International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X
A Review on Medicinal Properties of Tinospora cordifolia
C. Bharathi, A. Harinatha Reddy, G. Nageswari, B. Sri Lakshmi, M. Soumya, D.S.Vanisri, B. Venkatappa* Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur-515 003, Andhra Pradesh, India. Prof. B. Venkatappa, M.Sc, Ph.D., Immunology Division, Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University Anantapur-515003, A.P., India.
Abstract: Tinospora cordifolia is a deciduous woody climbing shrub distributed throughout India, China, Africa. It belongs to the family Menispermaceae. The pharmaceutical significance of this plant is mainly because of root, stem, leaf. It constitute various phytoactive compounds such as alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, lactones, polysaccharides and so on. Almost all parts of the plant constitute immunomodulatory properties. It is one of the important medicinal plant used in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of cold, fever, diabetes, and even rheumatoid arthritis .This paper presents a review on botanical description medicinal properties and pharmaceutical importance of Tinospora cordifolia.
Key words: Tinospora cordifolia, Medicinal plant, Immunomodulatory, Botanical description, Medicinal properties.
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Introduction:
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that upto 80% of people still relay mainly on traditional remedies such as medicinal plants for their medicines. Since the beginning of human civilization, plants have been used as natural medicines. Recently, scientists are showing a great interest in the development of new drugs from traditional medicinal plants. India with its vast bio-diversity and huge knowledge of ancient traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Amchiand provide a strong base for the utilization of a large number of plants in general healthcare and common ailments of the people [1].
Among the vast library of important medicinal plants, Tinospora cordifolia (willd) is a deciduous climbing shrub which belongs to the family Menispermaceae. The plant family Menispermeaceae consists of about 70 genus & 450 species that are found in tropical regions. It is found throughout the India & also in parts of Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and China [2]. The plant is designated as Rasayana in Ayurveda and is very well known for building up the immune system and body’s defence against definite infecting Micro-organisms [3, 4].
Common names: (Abhimanyu Sharma et al., 2010)
Latin : Tinospora cordifolia(willd.) Hook.F. & Thomson English : Gulancha/ Indian Tinospora Sanskrit : Guduchi, Madhuparni, Amrita, Chinnaruha, Vatsadaani, Tantrika, Kundalini & chakralakshanika. Hindi : Giloya, Guduchi Bengali : Gulancha Telugu : Thippateega Tamil : Shindilakodi Marathi : Shindilakodi Gujarathi : Galo Kannada : Amrita balli, Madhupa
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Taxonomic classification:
Kingdom: Plantae – Plants ;
Subkingdom :Tracheophyta –Vascular Plants;
Super- division: Spermatophyta-Seed bearing plants;
Division:Magnoliophyta-Flowering;
Class:Magnoliopsia-Dicotiledons
Subclass:Polypeptalae-Petals are free;
Series:Thalamiflorae-Many stamens and flower hypogynous
Order:Ranunculales
Family:Menispermaceae-The Moonsee family
Tribe:Tinosporeace
Genus:Tinospora
Species:cordifolia
Distribution: The plant is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of India. It is indigenous to areas of India, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia ,Malaysia, Vietnam, Bangladesh and South Africa.[5,6]
Growth Requirement:
The plant is very rigid and it can be grown in almost all climates but prefer warm climate. Planting is usually done during rainy season (July-August) [7]. It can be successfully grown in all variety of soils. For cultivation purpose medium black or red soil can prefer.
Botanical description:
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Tinospora corifolia is a large, deciduous, extensively spreading and climbing shrub with several elongated twining branches. Different parts of exhibits different types of morphology which are described below.
Root
Roots are aerial, thread like, long filiform, threadlike, squairsh, which arise from the mature branches or cut bits of stems grow downward and by continuously lengthening sometimes reach the ground [8]. Microscopic observations of aerial roots are characterized by tetra to penta-arch primary structure. However, cortex of root is divided in to outer thick walled and inner parenchymatous zone [9]. The dried aerial roots are light grey –brown or creamy white in colour, odourless and bitter taste. Starch is present throughout the parenchyma of the aerial root.
Stem Stem of this plant is rather succulent with long, filiform, fleshy and climbing in nature. Aerial roots arise from the branches[10]. Dried stem is cylindrical, slender, slightly twisted in shape. Outer bark is thin and papery which is brown to greyish in colour. The stem when sectioned transversely shows a wheel like structure. Lenticels are circular and prominent. The stem powder is creamish brown to dark brown in colour with characteristic odour and bitter taste.The stem is used in dyspepsia, fever and urinary diseases [11].The starch obtained from the stem known as “Guduchi-satva” is highly nutritive and digestive and used for many diseases.
Leaves
Leaves of this plant are membranous, simple, alternate, with long petiole approximately 15cm which is round, pulvinate, heart shaped, twisted partially and half way round[9,12,13,14]. Leaves are seen in bulk intensely green in colour but over mature leaves are yellowish green to yellow colour. Leaves are bitter and have an indistinct odour. Lamina is ovatecordate, 10- 20 cm long, 8-15cm broad [13] .Leaves are rich in protein, calcium and phosphorus [15].
Flowers Flowers are small and unisexual which are greenish yellow in colour. Male flowers are clustered and female flowers exist in solitary. Sepals are six in two series of three each. Outer ones are smaller than the inner sepals. Petals are also six, smaller than sepals, free and membranous. Flowering is seen during summer ( March to June) [5,12,13].
