safety staff. These Red Cross water safety instructors decide whether lifeguard applicants for Indi- ana state-owned pools and beaches are qualified as senior lifeguards. The superintendents, who hire and supervise the high standards of their A Red Cross instructor demonstrates two tech- very capable lifeguard crews, appre- niques of artificial respiration. (Top) Mouth to ciate a good safety record in their mouth respiration and (bottom) back pressure, armlift method. parks or forestry area. The service June, 1964 OUTDOOR INDIANA " Page 27 Listed below are sixteen properties with swimming facilities for public use during the 1964 season: Bass Lake State Beach *Brown County State Park Chain O'Lakes State Park Ferdinand State Forest Indiana Dunes State Park Jackson-Washington State For- est (Starve Hollow) Lieber State Park Lincoln State Park *McCormick's Creek State Park Pokagon State Park Raccoon State Recreation Area Proper technique in lifting a drowning victim out Scales Lake State Beach of a pool. Shakamak State Park Spring Mill State Park Versailles State Park Whitewater State Park * Pools Only In addition, swimming pools were operated for the youth in group camps at Tippecanoe River and Ver- sailles State Park. For, competitive swimming, the Twenty-eighth Annual Shakamak State Park Open Swimming and Div- ing Championships will be held on August 28, 29, and 30, 1964, and will be sponsored by the Jasonville Candidates must prove their understanding of Chamber of Commerce in conjunc- the material in the American Red Cross manual tion with Hoosier Athletics, Inc. in order to pass the lifeguard test. These dates fall on Friday, Saturday, rendered by the park and forestry and Sunday. The group camp and a superintendents must be recognized in small number of cabins to house the this article. swimmers and officials will be avail- Water Safety Service personnel able. provides free swimming instructions Again the Divisions of State Parks at the various state-owned beaches and Forestry of the Indiana Depart- and pools. Classes for beginning, and ment of Conservation invite you to intermediate and advanced swimmers patronize your state beaches and are held in cooperation with the pools to swim under the watchful eyes American Red Cross Junior and of American Red Cross trained per- Senior Life Saving Program. Boy sonnel. Scouts, Girl Scouts, 4-H, YMCA, re- Learn what to do by attending a ligious, and other organized groups "Learn to Swim Program" this sum- are served by the aquatic staff at mer at one of the facilities in an Indi- state properties with swimming fa- ana state park or at one of the two cilities. Indiana state forests with beaches. A Page 28 • OUTDOOR INDIANA June, 1964 Recreation - Demand, Supply and Benefits

by H. A. WADSWORTH Purdue University

THE INDIVIDUAL views with pleasure In addition to higher incomes, the prospect of more leisure time and Hoosiers will enjoy more leisure time higher income in the next decade. resulting from shorter work weeks, Among the many things he may plan paid holidays and even paid vaca- to do are community activities, sight- tions. More recreational travel can be seeing, bowling, camping, boating, etc. expected as automotive, air and other But his pleasant thoughts on recrea- transportation developments reduce tion are the main concern of the pub- the time required to reach once re- lic and private concerns who must mote areas. provide adequate facilities. The demand for outdoor recreation The demand for all types of recrea- has risen sharply in the past few tion will more than double in the next years. As people congregate in urban decade. Urban concentration, popula- centers, their desires for recreation tion growth, higher incomes, tendency tend to focus on areas that take them to spend more on recreation, more away from their day to day routine. leisure time and improved transpor- Where once the town with its varied tation are the responsible factors. social activities was the scene of Sat- Recent projections for Indiana have urday night fun for rural America, indicated a population growth of 23 now rural areas hold the same allure per cent during the decade of the for the city resident. 60's. If per capita income continues Attendance at outdoor recreation to rise at an annual rate of two per facilities has been increasing at a rate cent, the personal income of our pop- of about 10 per cent per year. Munici- ulation would rise over 51 per cent pal parks, with their usual picnic and above that received now. playground equipment as well as Marion Clawson', in writing The swimming pools, have attracted about Crisis in Outdoor Recreation for 5 per cent more people per year. State "American Forests", estimated that parks with additional facilities for from 5 to 8 per cent of personal con- camping, hiking, horseback riding, sumption expenditures are for recre- etc. have averaged nearly a 9 per cent ation. Based upon his estimate, recre- rise in attendance. The fastest growth ation expenditures are likely to reach has come in areas around Corps of at least $1 billion annually early in Engineers reservoirs, up nearly 23 per the next decade. cent per year. Like small boys who love water, except when required to 1 Clawson, Marion, The Crises in Outdoor bath in it, the American public is at- Recreation, American Forests, Volume 65, No. 3, March 1959. tracted to the boating, swimming, June, 1964 OUTDOOR INDIANA - Page 29 Scouts hiking in Shades State Park.

