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Tinospora Cordifolia (GILOY): a MAGICAL SHRUB

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Tinospora Cordifolia (GILOY): a MAGICAL SHRUB Asian Journal of Advances in Medical Science 3(3): 22-30, 2021 Tinospora cordifolia (GILOY): A MAGICAL SHRUB ARUN KUMAR SRIVASTAVA1* AND VINAY KUMAR SINGH2 1Department of Zoology, Shri Guru Goraksha Nath P.G. College, Ghughli, Maharajganj-273151, U.P., India. 2Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur – 273009, U. P., India. AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS Both authors contributed equally for the success of this review article. The final manuscript read and approved by both authors. Received: 10 February 2021 Accepted: 16 April 2021 Published: 20 April 2021 Review Article ABSTRACT Medicinal plants have been used as natural medicines, since prehistoric times because of the presence of natural chemical constituents. Among them Tinospora cordifolia has a wide array of bioactive principles as well as it has been proven medicinally important plant, have not received considerable scientific attention. The plant is commonly used as traditional ayurvedic medicine and has several therapeutic properties such as jaundice, rheumatism, urinary disorder, skin diseases, diabetes, anemia, inflammation, allergic condition, anti-periodic, radio protective properties, etc. A special focus has been made on its health benefits in treating endocrine and metabolic disorders and its potential as an immune booster. The stem of this plant is generally used to cure diabetes by regulating level of blood glucose. T. cordifolia is well known for its immunomodulatory response. This property has been well documented by scientists. A large variety of compounds which are responsible for immunomodulatory and cytotoxic effects are 11-hydroxymuskatone, N-methyle-2-pyrrolidone, Nformylannonain, cordifolioside A, magnoflorine, tinocordioside and syringin. Root extract of this plant has been shown a decrease in the regular resistance against HIV. The active principles from T. cordifolia enhance host immune system by increasing immunoglobulin and blood leukocyte levels and by the stimulation of stem cell proliferation. Tinospora cordifolia has been used in indigenous systems of medicine, as indicated in various classical texts of Ayurvedic System of Medicine, viz. Charak, Sushrut and Ashtang Hridaya and other ancient treaties. Keywords: Tinospora; alkaloids; antihyperglycemic; antimutagenic; stimulant; adaptogen. 1. INTRODUCTION range of bioactive principles as well as it has been manifest medicinally important plant, have not Medicinal plants have been used as intrinsic received considerable scientific attention [2]. medicines, since prehistoric times because of the Sofowora et al. [3] reported that a large number of presence of natural chemical ingredient such as plants are being used in medicine for remedial or berberine, morphine, psilocin, and vincristine and also prophylactic purposes. Tungmunnithum et al. [4] used as natural compounds for the synthesis of drugs reported that the therapeutic properties of medicinal such as tubocurarine, colchicine, nicotine, quinine etc. plants are assign to the presence of active substances for therapeutic purpose by folk people [1]. India is such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, vitamins, assigned to enormous biodiversity of medicinal tannins and coumarins. These natural compounds plants. Among them Tinospora cordifolia has a wide anatomically affect the body of human beings, interact _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; Srivastava and Singh; AJOAIMS, 3(3): 22-30, 2021 with the pathogens and punctuate their growth at agent and the plant is also a source of micronutrients different stages of development and make the body viz. copper, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc and disease free [5]. Herbal formulations are medicinal manganese. Gupta et al. [14] described a particular preparation of one or more herbs present in designate attention on its health benefits in treating endocrine quantities to give the benefits meant for cosmetic, and metabolic disorders and its potential as an diagnose and to mitigate diseases of human beings or immune booster. Several patents have been filed and animals [6]. Yuan et al. [7] described in his article that granted to inventions encompassing T. cordifolia as a the earlier in the twentieth century, herbal medicine major component of therapeutics for enhancing was the prime medication system as antibiotics or metabolic, endocrinal and several other ailments, analgesics were not available and increasing use of an aiding in the betterment of human life expectancy. allopathic system of medicine due to its fast Tinospora cordifolia has an importance in traditional therapeutic action and herbal medicine gradually lost ayurvedic medicine used for ages in the treatment of their popularity among the people. He also