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Fruit Fruits are fleshy and single seeded which are aggregates of one to three. These are drupelets on thick stalk with a sub terminal style scars .The shape of the fruit is ovoid with smooth texture and Scarlet or orange red in colour .These appear during winter [ 12,13]. Seed Seeds are white, bean shaped and curved [9]. Embryo also turned in to curve shape automatically [16].
Fig 1 : Leaves of Tinospora cordifolia Fig 2 :Stem of Tinospora cordifolia
Fig 3: Flowers of Tinospora cordifolia Fig 4: Fruits of Tinospora cordifolia
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Phytoactive compounds of Tinospora carifolia [17-43] Tinospora cordifolia constitute different classes of phytoactive compounds such as steroids , alkaloids, glycosides, diterpenoid lactones, sesquiterpenoid, aliphatic compounds , Miscellaneous compound and polysaccharides [13]
Class Chemical constituents Activity Plant part
Berberine, Magnoflorine, Anti-viral infections Alkaloids CholinePalmatin, Tembetarine, Neurological, Tinosporine, Isocolumbin, Immunomodulatory Stem & Aporphine alkaloids, anti-diabetes, Anticancer Root Jatrorrhizine, Tetrahydropalmatine
20 δ -Hydroxyecdysone, δ- Inhibits TNF- Steroids sitosterol, β –sitosterol , α, IL-1 β, IL-6 and COX- GiloinsterolEcdysterone, 2. inflammatory arthritis, Shoot Makisterone A IgA neuropathy
Tinocordiside, Glycosides Tinocordifolioside, anticancer activities Cordioside, 18-norclerodane Treats neurological glucoside, disorders like ALS, CordifoliosideSyringin, Parkinsons, Dementia Stem Syringinapiosylglycoside, Furanoidditerpene Glucoside ,Palmatosides, Cordifolioside A, B, C, D and E, Pregnane glycoside.
Furanolactone ,Tinosporon, anti-inflammatory, Diterpenoid Tinosporides , Columbin, anti-microbial ,anti-viral. Whole lactones Clerodane derivatives, Anti hypertensive, plant Jateorine VasorelaxantInduce apoptosis in leukemia by activating caspase-3and bax, inhibits bcl-2. Antiseptic Sesquiterpenoid Tinocordifolin. Stem
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Aliphatic Heptacosanol, Octacosanol, anti-inflammatory, compounds Nonacosan-15-one Protection dichloromethane. against 6- Whole hydroxydopamineinduced plant parkinsonisms in rats Miscellaneous 3,(α,4-di hydroxyl-3-methoxy- Protease inhibitors for compound: benzyl)-4-(4- Compounds HIV hydroxyl-3- and drug resistant HIV. methoxy-benzyl)- tetrahydrofuran ,Giloinin, Tinosporic acid, Whole Tinosporidine, Cordifol, plant & Cordifelone, Jatrorrhizine, N- Root trans-feruloyltyramine as diacetate.
Medicinal applications: In India Tinospora cordifolia is widely used in traditional ayurvedic medicine because of its biological activities like anti- inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-periodic, anti-spasmodic, anti-neoplastic activities, anti-stress, anti-leprotic, anti-malarial, hepato-protective, anti-allergic and anti-arthritic activity and various other medicinal properties. Tinospora cordifolia use in various ailments fevers, asthma, diabetes, dyspepsia, jaundice, urinary problems, skin diseases and chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. It also plays a key role in the treatment of heart diseases, leprosy, helmenthiasis and rheumatoid arthritis.
The root and stem of T. cardifoliaas an antidote to snake bite and scorpion sting [44- 46].
The stem is bitter, stomachic, diuretic, stimulates bile secretions, allays thirst, enriches the blood and cures jaundice [47].
The juice of plant stem is useful in diabetes, dyspepsia, vaginal and urethral discharges [48].
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The bark of this plant acts as Anti-allergic, Anti-spasmodic, Anti-pyretic, Anti-leprotic [49-51].
The powder of root and stem is used along with milk for treatment of cancer [52].
The whole plant of T.cardifolia used in scabies in swine, diarrhoea, Urinary diseases, syphilis, skin diseases, bronchitis, to promote longevity, increase body’s resistance and Stimulate the immune system [53-56].
The dried fruit powder mixed with ghee or honey, is used as a tonic and also in the treatment of jaundice and rheumatism [57].
The dry stem crude extract of this plant which was poly saccharide in nature shows a poly clonal B-cell mitogen activity and Active components of stem extract enhanced the humoral response in mice[58].
Giloy (T.cardifolia) juice which is a mixture of Giloy herb and tulasi leaves is used against monkey malaria[59].
The stem aqueous extract of T.cardifolia shows anti-inflammatory effect in both acute an sub acute models of inflammation [60].
T.cardifolia shows anti – allergic Rhinitis activity. Allergic rhinitis is the atopy disease implies hypersensitivity response exposure to pollens of grass, weeds, trees, dust etc [61].
The T. cordifolia stem aqueous extract shows radio -protective activity [62].
It is used in treatment of jaundice because it reduces body heat [63].
The stem of this plant regulates the blood sugar level due to the presence of alkaloids [64].
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Tinospora cardifolia decreases the tissue damage caused by radiation [65].
The plant is also used in treatment of eye disorders and fractures[66].
Conclusion: The present review focuses on the botanical description and medicinal importance of the plant Tinospora cordifolia. The plant, for its vast bio-diversity and traditional medicinal importance, it provides a new sight of challenging research for the scientists to isolate pharmacologically active and therapeutic components from the plant to treat several dreadful diseases. Acknowledgement: The authors express their sincere thanks to all the authors in reference list for support to this review article.
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