Week-end crowd at Whitewater State Park beach. water skiing, and other associated ac- of land for the public good. In the tivities found on or near large bodies past, purchase of land has been of water. This is further exemplified mainly for conservation purposes. by attendance at the state recreation Guided by frugal lawmakers, the land area on Mansfield Reservoir in Parke purchased by the government has County. Since 1961, the first year of been at a minimum cost in remote its existence, attendance has more areas. These areas are largely under- than doubled each year. developed for recreational purposes, If we discuss our areas of outdoor but are most seriously limited by recreation in Indiana in terms of their location. Future land purchases numbers of acres, numbers of picnic for recreational purposes could well tables, etc., we avoid the issue. Rather consider cost per user, rather than let's think of long lines at the gate, cost per acre as an appropriate guide. the search for a free picnic table, the The task of increasing facilities fast full campground, the crowded beach. enough to keep pace with the surging That supply is falling short of de- demand is a large one. If the public mand seems self evident. agencies fail to meet the need, then In the past, the responsibility for the private sector will respond. While providing outdoor recreation has this might mean some increase in the fallen largely to public agencies at direct cost to the consumer, i.e. to ob- the state or national level. The tain reasonable profits and cover risk, reasons for this are two: (1) the large there is no doubt that the need would initial investment is prohibitive and be filled. One of Indiana's problems, (2) the public desired minimum fees. as related to commercial or public These conditions discouraged most recreation area development is that of private development. seasonal geography; we are too far The lines of responsibility between north for year round use and too far the private and public sector have south for winter sports. Private de- been defined for many types of recrea- velopers may still experience prob- tion facilities. The resort type of ho- lems of profitable operation because tel, most lodging and eating establish- of this fact . ments, gift shops, are privately oper- Benefits of Recreation ated either by an owner or lessee. The bowling alley, with few exceptions, The benefits of recreation are not has been a private venture and golf confined to relaxing and revitalizing courses have been either privately the human body. For many people operated or else run by local munici- recreation can be their economic life pal governments. The state or federal blood. agencies have provided the large In recent study, the Outdoor Recre- parks, protected the wildlife and pre- ation Resources Review Commission served areas of incomparable scenic estimated that daily per person ex- beauty. In many instances, however, penditures averaged $8 at state parks they have not had the funds to suffi- and $9.75 at federal reservoirs. Of ciently develop the areas for maxi- these totals, about 60 per cent of the mum recreational use. money spent by recreationists was in At the moment, these develop- their home community, for car, boat mental lines still seem to exist. With and motor, camping equipment, etc. respect to large land areas, govern- Expenses near the park for food, ment is the only body with the right lodging and odds and ends amounted of eminent domain insuring the use to over 20 per cent of total expendi- June, 1964 OUTDOOR INDIANA * Page 31 Photo by Howard R. Knaus Trout fishermen enjoying their catch during a camping week-end near Pigeon River. ture. The rest was incurred along the jobs mean an increased demand for way for essentially the same items industrial services, such as trucking, as at the park or reservoirs. supplying raw materials or semi-fin- While these expenditures for recre- ished goods, banking, etc. In essence, ation may seem small, in total they the economic benefits are not limited can generate substantial income in the to the individual who receives the area. In addition, the recreation de- money first, but are spread out to all velopment may attract further home those who live and work in the area. site development and the attraction The economic gain of recreation of new industry. The economic gain will not be fully realized in an area of the area will result from the many with few facilities or relatively sparse services performed. Not only must population. Keeping recreational de- there be restaurant owners, waitresses velopment in step with demand is a and cooks, but also hobby shops, bait formidable task. The most appro- suppliers, drug stores, and park per- priate, expedient and economic means sonnel. New homes create more jobs of closing the gap would appear to be for carpenters, masons, electricians, both private and public development plumbers. More residents require bet- of (1) water, the resource in greatest ter department stores, more food demand and (2) areas easily acces- stores, appliance dealers, auto sales sible to large segments of the popu- agencies, etc. New industries with new lation. June, 196

Page 32 * OUTDOOR INDIANA June, 1964 Starling Trap

FRONT PANEL REAR PANEL (OMIT DOOR) MATERIALS

25 pieces I"x 4"x 6' TOP PANEL(MAKE 2) 10 pieces I"x 4"x 8' 2 pieces I"x 2"x 8' 4 pieces l"x I"x 8' I piece I/2"x 16" exterior plywood 8' long 14 hinges 2 lbs. staples SIDE PANEL (MAKE 2) 40' length 6' chicken wire Ilmesh

- - ENTRANCE PANEL

12 HINGES WITH KNOCK OUT PINS FOR QUICK ASSEMBLY. 17inen~e w6f1of

c9 a"d4;7/ WaA " ~ndena/t4~44di~aa ~/tdo~ 9(a& Xaw4e