reported fever, jaundice, chronic diarrhea, cancer, dysentery, that Herbal medicine has gained impulse and is more bone fracture, pain, asthma, skin disease, poisonous effective as compared to artificial drugs. T. cordifolia insect, snake bite, eye disorders [11]. The current is also known as Guduchi/Amrita and its names in review is aimed to provide an updated literature Latin: Tinospora cordifolia, Hindi: Giloya. It belongs review on recent research advancement of to the family of Menispermaceae and is found in pharmacognosy, chemistry and pharmacological Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and China [8]. The plant is activities of Tinospora cordifolia. commonly used as conventional ayurvedic medicine and has several therapeutic assets such as jaundice, Distribution: The plant is disseminating throughout rheumatism, urinary disorder, skin diseases, diabetes, the tropical and subtropical regions of India. It is anemia, inflammation, allergic condition, anti- indigenous to areas of India, Sri Lanka, China, periodic, radioprotective properties, etc.. Tripathi et Myanmar, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, al. [9] reported that the root of Giloya (T. cordifolia) Vietnam, Bangladesh and South Africa [15]. is used as potent laxative and for bowel barrier. The starch of this plant serves a favourable household Taxonomic Position: remedy for chronic fever, relieves burning sensation, increases energy and appetite. Giloya is useful in the Kingdom: Plante treatment of helminthiasis, heart diseases, leprosy, Division: Magnoliopsida rheumatoid arthritis, support the immune system, the Class: Manoliopsida body's resistance to infections, supports standard Order: Ranunculales white blood cell structure, function, and levels. It also Family: Menispermaceae helps in digestive malady such as hyperacidity, colitis, Genus: Tinospora worm infestations, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, Species: cordifolia excessive thirst, and vomiting, and even liver 2. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION disorders like hepatitis [10]. Tiwari et al. [11] reported that this pharmacological activities of the plant is due A variety of chemical constituents such as alkaloids, to its chemical constituents like diterpenoid lactones, diterpenoid lactones, steroids, glycosides aliphatic glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid, phenolics, compounds, polysaccharides have been reported from aliphatic compounds, essential oils, a mixture of fatty different parts of Tinospora cordifolia [2]. Khan et al. acids, and polysaccharides and is present in a different [10] reported that the chemical constituents of T. part of the plant body, including root, stem, and whole cordifolia belong to different classes such as part. Tinospora cordifolia is known for its enormous alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenolics, aliphatic application in the treatment of various diseases in the compounds, polysaccharides, leaves are rich in traditional ayurvedic literature. Newly the discovery protein (11.2%), calcium and phosphorus. He also of active ingredient from the plant and their biological reported that the stem accommodate clerodane furono function in disease control has led to active interest in diterpene glucoside (amritoside A, B, C and D) and the plant across the globe [12]. Dhama et al. the structure has been traditionally by different [13] described in his review that T. cordifolia spectroscopic studies. controlling various disorders and usages as anti- oxidant, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, 3. ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITIES hepatoprotective, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective, osteoprotective, radioprotective, anti- Joladarashi et al. [16] reported that the extract of T. anxiety, adaptogenic agent, analgesic, anti- cordifolia stem ameliorates the disarray in lipid inflammatory, antipyretic, a thrombolytic agent, anti- metabolism caused by diabetes mellitus in diarrheal, anti-ulcer, antimicrobial and anti-cancer streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Salehi et al. [17] 23 Srivastava and Singh; AJOAIMS, 3(3): 22-30, 2021 reported that endowment of various extracts (hexane, ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia leaves were apply ethyl acetate and methanol) of T. cordifolia stem was orally for ten days and 30 days in streptozotocin- found to have potent antidiabetic property by reducing diabetic albino rats. T. cordifolia showed the blood sugar level in streptozotocin induced diabetic antidiabetic activity in diabetic animals an efficacy a rats at a dose of 250 mg/kg. Srivastava et al. [18] 50%–70% compared to insulin. Sharma et al. [20] reported that polyherbal articulation, Dihar containing also reported that in a diabetic rat model, T. cordifolia eight different herbs viz., Syzygium cumini, root extracts of Guduchi
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